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“...THE
CHINA MISSION
YEAR BOOK
1918
(NINTH ANNUAL ISSUE)
Issued under arrangement between the Christian Literature
Society for China and the China Continuation Committee
under direction of the following Editorial Committee
appointed by the China Continuation Committee
Rev. C. Y. Cheng, D.D.
Rev. F. D. Gamewclf, LL.D.
D. E. Hoste, Esq,
Rev. E. G. Lobenstine
Rev. J. W. Lowrre, D.D.
Rev. D. MicGilIivray, D.D.
Rev. G. F. Moshcr
Rev. Frank Rawlinson, D.D.
Rev. W. li^^FrT^ReQS, D.D.
TuLt ^
-Rorts^TXD;:,
EDITORS
E* C Lobenstine"
A* L* Warnshtfis
Secretaries, China Cgij+inuation Committee
SHANGHAI
KWANG HSUEH PUBLISHING HOUSE
\ 918...”
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“...THE YEAR BOOK MAY BE OBTAINED
In Europe from
Rev. W. Nelson Bitton, 16 New Bridge St*, London, Eng.
In America from
Missionary Education Movement, J60 Fifth Ave., New York City...”
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“...PREFACE
IN Spite of civil war, flood, plague, famine and a world war, the
Christian missionary work in China has continued and increased.
This is the reason for another issue of the China Mission Year
Book.
The Book aims to give some description of the background of the
missionary effort, and therefore the articles on the political and
economical development of the country have a place. Moreover,
the facts described in these articles are also a help or hindrance
to the progress of the missionary work. So also it was necessary that
the Book should this year contain chapters on the great floods in
North China and 011 the plague epidemic.
Each year it is planned that the Book shall contain one section
which will be the distinctive feature of that issue. This year Part II
is noteworthy as describing recent developments in ecclesiastical
organization. Special mention might also be made of Part IV, which
is a summary of the present situation as regards Christian Literature
in China, and an indication...”
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“...iv
The China Continuation Committee is responsible for the China
Mission Year Book only in that it appoints the Editorial Committee
and the Editor. When articles in the boolc arc the expression of the
policies or the views of the China Continuation Committee, this fact is
made clear; in all other cases, the ivriter of the paper is alone respon-
sible for the opinion expressed.
To all the forty-two writers of these chapters, the editors would
express their genuine appreciation of all their work. Many of these
chapters contain the results of much research, and some of them of
years of careful observation. It is the hearty cooperation of many
busy workers that makes possible the publication of the Year Book.
It would be invidious to mention a few where all have given of their
best. Special acknowledgment, however, is due to the Rev. C. L.
Boynton, who, as in previous years, has read all the proofs and is
responsible for the typographical appearance of the book, as well as
for-the statistical...”
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“...VI
CONTENTS
Chapter Page
PART III. EVANGELISM
XVII. A Review of the Evangelistic Work of the Year
The Editor 153
XVIII. The Summer Conference Movement for Chinese
' Workers...............................W. MacNaughtan 159
XIX. Work for Moslems int China............0. L. Ogilvie 164
XX. Illiteracy in the Christian Church in China, and
the Use of Phonetic Script ............................
S. G. Peill and F. G. Onley 16S
PART IV. GENERAL AND RELIGIOUS EDUCATION
XXI. Some Notes on Mission Education, F. D. Game well 176
XXII. The Bible Teachers' Training School for Women
Ruth M. Brittain 183
XXIII. Fukien Christian University......Edwin C. Jones 187
XXIV. Supervision of Primary Schools.......... J. M. Espey 191
Editor's Note................................................. 196
PART V. MEDICAL WORK
XXV. The Epidemic on Pneumonic Plague in 1917-18
Samuel Cochran 197
XXVI. The Work of the China Medical Board in
1917-18....................................Roger S. Greene 202
XXVII. Joint Committer...”
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“...PART I
THE GENERAL SITUATION IN CHINA
CHAPTER I
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT, J9I7--J9J8
L. R. O. Bevan
The opening months of 1917 saw again the
Preifdcntnt ^ executive ancl the legislature in full conflict,
vs Premier As was recounted in the Year Book for last
year the restored Parliament undertook the
work of formulating the permanent Constitution, taking as
its framework the instrument drafted by the committee
that sat in the Temple of Heaven in 1913. Undeterred by
the fate meted out to 1liat Constitution by Yuan Shili-kai,
the same Parliament with the same spirit again ranged itself
against the executive. The fight, though the same fight that
has been waged since the overthrow of the Manchns in 1912,
set itself forth with an added complication. Li Yuan-hung,
during his office as Vice President, though unable to declare
himself openly opposed to the centralizing and autocratic
policy of Yuan, had sympathized all along with the radical
elements of the parliamentary body. Pie was distinctly...”
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“...to settle the relations between the executive
and legislature, first, by relegating the President to a
position of dignity indeed, but one only of nominal power,
and, then, by a fitting adjustment of the clauses in the
Constitution defining the connection between Parliament and
the Cabinet, to set up a strong and comparatively independent
group of ministers, under the leadership of an almost-
autocratic Premier.
The short statement in the Statesman's
eZi?sYJ917 Year Booh for 1918 sums up the march of
events as follows: "The year .1917 was
marked by the continuation of the struggle between the
legislature backed by Li Yuan-hung and the Cabinet of
Tuan Chi-jui. The attempt to adopt a permanent constitu-
tion proved the occasion for irreconcilable disagreements;
and though both parties favoured a breach with Germany,
the time and method provided opportunities for a political
crisis. Diplomatic relations with Germany were broken off
in March. The question of the method of a declaration of
war...”
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“...have proceeded during the rest of the year."
Two Extremes I)er^oc^ 1917-1918 has T:hus been
marked by violent action from the one side
and from the other; and though each party in turn claims
to be acting lawfully and within the terms of the Provisional
Constitution, neither the one nor the other is able to present
a case that is without flaw. Writing in last year's Year
Book the author of this article concluded with these sen-
tences : "A lasting settlement will be impossible unless both
parties recognize the fact that there are two parties, the fact
that there are different needs and different aspirations.
Neither one party nor the other can permanently force its
own extreme conception of the government ideal on its
opponents. Neither the one extreme nor the other can
justify itself so long as there exists the opposition that is
strong enough to break down the particular system o.
government that has been set up." And the events of the
past year have again shown the one party ranged against...”
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“...4
THE GENERAL SITUATION IN CIliNA
the opportunity to rally the opposed forces. Tuan, earlier
in the year, attempting to establish his claim as the real
executive as against the President, had virtually failed on
the occasion of breaking off diplomatic relations with
Germany ; and now in the matter of a declaration of war,
Parliament in its turn put forward its claim to the chief
place in the State, and was able to postpone the declaration.
Important as these political acts were, they were only
indications of the fundamental struggle that was going on,
whether Parliament should be above and controlling the
actions of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, or whether
the Prime Minister as the real executive should establish
himself free to act and largely uncontrolled by the-
legislature.
The debates in Parliament during the
Challe?'Td 9 second reading of the draft of the Con-
a enge stitution went steadily in the direction of
removing the executive's checks and control over Parliament.
A petition...”
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“...eventually make all the administrative and
judicial officials both in and out of Peking slaves of the
members of Parliament, in order to satisfy the selfish
ambitions and lust of these despotic desperadoes."
# This violent and uncompromising under-
a MrUtarCUtlVe standing of the aims of the other party, it is
pafty true, appears in. a petition which was the
work of a group of northern military
generals, but they were at that time the voice of the
executive party and they have continued during the past
year to dominate the policies of that party. It is difficult
to differentiate between the political party and its military
supporters, and it is not to be wondered at that the
parliamentary party judges its opponents by the words that
proceed from those who are in effect its military masters.
Thus though the petition was the utterance of leaders of
sections of the army, it must not be forgotten that the
executive party during all this time found its strength in the
support of the military. Plistory...”
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“...independent government administration with its present
center in Canton, claiming to be, as far as is possible under
the circumstances, the only legal inheritor of the powers of
government as settled by the Provisional Constitution of 1912.
The course of the administration in the
^Southern South has not run altogether smoothly.
Party There have been rifts within the southern
lute, and jealousies and contentious policies
have weakened its action as against the North. Not until
the summer of this year (1918) was there established
what might be called a really united government of the
South. A manifesto was issued during August which sets
out the view of the constitutionalists. The controllers
of the Southern Government styled themselves therein as
the administrative directors of the reorganized government
of the Republic of China. They are the authors of the
manifesto; and they declare that they think it fitting and
proper that a statement of the causes of the present civil
war and the objects...”
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“...be called
together to enact a new election law and a new law of
organization of Parliament, whereby a Parliament suited to
the conditions of the time and environment might be
assembled at Peking, which should be the legislative organ
of the government, and which should frame the permanent
Constitution and perform the other functions that would be
within its prerogatives under the original Nanking settlement.
A National Pursuance this policy a mandate was
Council Called issued in October of last year for the calling
together of a National Council to formulate
the new election law, in order that a Parliament might be
elected to function with the powers granted by the Pro-
visional Constitution. Under this authority the provinces
and dependencies of the Republic were instructed to elect
or appoint representatives to meet in Peking as a National
Council to draft an election law for the new Parliament and
a law of organization for that body. The Peking Govern-
ment has thus followed the example...”
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“...by insisting too
strongly and too strictly on the legality of this and the
illegality of that, the lawfulness of one and the lawlessness
of the other. The whole situation is fluid, the conditions
are so varied and the environment is so involved, that
compromise of some kind is needed. Here indeed is a legal
puzzle that will take some untangling. For twelve months
there has been civil war. Waste of material, waste of
money, and waste of human life, have been the outstanding
features of the past year; and the two governments at
the end of it seem further apart than ever. The whole
situation cries out for compromise, if there is not to be some
more drastic solution.
Such is the impasse that has been reached
Com licated in the constitutional development of the
by Military Republic. It needs no further labouring
that the constitutional question, even if
viewed solely from the academic side, is not easy of solution.
The interests of the three parties, President, Cabinet, and
Parliament, have in...”
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“...over-
shadowed and complicated and again and again made
impossible because of the opposition and the action of a
military leader and those who have rallied to his standard.
Even should the legitimate political parties get together and
devise some method of working in harmony, it would not be
venturesome to expect that the military elements would
quickly manifest themselves as a disruptive force and a
hindrance to the smooth working of the political machine.
This then is the problem of the coming year, to put the
army in its proper place, and to clear the field for the
legitimate contestants....”
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“...these
collieries, which now have the appearance of a western
coal-mining and industrial center. Yet Hunan was a few
years ago the seat of conservatism, the hermit province, and
its people were intensely anti-foreign.
CoaI Although China still imports more coal
than it exports, yet it possesses a wealth in
coal deposits conservatively estimated at enough to supply
the world's needs at the present rate of consumption
of one billion tons a year, for one thousand years.
China's present output worked by. modern machinery and
methods is about 10,0U0,000 tons a year and rapidly
increasing. That of the United States, in 1880 was
60,000,000 and in 1917 nearly 700,000,000 tons. The...”
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“...of
twenty per cent on their capital, for a number of years,
and the future of the industry is assured. China has
now 1,300,000 spindles to Japan's 3,000,000, America's
32,000,000 and England's 50,000,000. It imported, during
1917, Taels 60,000,000 worth of cotton yarn. China has 5,000
machine looms to Japan's 24,000, and England's 800,000,
although there are still tens of thousands of native hand looms
in the country. It imports nearly Taels 100,000,000 worth
of manufactured cotton goods each year. China produces
less than 2,000,000 bales of cotton annually, compared to
America's 13,000,000, yet the Chinese people are beginning...”
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“...cotton manufacture a safe, sure, and profitable
investment. Thus we are witnessing rapid developments in
this industry and shall witness far greater developments in
the future, for its success has now' been fully demonstrated.
Shanghai will soon be the Manchester of the East. It is
now a question of securing the machinery for the mills and
a greater supply of native grown cotton.
SiIfc While cotton goods rank first in value in
China's list of imports, silk stands first
among its exports. During the year 1917, China's exports
in silk amounted to Taels 106,000,000 (gold $112,000,000)
which was 23% of its entire export trade. Although America is
the world's largest importer of raw silk, taking $125,000,000
worth annually, yet it secures less than 25% of its import
from China. A representative of the American Silk
Association came to China during 1917 and spent six
months in the country demonstrating to the silk producers
and merchants, with moving picture films, illustrated
lectures and Chinese...”
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“...Hankow ,, ,, 6 >> 2,000
Wusili 5 3,800
Others 17 V 7,000
Total 68 33,300
These mills, it is estimated, use about 50,000,000 bushels
of wheat annually. There are tens of thousands of house-
hold stone cereal grinders throughout China and hundreds
of old style mill stones propelled by water wheels, especially
in the great wheat sections of Shensi and Shansi provinces.
It is difficult to estimate China's wheat production, but it
would seem that the country must produce about 200,000,000
bushels a year, equivalent to about one-fifth of the produc-
tion of the United States. It will probably not be many
* Four bags to a barrel....”
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“...China's total exports of vegetable oils
Ve etable Oils ^^ amounted in value to about Taels
ege a e s 3(^000,000, including bean, peanut, wood,
cotton seed, rape seed, sesamum seed and tea oils. The
wood oil is mostly exported to the United States where it
is used in the manufacture of varnish.
E In food products, China is assuming a
position of increasing importance to foreign
countries, which now take egg albumen, egg yolk, and fresh,
preserved and frozen eggs to the value of Taels 12.000,000
a year. A few years ago, eggs in Shantung could be
purchased, three for a copper cent, which then was less
than a half cent gold. Now it is difficult to buy them one
for a cent. While the raising of chickens is not a separate...”
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“...generally, factories have been established for the
manufacture of egg products. Large foreign cold storage
plants have been established at Hankow, Nanking, Shanghai
and Tsingtao, for the preparation of frozen eggs and egg
products, and for the collection of wild ducks, geese, snipe,
quail, partridges and deer in which China abounds, as also
for mutton, beef, chickens, ducks and pork preparatory for
shipment on refrigerator steamers. These products now
aggregate four and five millions of taels a year in value in
.China's exports.
s t The sugar industry shows signs of develop-
ment during the near future. In Fukien in
place of the opium poppy which a few years ago was its
most profitable crop, sugar cane is being planted and the
Chinese capitalists are indicating an interest in modern sugar
machinery. The lesson of Formosa, where Japanese in-
terests have put upwards of fifty millions of yen in modern
sugar mills, encourages the Fukicn and Kwangtung people,
where sugar cane can be grown to...”
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