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“...the
Association for Nepal and
Himalayan Studies
Volume 37 | Number 2
Article 10
December 2017
The Maintenance ofVirtue Over Time: Notes on
Changing Household Lives in Post-Disaster Nepal
Andrew W Haxby
University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, druhaxby@umich.edu
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya
Recommended Citation
Haxby, Andrew W. (2017) "The Maintenance ofVirtue Over Time: Notes on Changing Household Lives in Post-Disaster Nepal,"
HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: Vol. 37 : No. 2, Article 10.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol37/iss2/10
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
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This Perspectives is brought to you for free and open access by the
DigitalCommons(2)Macalester College at DigitalCommons(2)Macalester
College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of
the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies...”
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“...The Maintenance ofVirtue Over Time: Notes on Changing Household
Lives in Post-Disaster Nepal
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the University of Michigan, the Wenner Gren Foundation, and the National Science
Foundation for their support, without which this research would not have been possible. The author also
thanks his advisors, Tom Fricke, Stuart Kirsch, and Matthew Hull, for their guidance on this project and on
this article.
This perspectives is available in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies:
http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol37/iss2/10...”
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“...The Maintenance of Virtue Over Time: Notes on
Changing Household Lives in Post-Disaster Nepal
Andrew Haxby
Although it is banal to say the series of
earthquakes that hit Nepal in Spring 2015 will
radically change the country, what this change
will consist of still remains undetermined.
As many earthquake victims learn to make
do in broken houses, tents, or corrugated tin
structures, post-earthquake Nepal seems held
within a frustrating stasis, wherein temporary
hardship is often impossible to distinguish from
lasting consequence. Yet this sense of stasis
is in part misleading. While the act of building
remains slow, households who lost their homes
have been scramblingto rethink their financial
futures in order to afford reconstruction.
In doing so, many earthquake victims have
begun to enact changes in their households,
accelerating divisions and unearthing tensions
that had hitherto been allowed to lie dormant.
Revitalizing Meyer Fortes' classic discussions
of amity and the development...”
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“...how Nepalis have worked towards
being able to afford the reconstruction of their houses
after the Nepal earthquakes in 2015. It presents the stories
of three informants, two in Kathmandu and one in Rasuwa
District. As of March 2017, when this article was com-
pleted, not one of these three informants has managed to
begin building, yet that does not mean that nothing has
happened. Rather, for all three informants, the time since
the earthquakes has been one of great activity as each has
worked with, or against, their kin, in order to make recon-
struction economically feasible. In this article, I explore
how post-disaster financial pressures have changed both
household composition and each individual’s own expe-
rience of kin and family. In doing so, I examine how the
virtues of kinship are actualized in financial practices, and
what happens when that actualization fails.
I arrived in Nepal in January 2015, prepared to research
household economies, land transactions, and debt in
Kathmandu...”
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“...has shown how urban household consumption
practices in Kathmandu are aimed towards the moral goal
of preserving honor (Liechty 2003). Sherry Ortner built
her description of fraternal relationships around internal
moral tensions within Sherpa culture (Ortner 1989).
Given this wealth of research, it might seem odd for me to
use the theories of Meyer Fortes, a British anthropologist
who worked primarily in West Africa, to explore kinship in
post-earthquake Nepal. However, I believe Fortes’ work, in
combination with my reading of the Nepal-based litera-
ture, can add to this discussion. Specifically, Fortes’ work
helps me to focus on the temporal aspects of kinship and
household management, including the way it implicitly
views kinship as the maintenance of virtue over time.
Fortes’ most famous contribution to anthropology was his
reimagining of households as a temporal process, what
he described as the developmental cycle of the domestic
group (Fortes 1958). In most Nepali ethnic groups, includ-...”
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“...wealthy and generous with their loans,
but that wasn’t enough to cover his reconstruction, which
he estimated would cost four million rupees. Sanjay knew
he would need to take out his first bank loan, but he was
deeply apprehensive at the idea, and not just because of his
household situation.
Retail bank loans in Nepal require a large amount of
collateral, by far the most common form of which is
land.1 Land and housing in Nepal are jointly owned such
that every spouse and offspring still considered part of
the natal home (i.e. sons and unmarried daughters) has
a legal right to an equal share of the family’s estate (in
conjunction with efforts to promulgate a new constitu-
tion for Nepal, the legal rights of married women to their
natal family’s property is currently ambiguous; however,
all lawyers I interviewed said that current court practice
does not grant such rights, and thus it would be extremely
difficult for a married woman to make a claim if her natal
family opposed it.). In order to...”
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“...own ‘house,’ Sanjay
said, while also keeping the household legally and geo-
graphically unified. Of course, this arrangement would
mean that Sanjay’s brother would be responsible for his
share of whatever bank loan they took out, a responsibility
the brother was not willing to take on. Instead, Sanjay’s
brother asked that he be legally separated from the house-
hold so that he could receive his legally entitled share of
the family estate.
What does it mean to legally separate a family estate in
Nepal? As shown above, the legal unity of a household
is only one of a number of factors that indicate house-
hold togetherness and amity. Yet, especially in urban
Kathmandu, it is an important one, in part because legal
separation is often contentious. Indeed, Sanjay was not
misguided when he expressed to me his worry that his
conflict with his brother might spiral into a court case, as
such cases are common.
In her ethnography on urban personhood, anthropolo-
gist Laura Kunreuther notes that, though...”
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“...materials offered to build a house only for himself, his wife
and children. This forced Lhakpa to move his parents to a
rented room in Kathmandu.
I never had the chance to meet Lhakpa’s parents. However,
I did spend time talking with Lhakpa as well as his younger
uncle, and the children of his elder paternal uncle, all of
whom still live in this village. Lhakpa’s younger uncle had
been living outside of Nepal for almost 20 years, both in
India and in Bhutan. Then, the year before the earthquake,
his wife had contracted tuberculosis, and he had found
her a sanatorium in Kathmandu that would treat her for
20 months at minimal expense. Needing to be close to his
wife, and having no money to afford a room in Kathmandu,
he and his family had returned to their village only a few
months before the earthquake struck, moving into the
same house Lhakpa’s father had been living in.
The house had been built seventeen years earlier while
this younger uncle had been abroad. It was built in three
sections...”
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“...differently paced time-
pieces on show in a busy clock shop. (2003: 49)
While I agree with Desjarlais’ assessment, one must ask:
how can such a diverse array of temporalities become
organized into something coherent? Judging from the
above case, one important technique stems from how
temporalities are inscribed into material things—e.g. into
houses or into land deeds—and what moral weight these
inscriptions are given. It may seem strange that I am focus-
ing here on the land deed in a rural area of Nepal where
bureaucratic documentation is often quite weak. However,
it must be remembered that this document’s moral weight
came in part from how it indexed the moment when
Lhakpa’s uncle was given this land as part of his inheri-
tance. Without this memory to anchor the document, it
would arguably have had less impact. However, the reverse
is also true, meaning the material artifact can also anchor
the memory on which a claim is made. So, it was with
the house. Though Lhakpa’s parents’ claim was arguably...”
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“...to which the successful
engagement of bureaucracy remains dependent on the
trust and cooperation between kin. In this light, Sapana’s
bitterness to her relations is understandable.
Conclusion
Underlying this essay is the nagging question of what
has changed since the earthquake, and what historical
shift has the earthquake truly brought about. There is, of
course, no clear answer to this question, as we—unbeliev-
ably—are still within the early times of reconstruction.
When I left, the mood in Nepal was deeply cynical; most
people I talked to believed that corrupt government forces
had hijacked reconstruction. Indeed, part of my motivation
to focus this paper on the question of time stemmed from
how much waiting has happened since the earthquake. Yet
this might just be how long reconstruction takes. Nepal’s
National Reconstruction Authority has set its goal at five
years, and according to a World Bank official in charge
of its reconstruction effort, most rebuilding happens in
the second and...”
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“...in Nepal. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
Liechty, Mark. 2002. Suitably Modern: Making Middle-Class
Culture in a New Consumer Society. Princeton: Princeton
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March, Kathryn. 1983. Weaving, Writing and Gender. Man
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In Selves in Time and Place: Identities, Experience, and
History in Nepal, edited by Debra Skinner, Alfred Pach III,
and Dorothy Holland, 219-236. Lanham: Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers.
Ortner, Sherry. 1989. High Religion: a Cultural and
Political History of Sherpa Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Pradhan, Rajendra. 2007. (Rule of) Law, Justice, and the
Legal Process: A Case Study of a Land Dispute in Nepal.
Studies in Nepali History and Society 12(2): 283-320.
Parish, Steven M. 1994. Moral Knowing in a Hindu Sacred City:
an Exploration of Mind, Emotion, And Self. New York: Columbia
University Press.
Sakya, Anil. 2000. Newar Marriage and Kinship in
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