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Architectural considerations in restoration of heritage buildings damaged by earthquake
Article in Disaster Advances • January 2017
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“...July (2017)
Architectural considerations in restoration of heritage buildings damaged by earthquake
Sharma Anjali
Department of Architecture, National Institute of Technology Patna, Ashok Raj path, Patna, Bihar 800005, INDIA anj alisharma@nitp. ac .in
Abstract
This study explores architectural considerations necessary for restoration of heritage buildings damaged by earthquakes in the wake of damage to Kathmandu’s Dharhara tower in the 2015 Nepal earthquake, through case studies of six selected historical buildings in Patna that were damaged by earthquake(s) and were subsequently repaired and/or restored. Based on the case studies, it was found that (1) the very features imparting monumental status to buildings are the ones most vulnerable during earthquakes; (2) every heritage building has a soul which should not be muzzled - restoration must ensure preservation of the soul of the building to protect its architectural and heritage value; (3) tourism potential and ensuing commercial value...”
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“...legacy of buildings. However, located in zone IV - a high damage risk zone -Patna is prone to earthquakes. Seismic events in the past have caused moderate to severe damage to many of its heritage buildings. The Bihar earthquake of 1934 was one of the worst earthquakes in India’s history that caused severe damages to many buildings in Patna which were subsequently repaired while a few required restorations.
Through detailed case studies of six selected heritage buildings of Patna, this study is an attempt to (1) highlight the nature and extent of damages suffered by these buildings in different earthquakes and (2) analyze the appropriateness of restorations done. Based on the findings of the case studies and review of related literature, this study will explore architectural considerations in restoring heritage buildings damaged by earthquakes and will recommend the course of action for the Dharhara Tower.
Material and Methods
Data and information was collected through both primary and secondary...”
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“...Ownership also has an impact on die quality of restoration as there appears to be a compromise on not only its architectural character and heritage value but also die structural strength and stability as a whole.
(5) Regular maintenance, repair and adaptive reuse:
Heritage monuments such as die administrative building of NIT Patna, that are under continued use where regular maintenance and repair is ensured, have demonstrated resilience and longevity.20 Continued use of buildings improves its structural health and stability, enhances longevity and amounts to preservation.20 On die other hand, poor maintenance of buildings, inadequate funding, loss of technical knowledge and lack of social valuation are among the causes which when combined with a destructive natural event such as an earthquake, generate a significant impact in the amount and quality of heritage buildings.23
This aspect is particularly significant in Gol Ghar which was designed as a granary but was never used. This 230-year-old...”
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Table 1
Largest measured earthquakes in Bihar
Place Date Magnitude Epicentre
Eastern Nepal33 26.8.1833 7.9 ±0.1 27.500° N, 86.500° E
Bihar-Bengal area34 11.11.1842 Maximum intensity IX 27.000° N, 88.300° E
Bihar-Nepal border 15.1.1934 8.4 26.500° N, 86.500° E
Udaypur Gahri, Nepal 20.8.1988 6.8 26.755° N, 86.616° E
Lamjung, Nepal 25.4. 2015 7.9 28.147° N, 84.708° E
Aftershock of Nepal earthquake 12.5.2015 7.3 27.837° N, 86.077° E
Table 2
Selected Heritage Buildings taken-up for case study
S.N. Name Constructed in Managed by Architectural Style Damaged on Extent of Damage
1. Sher Shahi Mosque 1541-45 WAQF Board Afghan Style 15.1.1934 Collapse of 4 small domes
2. Gol Ghar 1786 Govt, of Bihar Stupa style Several Cracks in dome
3. NIT Patna 1898-1902 NIT Patna Indo-saracenic revival 12.5.2015 Fine cracks in arches
4. Secretariat 1913-15 Govt, of Bihar Stripped neoclassical 15.1.1934, 20.8.1988 Collapse of Tower
5. Patna High Court 1913-16 Govt, of Bihar...”
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“...seismically safe structures, these are mostly from structural engineering perspectives written by structural engineers. Not much literature is available related to architectural aspects particularly of heritage buildings which are uniquely affected by natural disasters, weakened by every disaster if left uncared. Also, possibility of change of ground and site conditions over time; change in use or structural alteration of buildings in ways that can weaken or alter their structural equilibrium or introduce new hazards and irreversible morphological changes that some building materials suffer over time, may alter the nature of a building’s response to strain.25
Buildings abandoned after damage usually become home to anti-social activities. It is therefore important that an architectural heritage, unless damaged beyond reconstruction, is restored and its functioning resumed. For appropriate restoration, some of the aspects that need to be duly considered from an architectural point of view are:...”
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of Conservation of Heritage Buildings26 published by the Central Public Works Department (CPWD) in 2013 must be referred.
Pro-active multi-disciplinary post-damage assessment:
The present process for restoration of buildings damaged by earthquakes, mainly involves structural designers. Since a major part of restoration is concerned with architecture, specialized architectural knowledge is therefore essential. In fact, Giiler et al27 maintain that for development of an effective methodology for restoration and strengthening of important historical buildings, an integration of knowledge in the areas of seismology, geotectonics, structural engineering, material science, architecture, art as well as social, cultural and economic aspects is essential.
Indirli et al28 report the involvement of a multi-disciplinary expertise (mainly skills on natural/human-made hazards assessment, geology, geomatics/ICT, structural engineering, architecture, urban planning...”
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strengthening of various structures. However, it is up to the architect and structural engineer to decide upon the most appropriate one that will be most suitable considering other local conditions. Familiarity with the latest researches in relation to structural strengthening of heritage buildings, particularly related to architectural elements (both structural and non-structural) is crucial for deciding upon the most appropriate technique for structural strengthening in a particular element.
Necessity of proper supervision and inspection: It is a
well-established fact that even the most perfect of structural designs can be flawed if it is not executed properly. Therefore, meticulous supervision of construction works must be done by professional architects and engineers on regular basis along with frequent inspections to ensure that all relevant codes are followed and to ensure materials and workmanship for ensuring its strength and stability...”
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Engineering, 35-41 (2015)
21. Sonda D., Cossu M., Miyamoto H.K and Shah S.D., Methodology for Seismic Improvement of Ancient Heritage Monuments in India, The Masterbuilder, 4-10 (2015)
22. Kelley S.J., Sendova V. and Gavrilovic P., Seismic Protection of Byzantine Churches, 1-9 (1995)
23. Loustalot B.D., Beyond the appearance of heritage: Reconstruction of Historic Areas Affected by Earthquakes in Chile, International Journal of Architectural Research, I, 24-39
(2013)
24. Mohandas K.P., Strengthening and Restoration of Heritage Buildings, In Seminar on Conservation of Heritage Buildings/Precints in Chennai Metropolitan Area (2010)
25. Lattig J.W., Calamities, Catastrophes and Cataclysms: Current Trends in International Disaster Risk Management Practices for Cultural Heritage Sites, University of Pennsylvania (2012)
26. CPWD, Handbook of Conservation of Heritage Buildings,
(2013)
27. Griler K., Saglamer A., Celep Z. and Pakdamar F., Structural and earthquake response analysis of the Little...”
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