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Page 5
“...Empirical examples
indicate that effective coordination between the State and
NGOs helps to overcome the relief and recovery challenges
to those resource-poor countries (e.g. the earthquake in
Turkey on August 17,1999). Civil society’s involvement
strengthens the community’s resilience to future disasters
(e.g. the earthquakes in Sichuan on May 12, 2008 and on
April 20, 2013). Disasters can also transform the society on
multiple levels. For instance, the 1995 Kobe earthquake
directly caused the development of civil society organi-
zations in Japan because the public believed that these
HIMALAYA Volume37Number2 77...”
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Page 8
“...ness in receiving the housing grant. The NGO had hoped
that through its training programs, more villagers could
develop enough knowledge to rebuild their houses. The
senior officer admitted that although the first housing
grant installment was released, at least 30% of beneficia-
ries, such as female heads of households, the elderly and
extremely poor families would not be able to rebuild their
homes. He commented that in the past NGOs had the inde-
pendence to implement more holistic social development
projects, but after the earthquake, they lost this power.
For example, they felt the housing grant was inadequate
for villagers to rebuild their houses, and thus proposed
giving an extra grant to cover the costs of transportation;
however, the government rejected this proposal based on
the principle of equality for all.
Lack of Long-term NGO Commitment and Coordination
Based on our year-long observation, we noticed that the
poor performance of some NGOs (both local and interna-
tional) also...”
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Page 13
“...conservation-led
displacement on local communities, particularly in Nepal,
since 2002. Over the past 11 years she had dedicated her
life to improving the livelihoods of rural populations, and
she is the founder of Future Village Nepal. When the 2015
earthquake hit rural Nepal, her NGO not only provided
emergency relief, but also implemented long-term disaster
recovery and reconstruction projects.
Varun Khanna is a scholar with interests in Education,
Globalization and Development at the School of Human
Sciences at Osaka University, and a European Commission
fellow with a concurrent position at the Universitat
Autonoma de Barcelona, University of Amsterdam, and
University of Oslo. He is also part of the project panel for The
Chance Initiative and Future Village, NGOs in Nepal. He has
previously held other nonprofit positions such as National
Vice President of Stonewall Japan, Vice Chair of Foreign
Citizens'City Council atToyonaka (Osaka), and Global
Ambassador of the...”
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Page 14
“.... 2007.
Disastrous Uncertainty: How Government Disaster Policy
Undermines Community Rebound. Mercatus Policy Series,
Mercatus Center, George Mason University, No. 9. (Accessed on September 2,
2016).
Dhakal, Tek. Nath. 2007. Challenges of Civil Society
Governance in Nepal. Journal of Administration and Governance
2(1): 61-73
(Accessed on November 2, 2016).
Jaiswal, Pramod. ed. 2016. Constitution of Nepal: Evolution,
Development and Debates. New Delhi: G.B. Books.
Jalai, Rita. 2002. Civil Society and the State: Turkey After the
Earthquake. Disasters 26 (3): 120-139.
HRRP. 2017. Nepal Earthquake 2015: Housing Reconstruction
Two Years On. Housing Recovery and Reconstruction
Platform. Version 1.
National Planning Commission. 2015. Post Disaster Needs
Assessment. Government of Nepal. (Accessed on January 3, 2017).
National Reconstruction Authority...”
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