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“...and around the Kathmandu Valley were damaged by the earthquake (DoA 2015). The report notes that 133 monuments were in a totally collapsed state, 97 were partially collapsed, and 515 suffered partial damage. In Kathmandu Valley, 447 monuments were affected by the earthquake, out of which 83 totally collapsed to the base (DoA 2015). In particular, the seven UNESCO world heritage sites of the Kathmandu Valley suffered extensive damage, and Kathmandu Durbar Square was the most affected among these (Figure 1). The details of the damage suffered by these seven monument zones are presented in Table 1.
Typical damage observed in the World Heritage structures involved the collapse of gable walls and roofs, tensile shear cracks to masonry walls, out-of-plane collapse of masonry
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carleton University, Canada h-1 Structural Engineer, SMEC, Canberra, Australia c-* Senior Lecturer, Khwopa Engineering College, Bhaktapur, Nepal
Professor, Institute of Engineering...”
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“...walls, and failure of timber connections. Such damage can trigger the sudden or brittle collapse of a masonry structure with very little warning. For effective restoration and conservation of any historic building, a detailed assessment of the structure and of the physical damage to its masonry is required, for which a deep knowledge of actual internal construction, geometries, materials, morphologies, and mechanical properties is necessary.
Table 1. Damage states in the seven Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Property monument zones
Monument zone Number of classified monuments Number of totally collapsed monuments Number of partially damaged monuments
Hanuman Dhoka Durbar Square 97 11 39
Bhaktapur Durbar Square 39 5 14
Patan Durbar Square 44 6 21
Changunarayan 67 3 2
Pashupati 44 6 21
Swayambhu 82 4 9
Bauddhanath Partial damage in stupa...”
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“...interpretation in the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Property—a report and recommendations of a mission conducted between 3/10/2015 and 22/11/2015, submitted to UNESCO Kathmandu Office, Nepal.
Dangol, P., 2007. Elements of Nepalese Temple Architecture, Adroit Publishers, New Delhi, India. Department of Archaeology (DoA), 2015. Preliminary list of affected monuments of Nepal by
Gorkha Earthquake 2015, Kathmandu, Nepal.
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Gulkan, P., and Langenbaeh, R., 2004. The earthquake resistance of traditional timber and masonry dwellings in Turkey, Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering...”
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“...a, A. C., and Maskey, P. N., 2013. Lesson learned from the performance of buildings during the September 18,2011, earthquake in Nepal, Asian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, 719-733.
Shakya, M., 2010. Modal analysis using ambient vibration measurement and damage identification of three-tiered Radha Krishna temple, Master’s thesis, Purbanehal University, Nepal. Shakya, M., Varum, H., Vicente, R., and Costa, A., 2012. Structural vulnerability of Nepalese
pagoda temples, Proceedings of the 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 24-28 September, Lisbon.
Shakya, M., Varum, H., Vicente, R., and Costa, A., 2014. Seismic sensitivity analysis of the common structural components of Nepalese pagoda temples, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12, 1679-1703.
Sorrentino, L., Liberatore, L., Liberatore, D., and Masiani, R., 2014. The behavior of vernacular buildings in the 2012 Emilia earthquakes, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12, 2367-2382.
Tiwari, S. R., 2009. Temples of the Nepal Valley...”
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