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“...percent and a decrease of 43 percent in the mountainous areas. These reductions match the reduced food consumption.
Markets are overall functional in less affected areas and quickly recovering along the seismic belt but remain largely closed in the remote mountain area (only 5 percent of households are able to find cereals and pulses in the nearest market). Prices of staple foods are expected to rise in the coming months due to higher transport costs due to the monsoon and declines in international relief.
Damage and Loss
As mentioned above, the nutrition sector does not have separate infrastructures to estimate specific damage and losses. However, the affected population groups who are vulnerable to Undernutrition have been estimated. Since the exact number of affected children under five years, pregnant women and lactating women are not available per affected district, an estimation has been made based on two primary government sources: affected number of households due to the earthquake from...”
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“...conducting the examinations by the Universities, Higher Secondary Education Board and the Teacher Service Commission, and they have already postponed or rescheduled their examinations. This is unlikely to affect the schedules planned for next year. It is probable that there will be some effects on the normal functioning of the school management committees, as many have incurred losses to lives and property. Further, given that education personnel have been redeployed for structural assessments and relief works, service delivery at central and local levels are likely to be affected for some time, although these effects will gradually subside.
Emerging risks and vulnerabilities
Disasters affect different segments of society in disproportional ways. Nepal is a highly diverse country in terms of geography, demography, language and socio-economic status, and certain areas and groups tend to be more vulnerable to disasters than others. The vulnerabilities are likely to be exacerbated by internal d...”
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“...and school education, Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training for TVET, University Grants Commission (UGC) for higher education, and Non-Formal Education Centre for non-formal education/life-long learning (including community learning centers). Data on damages and losses to public and institutional libraries has also been included. For the school subsector, the PDNA Team built on the data that was compiled through the Nepal Education Cluster, which was activated to undertake the relief and initial response shortly after the first quake on 25 April 2015.33 Data on damages and losses was obtained from 57 districts, including the most affected 14 districts. All calculations are based on the pre-disaster unit costs used by the MOE system in the planning and allocation of resources.
33 For details, see www.humantarianrelief.info/operations/nepal/education
93...”
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“...Lost textbooks and teaching materials are the responsibility of the government to provide those materials as soon as possible. NGOs have been providing help for coping with their parents stress (including counselling) to those children who are stressed and worried about their education and exams.
Centr al Level Agenc ies Private schools are not able to waive fees as they have ongoing costs (Pabson). While the MOE policy is to support both community and institutional schools through emergency relief efforts (i.e. immediate response), PABSON/NPABSON expressed that there has been unequal application of this policy at the district level. Private schools ask for i) Extension of loan repayment schedule
110...”
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“...traumatized to resume their usual activities. These factors could not only decrease the food production substantially, but also disrupt the production system if appropriate measures are not adopted. Some farmers, especially in the landslide prone areas are currently living with a fear of further landslide during monsoon. Few are currently displaced, and they may wait until the frequency of aftershocks is reduced. Furthermore, farmers in villages are
spending as high as 30% of their time waitingfor relief which could continue for a while. With frequent aftershocks, people are mentally stressed. Meanwhile, majority of the staff in public sector have not been able to spend time with their families since the disaster resulting additional mental stress on them affecting delivery of services and mental health.
Disaster Effects and Impact
Areas in some of the most affected districts reported cracks in the field both upland and irrigated. Damages have occurred on around 1000 ha of land that are rendered...”
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“...extension services is challenging. Already thinly populated extension and animal health workers are diverted to relief operations and their own family care. Access roads to remote villages are damaged, and logistics and transportation facilities with the service centres are limited. Meanwhile, farmers due to their other priorities are unavailable or unwilling to access the services. Such situation is causing decreased access to agricultural extension and veterinary services. This is a particular challenge for women who do most of the agricultural work, but only receive 30% of the extension services and Dalits who are often live in remote areas and far from district headquarters.
Effects on Governance
Agricultural service delivery is affected by death and injury of technicians, damage to office buildings and equipment, and service delivery stations, and deployment of technicians in relief operations. Operating out of tents or temporary sheds was seriously hampering the efficiency and effectiveness...”
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“...heavily occupied with relief and recovery works. They are over stretched from every corner and a clear need of operational flexibility was realized to cope with the emergency situation.
Figure 4: Damaged rural agriculture service centre
Effects on Risk and Vulnerabilities
The earthquake increased fragility of food production systems making the poor and marginal farmers, including the elderly and women more vulnerable to other possible future disasters. The earthquake has seriously impacted on the agriculture-based livelihood in the affected districts increasing their vulnerability to hunger and food insecurity. The loss of farmland and other productive assets, and the risk of having land uncultivated in hill slopes of the most affected districts further increases the risks of decreased production and food insecurity in coming months and next couple of years with far reaching negative impacts. Currently provided basic food and nutrition package as humanitarian relief materials is neither...”
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“...Better has been taken into account while estimating the reconstruction needs with the overall aim of enhancing resilience of the small vulnerable farmers. Given the urgency of the situation, activities under both recovery and reconstruction will have to start simultaneously.
Food Security Cluster appealed for USD98.6 million in the revised Flash Appeal, with larger share of the appealed amount for emergency food assistance. Since there are several food security cluster partners providing emergency relief food assistance to the affected vulnerable families in the district, which is expected to continue for some more time, the agriculture sector recovery and reconstruction needs therefore do not cover the humanitarian food assistance needs.
Recovery in agriculture sector focuses on immediate activities aimed at the restoration of production levels in crop, livestock and fisheries. Specifically, recovery needs include:
(i) Provision of inputs for crop planting;
(ii) Provision of inputs for fishery...”
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“...the rapid agricultural livelihoods assessment report prepared by FAO for 6 most affected districts.
b) Damages and losses assessment templates were developed, sent to 24 earthquake-affected districts, and the data received from the districts were compiled and analyzed.
c) Field visits were made to the most affected six districts2 in order to meet the authorities and affected population and discuss the effects of earthquake on agricultural livelihoods. Meetings were held with District Disaster Relief Committees (DDRC) and officials from DADO and DLSO.
2 Dhading, Gorkha, Rasuwa, Nuwakot, Sindhupaichowk and Dolakha
157...”
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“...visitors and package tours to unaffected areas to be offered. An appropriate marketing and promotion plan for the upcoming peak season (October-December 2015) should be created together with all stakeholders. A special effort should be made to attract visitors from India which is close and forms a resilient market driven by pilgrimage and religious objectives. The cultural heritage sites should be open for visitors in Kathmandu valley for those which are assessed as safe.
Financial sector immediate relief through soft loans and loan restructuring is a need for industry recovery (hotels and restaurants) and should be reported in more details under Financial Sector report.
Activity Cost Coverage Duration
Safety assessment
ATC-20 audit for Annapurna and Khumbu TBD Samarth-N MDP & WBG July 2015
Safety audit for enterprises TBD TBD/lndustry associations
Communication
Travel advisory adjustment TBD Samarth-N MDP September 2015
Tour operator buy-in from source markets TBD NATO July & August 2015...”
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“...Activity | Cost Coverage | Duration
Creation of a Nepal Safe Trekking System
Design of standards and criteria for product | TBD | Samarth-NMDP | October 2015
Phase 3 -Rebuild and Redeveloped damaged areas and enterprises
Assess and design financial and technical relief packages (e.g. credit lines and 'soft loans' through local commercial banks) for hotel, restaurants and other tourism enterprises for re-construction and rebuilding with earthquake resistant technologies and according to safe trekking system guidelines (where applicable) to enable accommodation facilities to sustain a basic operational level. Please refer to Financial Sector report for more details. This requires more detailed discussion with Nepal Rastra Bank and Nepal Bankers Association. In order to assist tourism enterprises to revive their businesses, the government could come up with training schemes/interventions for newly recruited workforce, as many of the old workers have left for their home districts. Attention...”
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“...restructuring of viable corporates and SMES, and to support housing reconstruction. The emergency facilities established by the NRB will be complemented by on-budget facilities and the distribution channels will be designed to ensure transparency and accountability;
• It may be important to impose a moratorium on the increase in lending rates by BFIs at pre -earthquake levels at least for a quarter;
• Allow full deduction of financial contributions made by all incorporated BFIs to Prime Minister's Relief Fund;
• Investments in financial education/awareness and new product design to encourage and enable the more widespread use of insurance as a disaster mitigation mechanism, especially by the poor and rural population; and
• Establish a Bailout Fund for concessions and recapitalization with appropriate mechanism in consultation with relevant stakeholders and development partners.
Assessment Methodology
This financial sector needs assessment is based on a wide range of inputs and data, from diverse...”
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“...hydropower plant. This plant was designed and construction supervision was carried by the Japanese consulting firm. GON has also requested German government through KFW to assess the damage of the Middle Marsyanding Hydropower plant (70 MW), Lower Marsyangdi Hydro Power Plant (69 MW) KaligandakiA Hydropower Plant (144 MW) and the Load Dispatch Center. The assessment reports no major problem and thus no need to stop the generation from these plants. GON has not yet decided on policy of providing relief to the affected private hydropower plants under construction.
Transmission System. The list of substations where damages of equipment reported is presented in Table 4 and the damages noticed in transmission lines passing through the most earthquake affected area are given in Table 5. List of substations where damages of boundary wall and cracks in building are given in Table 6. A partial damage in Load Dispatch Center is reported and load management in the system is being carried out through...”
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“...be carried in two phases:
Phase I - Immediate Relief Package offering domestic clean cooking and lighting solution. Under this package, the focus will be on the domestic RET solutions which can be supplied to the needy people within current Fiscal year and will be initiated immediately. This package primarily includes; i) Solar Home System (SHS) with mobile charging for household, ii) Improved Cooking Stove (ICS) and iii) community mobile charging station iv) water purification iv) immediate solar lighting solutions for health post and schools, v) biogas, vi) rapid assessment of Photo Voltaic Pump Set (PVPS) and micro hydro and vii) Income Generation Activities (IGA) and Micro Small and Medium Sized Enterprizes (MSME) activities. Immediate relief package will be implemented immediately up to December 2015.
Phase II - Reconstruction, Rehabilitation and Mid Term Relief Solutions. Under this package, the focus will be to deliver long term relief solutions which will include: (i) repair, maintenance...”
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“...office premises of NTA were damaged, forcing a move to another location.
• Effect on sector investments. While MOIC and NTA provided all regulatory support to service providers, the earthquake will likely impact future investments in the telecommunications sectors. As such, the cost of insurance for private operators is likely to increase.
Effects on government functions and systems: The communications sector is key to ensuring that government can communicate and manage its disaster response, relief and rehabilitation efforts.
232...”
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“...coverage to all districts and VDCs and were in the process of increasing coverage of mobile broadband networks, in the short term, their focus will be on restoring coverage to pre-disaster status. As a result, the expansion of mobile broadband networks in particular will likely be delayed.
ICT and telecommunications in particular is a crucial economic infrastructure and its early recovery and restoration is important to support economic and public service delivery activities in Nepal. Post disaster relief efforts relied heavily on telecommunications, internet and broadcast media.
Government of Nepal has invested in a number of cross-sectoral ICT infrastructure (government integrated data center) and service frameworks (NeGIF and NEA). The adoption and mainstreaming of these across all government agencies will: (i) enable faster and cheaper deployment of ICT solutions and applications across government; (ii) reduce the cost of providing public services using ICT; and (iii) support government in...”
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“...Television Broadcasters 855.5 8.56
6 Newspapers 193.3 1.93
7 Radio Broadcasters 246.5 2.47
8 Cable Television 79.0 0.79
9 Build Back Better of Access and eGovernment infrastructure 1500.0 15.00
TOTAL 4,938.8 49.39
Implementation Arrangements
The proposed strategy revolves around a two-phase intervention: short/immediate term, medium/long term.
The table below summarizes key immediate priorities, both related to restoring basic communications services and to use of ICTs in broader cross-sectoral relief operations. Those that are considered crucial and highest priority are rank ordered. The overall estimated cost to implement these high priority actions to ensure resilience and build back better is approximately NPRs 3,500 million (US$35.0 million) with more details provided in Annex 2.
Table 4: Short-Term Actions
Area Immediate needs Specific actions
Restoring Nepal Telecom's local network for priority customers 1. Repairing local access networks in Kathmandu and affected districts for priority...”
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“...network solutions in consultation with the Banking association.
Public finance and mobile payments and solutions • Use mobile money for transfer of benefit payments • Use mobile applications for service delivery 1. Nepal Rastra Bank to approve mobile money regulations and allow mobile operators to participate in service provision. 2. NTA to lead the mobile service delivery agenda in partnership with stakeholders. 3. Use ICT solutions to identify and verify beneficiaries of cash transfer and other relief benefits.
Displaced Persons (DPs) 1. Provide internet access and community telecenters at DP camps 2. Continuation of education of displaced population through e-learning 1. Use RTDF to finance this initiative as a priority. 2. Provision of digitalized textbooks (including teacher's guides) and educational material electronically to displaced population.
eGovernment Platforms 1. Ensure continuity of Government Integrated Data Center 2. National Identification System to be deployed 1. Current...”
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“...damage and estimated inflation cost of inputs for the rehabilitation/reconstruction works due to the shortage of supply after the earthquake. In addition, loss in vehicle operations cost (VOC) due to the road closure after the earthquake damage is estimated as NRsl2.6 million ($0.12 million). No major rerouting has been observed after the earthquake. No loss in tolls has occurred since there are no toll roads in the affected areas. The loss also includes the cost of equipment operation during the relief works, which is estimated at NRsl5 million ($0.15million). The total estimated damage and loss on SRN are NRs4,589 million ($45.9 million) and NRs526 million ($5.26 million), respectively.
Regarding LRN, extensive road blockages were reported in DRCN for a number of days, while VRCN, most of which were in the non-motorable conditions even before the 25 April earthquake, have suffered further blockages and inaccessibility. The obstructions were mainly due to landslides. Some road sections were...”
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“...in the transport sector loss because this may overlap with the other sector's assessment in the assessment of loss due to the blockage of roads such as loss of agricultural products, health etc.
In the airports, TIA and 13 domestic airports experienced only minor damages to both the airside and landside facilities, which did not affect air transport operations. While airport operation were not suspended after the earthquake, TIA incurred revenue losses during the rescue and relief operations due to the waivers of charges for landing and cargos and airport terminal fees, reduction of passengers on regular flights and additional operational expenses for 24 hours operations immediately after the earthquake on 25 April 2015. The estimated damage and loss on airports are NRsll4 million ($1.1 million) and NRsl30 million ($1.3 million) respectively.
In Kathmandu, which is the home to 25 million people, no significant reduction in transportation services have been observed, and no major destruction...”
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