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1

“...including costs; g) Implementation arrangements; and h) Assessment methodology. In the analysis, damage is defined as the cost to replace durable physical assets (buildings, equipment, facilities and machinery) that were damaged or destroyed. Loss refers to changes in financial flows due to the temporary absence of infrastructure, increased or new demands (operational costs) due to the disaster, lost revenues, higher expenditures and the cost of maintaining service provision. In addition to reconstruction costs, recovery needs are identified to build back better and are costed accordingly. Each sector has also examined issues of vulnerability and marginalisation, and the need for specific targeting in the implementation of the recovery strategy. The report covers the following sectors: A. Social 1. Housing and Human Settlements 2. Health and Population 3. Nutrition 4. Education 5. Cultural Heritage B. Productive 6. Agriculture 7. Irrigation 8. Commerce and Industries 9. Tourism 10. Financial...”
2

“...recovery and reconstruction needs were calculated as NPRs 327,762 million, including i) transitional sheltering, ii) permanent housing reconstruction with structural resilience, iii) demolition and debris clearance, iv) Repairs and retrofitting, v) clustering of dwellings to safe locations, vi) Training and facilitation and vii) Urban Planning including heritage settlement planning. Housing and settlements have been reviewed with a comprehensive view to ensure disaster resilience of the whole community, taking into consideration vulnerability due to location. The data for relocation of settlements in all affected districts was not verified at the time of preparation of the PDNA. Relocation cases require careful and detailed analysis of landslide risks and socio-economic impacts along with close consultation with impacted communities. Estimated damage and losses are presented in Table 1. The figures consider physical damage and loss of housing. Similarly, total reconstruction and recovery...”
3

“...clustering of communities should be exercised in special conditions only. The house-owners will have opportunity to construct building typology of their choice and size by adding resources from their own savings or labour. Taking settlement planning view, reconstruction can also present an opportunity to upgrade living conditions. Table 2: Total Recovery Needs Details Unit rates (NPRs/house) Number of Houses Amount ( NPRs millions) Demolition Low-strength 21,000 94,805 3,972 Cement based 54,000 7,285 RC frame 300,000 5,291 Debris clearance Low-strength 8,000 474,025 5,810 Cement based 20,000 18,214 RC frame 250,000 6,613 Cost of Equipment for demolition and debris removal 160 Temporary shelter 24,540 609,938 14,968 New House Reconstruction (450 sq.ft/ unit) 405,000 609,938 247,025 Repairs and Retrofitting 160,000 256,697 31,189 Clustering of houses 22,254 10,525 Subtotal 313,649 6...”
4

“...the principle of subsidiary. The LSGA has mandated Local Bodies (Village Development Committee (VDC), District Development Committee (DDC) and Municipality) mainly for development planning and budgeting, building local infrastructure, providing basic services, maintaining the records and protecting public land, maintaining vital registration, and mobilizing and coordinating local development partners. The Local Bodies are also responsible for implementing land use policy, enforcing and monitoring the building code and ensuring the construction of disaster resilient infrastructure at local level. The 1999 Building Act promotes safer building practice in the country with four types of buildings: i) International state of the art, ii) professionally engineered buildings; iii) mandatory rule of thumbs and iv) rural buildings. Nepal National Building Code has been developed along these lines. Department of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) is recognised as the central institution...”
5

“...The land use planning in particular is focussed on risk sensitive land use planning (RSLUP). 2.3.3 National Urban Development Strategy The National Urban Development Strategy (which is in approval phase) seeks to promote resilience in urban development including climate change adaptation, development in safer locations, the review and enforcement of building codes, regulations, guidelines and planning bye-laws, and capacity building of the government institutions and local bodies. Some immediate proposed programs for fostering resilience in urban development include: • Preparation of risk sensitive land use plans (RSLUP) • Completion of the Kathmandu urban transport master plan (KUTMP) • Revising building bye-laws • Establishment of a hierarchy of road network • Modification in land readjustment regulations • Regeneration of 'agro-politan' traditional settlements • Development, conservation and management of multipurpose open spaces • Institutional and capacity building of KVDA for planning...”
6

“...Participation of the community by empowering them to take control of reconstruction of their own houses and ensuring facilitation of owner-driven reconstruction. 2. A comprehensive view of housing reconstruction to include holistic habitat development including basic services and community infrastructure. Building Back Better should translate into a concept of "safer settlements". 3. Reconstruction should be a vehicle to build long-term community resilience. Reducing vulnerabilities and strengthening community capacities to mitigate future disasters by improving construction practices for majority of the building stock in the country. 4. Strengthening the local economy through reconstruction and processes favorable to the poor, marginalized and informal sector. Reconstruction should provide an opportunity for the poor to upgrade their living conditions. 5. Ensuring sustainable and environmentally friendly reconstruction processes, taking account of climate change, natural resource management...”
7

“...resources for reconstruction; 5. Ensure improved overall living standards through the provision of community services including schools, health centres and local roads; and 6. Provide temporary access routes to the original site to facilitate return of the communities to their places of origin to undertake ethnic and religious practices. Relocation of settlements must be avoided as much as possible and should be conducted only when no other in-situ solution is possible. Land acquisition for relocation or clustering is likely to be complex, difficult and disputed if safe available lands have private ownership or is forest land. Relocation is also very costly. The government has identified need for clustering of 22,256 households along with infrastructure provision and settlement planning at the cost of NPRs 10,525 million. This will be vetted through rigorous multi-hazard study of each site. 4.4 Settlement Planning Approach for Rural Housing It is important that housing reconstruction is taken...”
8

“...municipal areas need to be identified and planned during reconstruction. There is need for balanced growth by developing smaller municipalities taking a regional planning perspective. Housing reconstruction should follow this overall framework. On the other hand, in order to mitigate disasters for high rise buildings and maintain urban development, building code regulation on anti-seismic structure, height of buildings and floor-area ratio is required with institutional enforcement and management. 4.6 Strategy for Transition and Reconstruction Phase 4.6.1 Transition phase: In the short term, the focus of the recovery strategy is twofold: (1) to address immediate needs of the affected people during the transition phase, and (2) to plan, prepare and start the reconstruction phase. Temporary or transitional sheltering solutions are needed so that people can live with a certain degree of comfort and dignity till permanent reconstruction or repair and retrofitting work is completed. People must...”
9

“...remote areas will be required. Other early activities for long-term recovery include large-scale communication of the reconstruction program, communication of safe construction practices (since many have already started rebuilding) and the setting up of the cascading social-technical facilitation mechanism for recovery (at the national, district and local level). 4.6.2 Reconstruction Phase The entire housing reconstruction process is likely to take up to 5 years. The reconstruction process will empower communities and households to take charge of their own recovery through an "owner-driven" reconstruction process wherever possible. Households will be facilitated with significant technical assistance to manage reconstruction. Housing reconstruction grants will be provided in tranches, conditional on compliance to safe building standards. Large scale cascading training programs will be needed to build the necessary pool of trained masons, carpenters and artisans. Particular strategies will...”
10

“...transparent manner. The survey will also present the opportunity to identify vulnerable households (people living with disability, senior citizens, widows and single mothers etc) who may need additional support in house construction and in attaining ownership. It should be conducted as soon as possible, before conditions of homes are altered due to the monsoon, or self-recovery (i.e. early reconstruction) or demolition by households. The assessment will link a particular damage state and building typology to a specific safe reconstruction activity (example: repair of a wall, or complete reconstruction of a building of a certain type) and assistance package. The assessment must be uniform, transparent and strengthened by a robust grievance redress mechanism. Information gathered from the survey can further serve as basis for a powerful management information system (MIS) to monitor recovery. Modern GPS-enabled electronic tablets can be leveraged to streamline the data-gathering 17...”
11

“...an MOU) committing to roles and responsibilities of the household (to construct following government approved standards, to use assistance only for housing construction, etc) and the government. The assessment is also a key avenue to communicate to households the steps for recovery (example: opening a bank account to receive assistance, receiving training on reconstruction practices, etc.). 5.2 Building Construction Technologies, Materials Supply and Labor 5.2.1 Building Construction Technology The earthquake has clearly exposed the vulnerability of buildings to earthquakes, and enhancements are required to ensure that reconstruction adheres to building back better practices. Most heavily damaged buildings did not comply with any of the National building regulations and guides. The provision of basic disaster resistant elements (i.e. corner stitches, vertical reinforcement, diagonal bracing and horizontal bands, etc), coupled with adherence to proper masonry construction practices should...”
12

“...• RC band, ties and stitches wherever possible RC bands, vertical reinforcements, stitches RC frame with full compliance to ductile detailing Indicative cost per sq.ft of plinth area, NPRs 900 1500 2000 Likely proportion of reconstruction (KTM Valley)* 24% 38% 38% Likely proportion of reconstruction (Other districts)* 77% 15% 8% Timber: It could be preserved and used efficiently through simple innovations. * based on proportional distribution of typologies in census 2011 accepted as trend 5.2.2 Material Requirements With over half a million houses to be reconstructed and half as many to be repaired and retrofitted will necessitate a huge rise in building construction activities over multiple years. Two critical potential bottlenecks for effective reconstruction are availability of construction materials and labor (in addition to availability of finance). Mechanisms will be needed to ensure that materials available at a reasonable price, and accessible in locations where they are needed...”
13

“...(WWM) -13 G 25mmx25mm Million Ton 0.01 Note: * Production estimate from Kathmandu valley only The materials salvaged from collapsed houses are likely to result in recycling of 80% stone, 30% wood and 25% brick in reconstruction. This will help speed up the reconstruction by reducing financial and transport burdens. Appropriate guidelines about reuse of salvaged materials should be developed and disseminated to house-owners to ensure good quality construction. 5.2.3 Labor Requirements Such a large-scale housing reconstruction need will require significant workforce (estimated at 352 million workdays). Assuming that the majority of the reconstruction will occur in the first three years, it is estimated that the labor requirement will peak at 0.7 million workers for reconstruction only, which is significant compared to the current estimates of one million workers already involved in the housing sector (ILO). A significant amount of unskilled work will likely be undertaken by family members...”
14

“...Community Organisers, and 750 coordinators at VDC level to support the reconstruction process, quality assurance and compliance. These field teams will have to be coordinated at district level involving about 62 engineers and 15 senior engineers and 31 District Coordinators. This whole human resource structure for facilitation of such a large recovery effort will have to be managed by the proposed National Reconstruction Authority, The total five year budget for the cost of the socio technical facilitation including human resources, training, quality assurance and other governance functions is provided as 2.5% of total needs. 5.5 Technical Committee Identification of causes of heavy damage to buildings like soil profiles, improper design and detailing, poor construction practice, etc. will be the basis for development of feasible technical solutions for improvement. Measures will have to be identified for reconstruction of each building typology. Similarly, 21...”
15

“...for - i) disaster resistant reconstruction for different building typologies; and ii) repairs and retrofitting of partially damaged buildings. Nepal National Building Code Development Project, DUDBC, UNESCO, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, World Housing Encyclopedia, Architecture Institute of Japan, etc. along with traditional local wisdom could be used to evolve a set of guidelines. The Technical Committee could guide preparation of 0 Illustrative guideline for each building typology for repair, remediation and seismic improvement 0 Illustrative guideline for each building typology for reconstruction 0 Guidelines on Training for Trainers for engineers, Junior engineers, foreman and craftsman (stone mason, brick mason, concrete mason, carpenter, etc) 0 Building inspection guideline, videos 0 Methods for dissemination of information. 5.6 Capacity building of Community Organisers, Artisans and Engineers There will be a need for capacity development of human resources. It is anticipated...”
16

“...certification program at the earliest so that adequate number of artisans are trained before reconstruction takes off. House-owners Awareness Programme: As the recovery is going to be largely owner led, it is essential to make them aware of need of disaster resistant construction. There will be need to guide them on choice of building typologies, materials and costing in addition to minimum disaster resistant features. As the owners hire artisans and take decision with regards to materials and construction system, their awareness is critical. Dissemination of required information on reconstruction, repairs and retrofitting to them is very important. 5.7 Concurrent Monitoring and Quality Assurance Independent technical monitoring and auditing of the house reconstruction and repairs-retrofitting program will be necessary components. This quality assurance mechanism should be concurrent during reconstruction phase for timely reporting on progress and quality of work so that redressal of deficiency...”
17

“...will be required for such a shelter. 6.6 Needs for Housing Reconstruction and Retrofitting Calculation The need for housing recovery is based on a uniform assumed need per household (not based on preexisting house) of a 450 sq.ft, core house built to seismic resilient standards. Cost of construction following proper seismic standards was estimated at NPRs 900 per sq.ft, equivalent to approximately 30% increase from the base replacement cost. Cost per house is therefore estimated at NPRs. 405,000. This amount is the basis for defining needs, but does not suggest that affected households will need to construct such homes. Besides, the amount required for remote and difficult area and heritage settlements may be higher and government assistance may take this into consideration for these areas. It is acknowledged that the choice of building system and the size of house will be decided by the house owner at the time of reconstruction, conditional on compliance to seismic resistant standards....”
18

“...assessment hazards at each site. 2% of total new reconstruction costs have been included with clustering costs towards settlement planning. Needs for training, facilitation, quality control, communication and other technical assistance activities are estimated at 2.5% of the total needs, consistent with other home-owner driven earthquake recovery programs. Needs for urban planning including that for heritage settlements are estimated at 2% of total needs. Annex-1: Calculation Logic - Damage, Loss and Needs Damage 1) Physical Housing Damage A. Baseline data: Source Census 2011 B. Typologies: Using the construction type for foundation, walls and Roof as given in the Census we have derived the Building Typologies as follows 1. Stone/Brick in Mud Mortar (In flexible CGI sheet + Thatch roofing) Type of outer wall: Mud bonded bricks/stone + Unbaked brick + Others + Not Stated 2. Stone/Brick in Cement Mortar (In Flexible CGI Sheet and Rigid RC roofing) Type of outer wall: Cement bonded bricks/stone...”
19

“...for complete damage while the functions for extensive damage were used for calculation of ratio for partial damage. The factors derived from the relative vulnerability of the buildings for different intensities are given below: Table 12: Factors derived from the relative vulnerability of the buildings for different intensities MMI PGA Damage LSM CBM RC VI 0.12 Complete 1.00 0.00 0.00 Partial 0.93 0.07 0.00 VI+ 0.17 Complete 0.93 0.07 0.00 Partial 0.60 0.31 0.09 2 Ramesh Guragain, 2015, Development of Earthquake Risk Assessment System for Nepal, PhD Dissertation, The University of Tokyo, Japan 3 HAZUS-MH. (2003). "Multi-hazard Loss Estimation Methodology." Department of Homeland Security, Emergency Preparedness and Response Directorate, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), Washington D.C. 27...”
20

“...0.80 Note: MMI - Modified Mercaii intensity, PGA= Peak Ground Acceleration Loss G. Losses due to clearance and demolition The cost of clearance of the debris of the destroyed houses is considered as 5% of the cost of the replacement of that building. Table 13: Clearance Cost Clearance Costs for Destroyed Buildings (NPRs/unit) LSM 21,000 CBM 54,000 RC 300,000 Needs Construction Materials & Labor for Recovery Need Table for Reconstruction: Required material and labor for reconstruction of one house of each typology for a budget of NPRs. 405,000 Table 14: Reconstruction for different typologies______________________________________________ Major Building Material Unit Building Typology Mud Cement RC Area = 450 SF (42 m2) Area = 270 SF (25 m2) Area = 200 SF (19 m2) Cement Bags(50 Kg) 9.6 190.5 60.8 Brick 1000 No. 0.0 8.1 2.1 Stone m3 55.9 0.0 0.0 Sand m3 1.3 8.1 3.3 Aggregate m3 0.3 3.3 2.5 28...”