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“...THE
CHINA MISSION
YEAR BOOK
1918
(NINTH ANNUAL ISSUE)
Issued under arrangement between the Christian Literature
Society for China and the China Continuation Committee
under direction of the following Editorial Committee
appointed by the China Continuation Committee
Rev. C. Y. Cheng, D.D.
Rev. F. D. Gamewclf, LL.D.
D. E. Hoste, Esq,
Rev. E. G. Lobenstine
Rev. J. W. Lowrre, D.D.
Rev. D. MicGilIivray, D.D.
Rev. G. F. Moshcr
Rev. Frank Rawlinson, D.D.
Rev. W. li^^FrT^ReQS, D.D.
TuLt ^
-Rorts^TXD;:,
EDITORS
E* C Lobenstine"
A* L* Warnshtfis
Secretaries, China Cgij+inuation Committee
SHANGHAI
KWANG HSUEH PUBLISHING HOUSE
\ 918...”
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“...THE YEAR BOOK MAY BE OBTAINED
In Europe from
Rev. W. Nelson Bitton, 16 New Bridge St*, London, Eng.
In America from
Missionary Education Movement, J60 Fifth Ave., New York City...”
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“...famine and a world war, the
Christian missionary work in China has continued and increased.
This is the reason for another issue of the China Mission Year
Book.
The Book aims to give some description of the background of the
missionary effort, and therefore the articles on the political and
economical development of the country have a place. Moreover,
the facts described in these articles are also a help or hindrance
to the progress of the missionary work. So also it was necessary that
the Book should this year contain chapters on the great floods in
North China and 011 the plague epidemic.
Each year it is planned that the Book shall contain one section
which will be the distinctive feature of that issue. This year Part II
is noteworthy as describing recent developments in ecclesiastical
organization. Special mention might also be made of Part IV, which
is a summary of the present situation as regards Christian Literature
in China, and an indication of the large development anticipated in...”
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“...iv
The China Continuation Committee is responsible for the China
Mission Year Book only in that it appoints the Editorial Committee
and the Editor. When articles in the boolc arc the expression of the
policies or the views of the China Continuation Committee, this fact is
made clear; in all other cases, the ivriter of the paper is alone respon-
sible for the opinion expressed.
To all the forty-two writers of these chapters, the editors would
express their genuine appreciation of all their work. Many of these
chapters contain the results of much research, and some of them of
years of careful observation. It is the hearty cooperation of many
busy workers that makes possible the publication of the Year Book.
It would be invidious to mention a few where all have given of their
best. Special acknowledgment, however, is due to the Rev. C. L.
Boynton, who, as in previous years, has read all the proofs and is
responsible for the typographical appearance of the book, as well as
for-the statistical...”
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“... ix-xii
PART I. THE GENERAL SITUATION IN CHINA
Chapter Page
I. Constitutional Development, 1917-18, L. R. O. Bevan 1
II. China's Commercial and Industrial Progress and
Prospects.......................................... Julean Arnold 17
III. Lawlessness in China..........................Evan Morgan 29
IV. The North China Floods and Their Relief, 1917-18
J. B. Tayler 41
V. The Chinese Labourers in France and Y. M. C. A.
Work for Them........................D wight W. Edwards 52
VI. The Opium Revival................................Isaac Mason 60
PART II. THE CHURCHES AND THE MISSIONS
VII. The Third Meeting of the General Synod of the
ChuxNg Hwa Sheng Kung Hwei.........L. B. Ridgely 69
VIII. Presbyterian Unionand a Sequel......J. C. Gibson 75
IX. One United Lutheran Church for China...............
N. Astrup Larsen 87
X. The Development of Church Order in Connection
with the Work of the China Inland Mission
D. E. Hoste 93
XI. Developments in Mission Administration in the
London Missionary Society...”
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“...VI
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
PART III. EVANGELISM
XVII. A Review of the Evangelistic Work of the Year
The Editor 153
XVIII. The Summer Conference Movement for Chinese
' Workers...............................W. MacNaughtan 159
XIX. Work for Moslems int China............0. L. Ogilvie 164
XX. Illiteracy in the Christian Church in China, and
the Use of Phonetic Script ............................
S. G. Peill and F. G. Onley 16S
PART IV. GENERAL AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
XXI. Some Notes on Mission Education, F. D. Game well 176
XXII. The Bible Teachers' Training School for Women
Ruth M. Brittain 183
XXIII. Fukien Christian University......Edwin C. Jones 187
XXIV. Supervision of Primary Schools.......... J. M. Espey 191
Editor's Note................................................. 196
PART V. MEDICAL WORK
XXV. The Epidemic on Pneumonic Plague in 1917-18
Samuel Cochran 197
XXVI. The Work of the China Medical Board in
1917-18....................................Roger S. Greene 202
XXVII. Joint Committer...”
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“...Council 384
C. Articles of Agreement Between the Presbyterian,
London Mission, and American Board Churches 387
D. Constitution of the Lutheran Church of China 3S8
E. By-Laws of Fukien Christian University..............................394
F. Constitution of the Bible Teachers' Training
School for Women, Nanking........................... 399
G. Financial Cooperation with Chinese in Mission
Educational Institutions........................................402
II. Government Statistics of Education, 1915-16..................404
I. Memorandum of AgreementMissions Building............406
J. British Missionaries on War Service..........................................409
K. Statistics of Roman Catholic Missions....................................410
PART XI. STATISTICS AND CHARTS........................ 412
(Six Sheets of Statistics and Charts in Pocket.)
Sheet i. Statistics of Protestant Missions in China, 1917.
A. Foreign Staff.
B. Chinese Staff.
C. The Chinese Church....”
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“...Vlll
CONTENTS
Chapter
Page
Sheet ii. Statistics op Protestant Missions in China, 1917.
D. Educational Work.
Sheet iii. Statistics op Protestant Missions in China, 1917.
E. Medical Work.
Sheet iv. Statistics of Protestant Missions in China, 1917.
F. Union Educational Institutions.
G. Selected Statistics.
Sheet v. Charts Illustrating the Task of the Church.
Sheet vi. Phonetic Script Chart.
INDEX
415...”
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“...Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society,
Hankow, Hupeh. Honorary Secretary, Religions Tract
Society of North and Central China, Hankow. Secretary,
China Christian Literature Council.
Samuel Cochran, Esq., M.D. (1S99) The Epidemic of Pneumonic
Plague in 1917r18.
Missionary of the American Presbyterian Mission, Hwaiyuan,
An.
Mrss Grace L* Coppocfc* (1906) Young Women's Christian Association.
General Secretary, National Committee of the Young Women's
Christian Associations of China, Shanghai.
Rev* John Darroch, Lftt.D* (1887) The Tract Societies in 1917.
Secretary for China, Religious Tract Society (London), Shanghai.
Rev* W* Clifton Dodd, D,D* New Missions and New Stations.
Missionary of the American Presbyterian Mission, Chien-rung,.
Yunnan.
Dwight W* Edwards, Esq*, M.A* (1906) The Chinese Labourers in
France and Y.M.C.A. Work for Them.
Associate Secretary, Peking Young Men's Christian Association....”
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“...Supervisor of Educational Work, Central China Mission, Ameri-
can Presbyterian Mission, Shanghai.
Rev. Frank D. Gamewell, LL.D; <1881) Some Notes on Mission
Education.
General Secretary, China Christian Educational Association.
Educational Secretary, Methodist Ediscopal Church, Shang-
hai.
Rev. J. Campbell Gibson, D.D. (1874) Presbyterian Unionand a
Sequel.
Senior missionary, English Presbyterian Mission, Swatow.
British Chairman of Centenary Missionary Conference,
/Shanghai, 1907. Moderator, Provisional General Assembly.
Roger S. Greene, Esq. The Work op the China Medical Board in
1917-1918.
Resident Director in China, China Medical Board of the
Rockefeller Foundation, Peking.
D, E. Hoste, Esq. (1884) The Development op Church Order in
Connection with the Work op the China Inland Mission.
Director of the China Inland Mission, Shanghai.
Commissioner Charles H. Jeffries. (1918) The Salvation Army in
China, Its Plans, Prospects and Policies.
Commissioner for China, Salvation Army, Peking.
Edwin C...”
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“...Scotland Mission,
Moukden. Secretary, Forward Evangelistic Movement of
Manchuria.
Issac Mason, Esq. (1892) The Opium Revival.
Missionary of the Friends' Foreign Missionary Society. Editorial
Secretary, Christian Literature Society, Shanghai.
Gilbert Mcintosh, Esq. (1885) The Christian Publishers' Association
of China.
Missionary of the American Presbyterian Mission. Superintend-
ent, Presbyterian Mission Press, Shanghai.
Miss Ltiella Miner, M.A., Lrtt. D. (1887) Woman's Place in the
Protestant Movement in China.
Missionary of the American Board Commissioners for Foreign
Missions. Dean of North China Union Women's College,
Peking.
Rev* Evan Morgan. (1884) Lawlessness in China.
Missionary of English Baptist Mission. Editorial Secretary,
Christian Literature Society, Shanghai.
Rev. C. L. Ogiivie, M.A., B.D. (1911) Work for Moslems.
Missionary of the American Presbyterian Mission, Peking. Pro-
fessor in Peking University School of Theology. Secretary,
Moslem Work Committee of the China Continuation...”
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“...Bishop, Diocese of Hankow, American Church Mission. Chair-
man of the China Continuation Committee.
Rev. Frank Knight Sanders, PhD. The Training of Missionaries, in
China.
Director of the Board of Missionary Preparation (for North
America), New York City.
Randolph T. Shields, Esq., B.A., M.D. (1905) Joint Committee on
Medical Terminology.
Missionary of the American Presbyterian Mission (South),
Tsinan. Secretary of the Joint Committee 011 Medical
Terminology.
Rev* C. G. Sparham. (1884) Developments in Mission Administra-
tion in the London Missionary Society.
Secretary, Advisory Council, London Missionary Society, Shang-
hai.
Mr. & Mrs* Edgar E. Strother. (1909)The Progress of the Christian
Endeavour Movement in China.
Joint Secretaries, United Society of Christian Endeavour for
China.
Alfred H. Swan, Esq., B.S., B.P.E. (1912) The Contribution of the
Physical Education Department of the Young Men's
Christian Association to the Christian Movement in
China.
Secretary, Physical Department, National...”
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“...PART I
THE GENERAL SITUATION IN CHINA
CHAPTER I
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, J9I7--J9J8
L. R. O. Bevan
The opening months of 1917 saw again the
Preifdcntnt ^ executive ancl the legislature in full conflict,
vs Premier As was recounted in the Year Book for last
year the restored Parliament undertook the
work of formulating the permanent Constitution, taking as
its framework the instrument drafted by the committee
that sat in the Temple of Heaven in 1913. Undeterred by
the fate meted out to 1liat Constitution by Yuan Shili-kai,
the same Parliament with the same spirit again ranged itself
against the executive. The fight, though the same fight that
has been waged since the overthrow of the Manchns in 1912,
set itself forth with an added complication. Li Yuan-hung,
during his office as Vice President, though unable to declare
himself openly opposed to the centralizing and autocratic
policy of Yuan, had sympathized all along with the radical
elements of the parliamentary body. Pie was distinctly...”
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“...to settle the relations between the executive
and legislature, first, by relegating the President to a
position of dignity indeed, but one only of nominal power,
and, then, by a fitting adjustment of the clauses in the
Constitution defining the connection between Parliament and
the Cabinet, to set up a strong and comparatively independent
group of ministers, under the leadership of an almost-
autocratic Premier.
The short statement in the Statesman's
eZi?sYJ917 Year Booh for 1918 sums up the march of
events as follows: "The year .1917 was
marked by the continuation of the struggle between the
legislature backed by Li Yuan-hung and the Cabinet of
Tuan Chi-jui. The attempt to adopt a permanent constitu-
tion proved the occasion for irreconcilable disagreements;
and though both parties favoured a breach with Germany,
the time and method provided opportunities for a political
crisis. Diplomatic relations with Germany were broken off
in March. The question of the method of a declaration of
war...”
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“...have proceeded during the rest of the year."
Two Extremes I)er^oc^ 1917-1918 has T:hus been
marked by violent action from the one side
and from the other; and though each party in turn claims
to be acting lawfully and within the terms of the Provisional
Constitution, neither the one nor the other is able to present
a case that is without flaw. Writing in last year's Year
Book the author of this article concluded with these sen-
tences : "A lasting settlement will be impossible unless both
parties recognize the fact that there are two parties, the fact
that there are different needs and different aspirations.
Neither one party nor the other can permanently force its
own extreme conception of the government ideal on its
opponents. Neither the one extreme nor the other can
justify itself so long as there exists the opposition that is
strong enough to break down the particular system o.
government that has been set up." And the events of the
past year have again shown the one party ranged against...”
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“...4
THE GENERAL SITUATION IN CIliNA
the opportunity to rally the opposed forces. Tuan, earlier
in the year, attempting to establish his claim as the real
executive as against the President, had virtually failed on
the occasion of breaking off diplomatic relations with
Germany ; and now in the matter of a declaration of war,
Parliament in its turn put forward its claim to the chief
place in the State, and was able to postpone the declaration.
Important as these political acts were, they were only
indications of the fundamental struggle that was going on,
whether Parliament should be above and controlling the
actions of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, or whether
the Prime Minister as the real executive should establish
himself free to act and largely uncontrolled by the-
legislature.
The debates in Parliament during the
Challe?'Td 9 second reading of the draft of the Con-
a enge stitution went steadily in the direction of
removing the executive's checks and control over Parliament.
A petition...”
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“...eventually make all the administrative and
judicial officials both in and out of Peking slaves of the
members of Parliament, in order to satisfy the selfish
ambitions and lust of these despotic desperadoes."
# This violent and uncompromising under-
a MrUtarCUtlVe standing of the aims of the other party, it is
pafty true, appears in. a petition which was the
work of a group of northern military
generals, but they were at that time the voice of the
executive party and they have continued during the past
year to dominate the policies of that party. It is difficult
to differentiate between the political party and its military
supporters, and it is not to be wondered at that the
parliamentary party judges its opponents by the words that
proceed from those who are in effect its military masters.
Thus though the petition was the utterance of leaders of
sections of the army, it must not be forgotten that the
executive party during all this time found its strength in the
support of the military. Plistory...”
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“...6
the general situation in china
and bayonet. Li then took the step of dismissing Tuan
from the office of Prime Minister and once again the two
parties were at daggers drawn.
Chang Hstm Then followed the remarkable Chang Hsun
Episode episode. This may be dismissed in a few
words, for it is an event really outside the
course of constitutional development, though it directly led
.to the establishment of the two governments, one in Peking
and one in Canton. Chang Hsunthe old Mancliu leader,
in command of a large army strategically posted across the
Tsin Pu railway, often compared with the robber barons of
medieval Europe, independent of control, undeniably
ignorant of all questions of constitutional government, this
rough soldier who understood nothing of parliaments and
cabinetswas summoned to Peking to act as mediator,
to find a via media that would reconcile the aspirations of
extreme parliamentarians with the conservative estimate
of government policies held by a reactionary executive...”
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“...There have been rifts within the southern
lute, and jealousies and contentious policies
have weakened its action as against the North. Not until
the summer of this year (1918) was there established
what might be called a really united government of the
South. A manifesto was issued during August which sets
out the view of the constitutionalists. The controllers
of the Southern Government styled themselves therein as
the administrative directors of the reorganized government
of the Republic of China. They are the authors of the
manifesto; and they declare that they think it fitting and
proper that a statement of the causes of the present civil
war and the objects of the constitutionalist movement
should be made to the foreign nations, allies and friends of
the Chinese Republic. This document is too long to re-
produce here, but it is well worth studying as an academic
statement of what the parliamentary party maintains is
its position and of the views that it holds with regard to the
party...”
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“...be called
together to enact a new election law and a new law of
organization of Parliament, whereby a Parliament suited to
the conditions of the time and environment might be
assembled at Peking, which should be the legislative organ
of the government, and which should frame the permanent
Constitution and perform the other functions that would be
within its prerogatives under the original Nanking settlement.
A National Pursuance this policy a mandate was
Council Called issued in October of last year for the calling
together of a National Council to formulate
the new election law, in order that a Parliament might be
elected to function with the powers granted by the Pro-
visional Constitution. Under this authority the provinces
and dependencies of the Republic were instructed to elect
or appoint representatives to meet in Peking as a National
Council to draft an election law for the new Parliament and
a law of organization for that body. The Peking Govern-
ment has thus followed the example...”
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