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“...KATHMANDU VALLEY AFTER GORKHA EARTHQUAKE 2015
S. Shrestha3’*, M. Reina Ortiz3, M. Gutlandb, R. Napolitanoc, I. M. Morrisc, M. Santana Quinterod, J. Erochkob, S. Kawane, R.G. Shresthaf, P.Awal8, S. Suwal h, S. Duwalh, D.K. Maharjan1
3 Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, On, K1S 5B6 Canada, sujan. shrestha@carleton. ca
b Department of Civil and Env. Engineering, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, On, K1S 5B6 Canada, Jeffrey. Erochko@carlet on. ca
c Department of Civil and Env. Engineering, Princeton University, E-208 E-Quad Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, rkn2@princeton.edu, imorris@princeton. edu
d Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, On, K1S 5B6 Canada, Mario.santana@carleton.ca eNepal Engineering College fBhaktapur Municipality gUNESCO Kathmandu Office h Khwopa Engineering College ‘National Society of Earthquake Technology
COMMISSION II
KEYWORDS: IT Documentation, Risk Preparedness, Nepal,...”
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“...a result of the Gorkha earthquake in Nepal on April 25, 2015, and the aftershock that followed on May 12, a large number of heritage structures in Nepal were destroyed or significantly damaged. In particular, the seven monument zones of the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site suffered extensive damage. Out of 195 surveyed monuments, 38 have completely collapsed and 157 were partially damaged (DoA, 2015). Bhaktapur, in particular, is a recognized UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) containing many structures of significant cultural and religious importance to the people of the Kathmandu Valley. Sustainable reconstruction and restoration of these heritage structures are critical to maintaining and restoring their outstanding value. To achieve this goal, it is important to work with local experts, engineers, and architects to understand the traditional construction technology and existing condition of these structures. This study includes the recording and documentation of representative buildings...”
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“...2017, Ottawa, Canada
would be able to implement this methodology on other cultural 3. METHODOLOGY
heritage sites in need of documentation and analysis in the area.
3.1 Part A: Recording and Documentation of Nyatapola 2. CASE STUDY Temple
2.1 FieldWork
In this study, the authors collaborated with local institutions and professionals to conduct field work and build local capacity to do similar work in future. The focused project location for this study is Taumadhi Square in the Bhaktapur World Heritage Site (WHS). At the north end of the square is the five-tiered temple with a square footprint called the Nyatapola Temple. This temple is the tallest in Nepal and was constructed in 1701/1702 AD by King Bhupatindra Malla. Since its construction, this structure has resisted three major earthquakes (Mw 8.0 in 1833, Mw 8.4 in 1934, and Mw 7.8 in 2015) without major damage. It is clear that the study of this monument and its traditional construction technology has significant consequences for the...”
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“...2004). Two major features of this remarkable construction are the nse of a higher plinth and no internal floors above the first-floor level forming open well type structure (Figure 9,10).
inwards from the level below, i.e., the outer edge of the upper wall is aligned roughly with the center of the wall below. The walls of each level were constructed just above timber beams. 3.2.2 Recording of existing damage condition
Major damage is concentrated in upper tier of structure and wall was found to be partially collapsed. The upper tier was recorded to be collapsed in previous 1934 AD earthquake as well and which is reconstructed later on. A major renovation was done during 1996 AD by Bhaktapur Municipality in which majorly roof was repaired wooden post in the upper tier was replaced after founding it was decayed (Figure 11) (Bhaktapur, 1998). This also suggests that there may be the presence of the timber element inside walls in below level as well.
Gauss: mean = 0.002941 / std.dev. = 0.004273...”
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“...IV-2/W2, 2017 26th International CIPA Symposium 2017, 28 August-01 September 2017, Ottawa, Canada
Existing damage in the structure is digitally recorded using the photogrammetry and laser scanning data. Partially collapsed top wall was found to be torsionally distorted by approximately 3.557° clockwise in respect to the base of the superstructure. However, several shear cracks developed in the doorway on all four-side wall also identified. High-quality orthophotos are generated from the close-range laser scanning and photogrammetric models. These orthophotos were used for mapping existing cracks in the wall (figure 12). Mapping of these cracks will then be introduced in the finite element modeling for assessing the existing performance of structure in future.
Figure 12. Mapping of existing cracks in structural wall
3.2.3 Geo- Radar Investigation
In addition to the surface documentation using laser scanning and photogrammetry, non-destructive techniques were used to investigate the inner c...”
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“...response to a very small excitation. Ambient vibration will also be used to determine the dynamic response. The dynamic response will be used for further structural investigation of the seismic response of the temple.
Following the collection of geometric, morphological, damage, and other information on structural elements, a finite element analysis or combined discrete element analysis will be conducted to evaluate the seismic behaviour of the Nyatapola Temple in a separate study.
4. SCOPE OF ADDITIONAL WORK
In addition to the documentation and evaluation of Nyatapola Temple, the Carleton University - Princeton University team worked in collaboration with local Nepali colleagues to perform the following additional documentation and analysis work:
At Bhaktapur Durbar Square:
• Vatsala Temple - Georadar evaluation of the plinth structure to confirm excavation results, determine inner sanctum construction, and use this information to validate survey parameters (velocity and dielectric constant)...”
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“...Ford, M.C., Sonic, electromagnetic & impulse radar investigation of stone masonry bridges, J. Non Destructive Testing and Evaluation International, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 249-254, 1997.
DOA 2015, Preliminary list of affected monuments by the Earthquake on 25 April 2015, Department of Archaeology, Nepal.
ICOMOS, 1965. International charter for the conservation and restoration of monuments and sites (The Venice charter 1964). International Council on Monuments and Sites.
ICOMOS, 1996. Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites (1996)., (October).
Shrestha, Sukra S., 2005. Research Note Work Index ofNytapola Temple. Contribution to Nepalese study. Vol 32. No. 2. 267-275
Schuller, Michael P., 2003. Nondestructive testing and damage assessment of masonry structures. Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials 5.4: 239-251.
Vaidya. Janak. L. 2004. Siddhagni Kotyahuti Devala Pratistha
Wiesner. U., 1978, Nepalese Temple Architecture: Its
characteristics and its relations...”
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