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“...HISTORIC STRUCTURES AT THE KATHMANDU VALLEY AFTER GORKHA EARTHQUAKE 2015
S. Shrestha3’*, M. Reina Ortiz3, M. Gutlandb, R. Napolitanoc, I. M. Morrisc, M. Santana Quinterod, J. Erochkob, S. Kawane, R.G. Shresthaf, P.Awal8, S. Suwal h, S. Duwalh, D.K. Maharjan1
3 Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, On, K1S 5B6 Canada, sujan. shrestha@carleton. ca
b Department of Civil and Env. Engineering, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, On, K1S 5B6 Canada, Jeffrey. Erochko@carlet on. ca
c Department of Civil and Env. Engineering, Princeton University, E-208 E-Quad Princeton, NJ 08544, USA, rkn2@princeton.edu, imorris@princeton. edu
d Carleton Immersive Media Studio (CIMS), 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, On, K1S 5B6 Canada, Mario.santana@carleton.ca eNepal Engineering College fBhaktapur Municipality gUNESCO Kathmandu Office h Khwopa Engineering College ‘National Society of Earthquake Technology
COMMISSION II
KEYWORDS: IT Documentation,...”
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“...damage and literature on the strength and material properties from similar structures. A bounded analysis will provide a range of structural behaviour based on a likely range of material properties.
To assess future performance, a seismic structural investigation of the tallest temple in Nepal, the Nyatapola temple in Bhaktapur, will be conducted. This temple survived the earthquake well with some minor damage to the upper tiers of the temple; however, it is not clear what the exact extent of the existing damage is, why this temple was resistant to collapse, or how the temple will perform in a potential fixture earthquake. One primary goal of this investigation is to determine what aspects of the traditional construction technology are present and had a positive influence on the seismic resistance of the temple.
This structural investigation portion of this study will address the following knowledge gaps for the Nyatapola temple, which will also have a consequence for other similar structures...”
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“...Square, recording, documentation and non-destructive evaluation studies were conducted at historic sites throughout the Kathmandu Valley, including Bhaktapur Durbar Square (Vatsala Temple and Big Bell), Dattatreya Square (Pujari Math), and Kathmandu Durbar Square (Maju Dega Temple and Jaisi Dega Temple). During this fieldwork, the project team has worked closely with the Nepal Department of Archaeology, the UNESCO office in Kathmandu, the Bhaktapur Municipality, the Nepal National Society for Earthquake Technology (NSET) and with the local Khwopa Engineering College and Khwopa College of Engineering with the aim of building the capacity of national professionals working in the heritage sector and develop suitable methodologies for the onsite evaluation of the heritage structures in the Kathmandu Valley.
2.2 Nyatapola (Five tier) Temple, Bhaktapur
Nyatapola Temple is constructed on top of a 9 m tall high-rise plinth. The total height of the temple above ground level is approximately 33 m. This...”
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“...no internal floors above the first-floor level forming open well type structure (Figure 9,10).
inwards from the level below, i.e., the outer edge of the upper wall is aligned roughly with the center of the wall below. The walls of each level were constructed just above timber beams. 3.2.2 Recording of existing damage condition
Major damage is concentrated in upper tier of structure and wall was found to be partially collapsed. The upper tier was recorded to be collapsed in previous 1934 AD earthquake as well and which is reconstructed later on. A major renovation was done during 1996 AD by Bhaktapur Municipality in which majorly roof was repaired wooden post in the upper tier was replaced after founding it was decayed (Figure 11) (Bhaktapur, 1998). This also suggests that there may be the presence of the timber element inside walls in below level as well.
Gauss: mean = 0.002941 / std.dev. = 0.004273 [4588 classes]
Figure 8. Ganss Distribution for cloud to cloud absolute distances
Figure...”
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“...Square:
• Pujari Math - Laser Scanning of the interior and exterior, georadar evaluation of the interior wall, and exterior photogrammetry.
AtTaumadhi Square:
• Bhairavnath Temple - Complete georadar evaluation of the walls, laser scanning of the interior and exterior, terrestrial and aerial photogrammetry, ambient vibration dynamic analysis.
5. CONCLUSION
The research aims to contribute to the conservation process for the historic buildings in Bhaktapur, Nepal which suffered damage in the 2015 earthquake. The outcome of research addresses the important difficulties related to the preparation of existing condition drawings, acquisition of data on material properties, internal morphology and damage, and determination of structural load paths.
In this study, an existing methodology for digital recording is implemented for recording heritage structure of Kathmandu Valley and comparative studies were made. This will contribute towards adaptation of the sustainable recording methodology suitable...”
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“... for the diagnosis of historic buildings: application at different scales (centres and single buildings). Proc of 4th international seminar on structural analysis of historical constructions, Padova, Italy. Vol. 1. 2004.
Colla, C., Das, P.C., McCann, D. & Ford, M.C., Sonic, electromagnetic & impulse radar investigation of stone masonry bridges, J. Non Destructive Testing and Evaluation International, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 249-254, 1997.
DOA 2015, Preliminary list of affected monuments by the Earthquake on 25 April 2015, Department of Archaeology, Nepal.
ICOMOS, 1965. International charter for the conservation and restoration of monuments and sites (The Venice charter 1964). International Council on Monuments and Sites.
ICOMOS, 1996. Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of Buildings and Sites (1996)., (October).
Shrestha, Sukra S., 2005. Research Note Work Index ofNytapola Temple. Contribution to Nepalese study. Vol 32. No. 2. 267-275
Schuller, Michael P., 2003. Nondestructive...”
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