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“...used in reconstruction housing in Nepal L™
Santosh Yadav3, Yannick Sieffert3'* *, Eugenie Crete5, Florent Vieux-Champagnec, Philippe Gamier5
a Universite Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble INP, CNRS, 3SR, F-38000 Grenoble, France
bLaboratoire CRAterre, Unite de recherche AECC, £cole Nationale Superieure d’Architecture de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
cLMDC, Institut National Des Sciences Appliquees de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
HIGHLIGHTS
• The use of shear bands in masonry structures.
• Experimental approach to determine the mechanical behaviour of different materials used as shear bands.
• Reconstruction housing in Nepal.
ARTICLE INFO
ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received 10 November 2017 Received in revised form 4 April 2018 Accepted 13 April 2018 Available online 26 April 2018
Keywords:
Shear band Masonry building Seismic load Local building cultures
Masonry structures are common in most of the under developed and developing countries in South-East Asia and Nepal is one of those nations which suffered...”
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“...horizontal shear band helps to prevent the in-plane shear crack propagation as shown in Fig. 1 (right). In this way, the crack is limited within the two-shear bands layer that prevents the complete failure of the wall. The sliding behaviour of those shear bands leading to dissipation of energy due to frictional behaviour at the interface layer can been observed. These bands also help to check the horizontal alignment of wall level at a different level during construction.
2,1, Shear band in Nepal
Nepal had experience many strong earthquakes in the past among which the highest recorded earthquake was 8.4 Mw in the year 1934 CE when around 126,000 houses had repairable extent of damage and approximately 81,000 collapsed [17]. After...”
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“...approach, the four types of shear band described in Table 1 were tested (two specimens per types). For timber shear band type 1, one of the specimens was prepared with dry stone masonry between the top and bottom layers of clay mortar, which is referred as TSBl_2_dry in this article. To determine the behaviour of a different type of shear band as practice and proposed in the guideline of Nepal, planning to perform the cyclic shear test on the specimen having dimension 900 mm x 350 mm with the same detailing for the shear band as prescribed in the guideline [7] was made. Most of the houses in the rural part of Nepal are constructed using clay mortar and stone. Thus, to find the response of that masonry structure with the shear band, the eight specimens were planned to be tested using clay mortar, stone, timber, bamboo, and concrete.
Table 1
Different type of shear band used for experiment.
Timber Shear Band Type l Timber Shear Band Type 2 Concrete Shear Band Bamboo Shear Band
Specimen Code...”
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“...amount of force can make large displacement with bamboo used as a shear band. These values of stiffness and energy dissipated can be used in development and validation of numerical
simulation code for carrying out the parametric analysis for shear band using different material.
4.4. Cost aspect
In order to conduct a financial analysis of construction works of similar types of building in different affected districts of Nepal, a model with two and a half storey houses - which includes an attic that is used as a storage place - was chosen with mud mortar as guided in the Nepal National Building Code 203 and the dimension of the building was taken from the design catalogue developed by DUDBC. The detailed quantity of work and a bill of quantities were calculated to get the total cost of construction. The cost of construction ranges from € 17,000 up to € 22,000 (to compare with the state subsidies of € T1T1\ From the field construction work carried out by CRAterre in Dhading district, the cost...”
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“...curve comparison of bamboo SB with timber SBl_2_dry.
5. Conclusion and recommendation
5.3. Conclusions
(1) Most of the masonry houses built in rural part of Nepal did not have seismic shear band even though it was already mentioned in the national building code of Nepal which highlights the lack of proper education and implementation of law resulting in huge damage of life and property during Gorkha Earthquake 2015. People started reconstruction works by themselves by implementing seismic shear bands, but due to lack of proper supervision by a trained person, they are not always able to make the shear band correctly.
(2) Regarding the shear bands, various materials are mentioned in the design catalogue and national building code such as timber, concrete and bamboo, but their availability is the main concern in different districts of Nepal even though effort from GoN has been made to facilitate the access to the resources needed for reconstruction works.
(3) Timber shear band type 2 with notched...”
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“...Delhi, 2009, pp 59-61.
[12] R. Langenbach, Reconstructing Rural Stone Houses in Nepal after the 2015 Earthquake, 2015.
[13] M.F. Mendes, Support to the Swiss Red Cross for reconstruction in Nepal-Field Mission Report, CRAterre, Grenoble, 2015.
[14] G. Milani, E. Milani, A. Tralli, Approximate limit analysis of full scale FRP-
reinforced masonry buildings through a 3D homogenized FE package, Compos. Struct. 92 (4) (2010) 918-935, https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.compstruct.2009.09.037.
[15] G. Milani, R. Shehu, M. Valente, Seismic vulnerability reduction of masonry churches: a case study, Procedia Eng. 199 (2017) 272-277, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.026.
[16] National Emergency Operation Center, Updated Report of Effects due to Disaster Events. Retrieved January 1, 2017, from: http://drrportal.gov.np/ reports, 2015.
[17] NSET-Nepal, Recorded Historical Earthquakes in Nepal (Earthquake Catalogue of Nepal 1255-2011 AD). Retrieved October 2, 2017, from: http://www.nset org.np/nset2012/index...”
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