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“...on. edu
d Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, On, K1S 5B6 Canada, Mario.santana@carleton.ca eNepal Engineering College fBhaktapur Municipality gUNESCO Kathmandu Office h Khwopa Engineering College ‘National Society of Earthquake Technology
COMMISSION II
KEYWORDS: IT Documentation, Risk Preparedness, Nepal, Built Heritage, Natural Hazards, Capacity-Building, Digital Workflows for Heritage Conservation, 3D Imaging, Georadar, Photogrammetry, Electronic Distance Measurements (EDM), Computer-Aided Drawing.
ABSTRACT:
On 25 April 2015, the Gorkha earthquake of magnitude 7.8, severely damaged the cultural heritage sites of Nepal. In particular, the seven monument zones of the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site suffered extensive damage. Out of 195 surveyed monuments, 38 have completely collapsed and 157 partially damaged (DoA, 2015). In particular, the world historic city of Bhaktapur was heavily affected by the earthquake. There is, in general, a lack of knowledge...”
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“...ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume IV-2/W2, 2017 26th International Cl PA Symposium 2017, 28 August-01 September 2017, Ottawa, Canada
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Scope and Objective of Research
As a result of the Gorkha earthquake in Nepal on April 25, 2015, and the aftershock that followed on May 12, a large number of heritage structures in Nepal were destroyed or significantly damaged. In particular, the seven monument zones of the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site suffered extensive damage. Out of 195 surveyed monuments, 38 have completely collapsed and 157 were partially damaged (DoA, 2015). Bhaktapur, in particular, is a recognized UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) containing many structures of significant cultural and religious importance to the people of the Kathmandu Valley. Sustainable reconstruction and restoration of these heritage structures are critical to maintaining and restoring their outstanding value. To achieve this goal...”
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“...three-tier temple with a rectangular footprint.
In addition to the Taumadhi Square, recording, documentation and non-destructive evaluation studies were conducted at historic sites throughout the Kathmandu Valley, including Bhaktapur Durbar Square (Vatsala Temple and Big Bell), Dattatreya Square (Pujari Math), and Kathmandu Durbar Square (Maju Dega Temple and Jaisi Dega Temple). During this fieldwork, the project team has worked closely with the Nepal Department of Archaeology, the UNESCO office in Kathmandu, the Bhaktapur Municipality, the Nepal National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) and with the local Khwopa Engineering College and Khwopa College of Engineering with the aim of building the capacity of national professionals working in the heritage sector and develop suitable methodologies for the onsite evaluation of the heritage structures in the Kathmandu Valley.
2.2 Nyatapola (Five tier) Temple, Bhaktapur
Nyatapola Temple is constructed on top of a 9 m tall high-rise plinth...”
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“...(Figure 5)
In addition to laser scanning and aerial photogrammetry, close range terrestrial photogrammetry was also used for recording accessible areas of the Nyatapola Temple. Close range 2D photographs were taken using Nikon D800 DSLR Camera and were processed using Agisoft Photoscan software to generate the point cloud. This method is economic, easily learned, and easily accessible for any professionals in comparison to the laser scanner. Especially in the context of developing countries like Nepal, cost, availability of the equipment, and technical knowledge plays an important role in decision making.
A quick comparison was made for a segment of the structure. An open source software, Cloud Compare, was used to compare the point cloud obtained from the laser scanning and photogrammetric model of the northern fayade of the ground floor (Figure 6). In total, 19 close range photos were used to generate a photogrammetric model. Finally, laser scanning cloud point data obtained from five close...”
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“...technology in the region and insights into the seismic resilience of the Nyatapola temple. This will help the local government plan and prepare restoration documents of totally collapsed monuments for which information about construction technology does not exist.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to extend gracious thanks to the people of Nepal through their national and local government agencies including the Department of Archaeology and the Municipality of Bhaktapur. This work could not have been conducted without the collaboration of the Khwopa Engineering College and Khwopa College of Engineering, the UNESCO office in Kathmandu, the Nepal National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET).
This work was supported financially by National Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) through its CREATE and Discovery Grant programs.
This contribution has been peer-reviewed. The double-blind peer-review was conducted on the basis of the full paper.
doi:10.5194/isprs-annais-IV-2-...”
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“...at different scales (centres and single buildings). Proc of 4th international seminar on structural analysis of historical constructions, Padova, Italy. Vol. 1. 2004.
Colla, C., Das, P.C., McCann, D. & Ford, M.C., Sonic, electromagnetic & impulse radar investigation of stone masonry bridges, J. Non Destructive Testing and Evaluation International, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 249-254, 1997.
DOA 2015, Preliminary list of affected monuments by the Earthquake on 25 April 2015, Department of Archaeology, Nepal.
ICOMOS, 1965. International charter for the conservation and restoration of monuments and sites (The Venice charter 1964). International Council on Monuments and Sites.
ICOMOS, 1996. Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites (1996)., (October).
Shrestha, Sukra S., 2005. Research Note Work Index ofNytapola Temple. Contribution to Nepalese study. Vol 32. No. 2. 267-275
Schuller, Michael P., 2003. Nondestructive testing and damage assessment of masonry structures....”
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