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“...trained masons, carpenters and artisans.
Particular strategies will be needed to address the complexity of recovery of urban environments. These complexities include, inter-alia, the management of demolition in dense neighborhoods, fragmentation of building ownership, high-level of rental populations, the heterogeneity of community structures and particularly dynamic migration patterns of urban populations. Tools and activities to support urban recovery may include: monitoring systems for urban displacement and migration, detailed hazard mapping, participatory planning exercises, rapid urban expansion studies, facilitated management structures (bringing together communities, government and private sector), rental stock support plans and more.
Beyond ensuring that all homes are rebuilt to hazard-resilient standards, reconstruction further aims at start addressing underlying processes that create vulnerability (even beyond the areas affected by the earthquake). As such, recovery should foster ...”
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“...non-teaching functions. In the consultations with the DEOs and central level agencies, it was emphasized that the number of days lost would eventually be covered through cuts in summer vacation and annual festivals. However, even as the schools have reopened, it will take some time before regular teaching-learning can take place. Most schools in the highly affected districts will not hold full-day classes for at least one month, leading to loss of learning time. The destructions of homes and displacement of families has had a severe negative impact on learning environment at home. Children reported that they have lost motivation and confidence to study as their learning habits have been disrupted. They fear that they might have forgotten what they have learned, and may have difficulty in passing their examinations (particularly children in grades 8 and 10 who need to take the district and national level board examinations). It is, therefore, likely
25 The schools in the affected districts...”
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“...works, service delivery at central and local levels are likely to be affected for some time, although these effects will gradually subside.
Emerging risks and vulnerabilities
Disasters affect different segments of society in disproportional ways. Nepal is a highly diverse country in terms of geography, demography, language and socio-economic status, and certain areas and groups tend to be more vulnerable to disasters than others. The vulnerabilities are likely to be exacerbated by internal displacement of people and increased risks of flooding and landslides in the rainy season.
Table 3: Prediction of internal efficiency in the affected districts
80...”
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“...any)? would you expect of effects to SMCs
groups? And, what to come back when and PTAs in
are the reasons/ 11. What is the the schools open? schools and
barriers (for estimated % of management
example schools where 20. How many teachers committees of
gender/d isabil ity/ teaching-learning are expected to CTEVT schools and
ethnic/caste/locati activities have return when colleges?
on/socio- resumed? schools open?
economic status)? 29. How are
12. What % of 21. What % of teachers displacement and
4. Is there equal children had affected by the migration
access to already received disaster in terms of patterns, such as
schools/learning textbooks and being injured of loss of families and
centres for boys TLMs? displaced? orphan hood
and girls, different tracked?
caste/ethnicities? 13. What is the new 22. Have teachers been
Are there safety requirement for receiving monthly 30. What measures
issues in getting to additional salaries regardless are required
school? textbooks...”
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“...interest to people visiting Nepal and a pride for its people. Loss of important tangible heritage is interrelated with loss of intangible heritage and identity, just as loss of traditional family dwellings is intrinsically entwined with the day-to-day lives of the people. Loss of intangible cultural heritage could be treated in parallel with loss of tangible heritage. Traditional architectural styles of building, just like clothing, are integral to ethnic and cultural identity of the people. Displacement of people will further weaken their links to community centers and rituals.
Significant economic losses will incur in communities that rely on the revenue generated with the interruption of annual ritual activities. Ritual performances and religious dances associated with these temples will be severely curtailed, or may not occur, leading to a potential loss of this intangible heritage. Stone and metal sculptures, often revered as living gods, will need to be relocated from badly damaged sites...”
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“...and office buildings. Losses in this sector only include reduction in irrigation service fee (ISF) collection from damaged irrigation schemes. Losses in agriculture production due to nonavailability of irrigation water are accounted for under the agriculture sector.
Infrastructure damages. The field visit revealed that damages are due both to ground shaking and landslides Typical damages includes (i) small and major cracks on RCC canals, falls or other structures due to ground shaking, (ii) displacement of canal with loss of gradient, (iii) RCC canal section degraded or washed away due to landslides and rock fall, and (iv) damaged retaining walls. In many instances, sections of RCC canals have cracked due to faulty construction. Despite of the major scale of the disaster, important structures of the systems such as intake, super-passages and aqueducts have generally well resisted and remain in operation. Many landslides have occurred. Some with new spring water are very vulnerable and may...”
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“...Collect Earth tool (Open Foris, 2015). Each sub plot was assessed for the availability of imagery, the existence of visible damage, the cause of the damage (if any) and the land use types damaged. The cloud free very high resolution imageries were only used for the analysis. Altogether 76 percent of the 4612 subplots contained cloud free post-quake imagery. The availability of the cloud free imagery varied from 47 percent in Dolakha to 98 percent in Sindhupalchowk.
The problem of the image displacement on the post-earthquake images were resolved case by case by approximating the plot's actual location on the new image. The damaged area was computed for both forest and non-forest areas using the proportion of the damaged plots to the total number of assessed cloud free plots.
Result
Altogether 64 subplots were found damaged due to the earthquake, of which 30 subplots lies inside forests. In total, 24,000 hectare (1.9%) area was damaged due to earthquake in six districts. The results showed...”
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“...of women cooperative buildings and possibilities of displacement of members to new places may create disruptions to future women development programs.
It is imperative that both men and women should equally participate benefit from reconstruction programmes around infrastructure, such as rehabilitation of rural roads, community building rehabilitation, irrigation systems etc. A percentage of the funds should also be targeted towards disadvantaged Dalit communities and other ethnic minorities. In readiness for the monsoon, water purification awareness programmes targeting women and school children in most water affected areas should be implemented. Furthermore, rehabilitation of water supply is urgently needed before the monsoon season begins to ease the burden of work for women but also as a disease prevention measure. Construction of public and private toilets with proper lighting should be part of the housing programme to alleviate the problems that women and girls are facing regarding...”
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