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“...HIMALAYA, the Journal of the
Association for Nepal and
Himalayan Studies
Volume 37 | Number 2
Article 11
December 2017
Disaster Governance and Challenges in a Rural
Nepali Community: Notes from Future Village
NGO
Lai Ming Lam
Osaka University, christieJaiJam@gmail.com
Varun Khanna
Osaka University, varun.osakauni@gmail.com
Rob Kuipers
Osaka University, rob_kuipers@icloud.com
Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya
Recommended Citation
Lam, Lai Ming; Khanna, Varun; and Kuipers, Rob (2017) "Disaster Governance and Challenges in a Rural Nepali Community: Notes
from Future Village NGO," HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: Vol. 37 : No. 2, Article 11.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol37/iss2/11
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Macalester College
This Perspectives is brought to you for free and open access by the
DigitalCommons(2)Macalester College...”
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“...ts
We wish to acknowledge the financial support provided by Osaka University for this research project.
Furthermore^ we gratefully appreciate government officials; NGOs workers; scholars to share their disaster
relief and recovery experiences with us. Finally we are very grateful to the many villagers in our research area
who shared their views on; and experiences of; hope and hopelessness in post-earthquake time.
This perspectives is available in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies:
http:/ / digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol37/iss2/11...”
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“...Disaster Governance and Challenges in a Rural Nepali
Community: Notes from Future Village NGO
Lai Ming Lam
Varun Khanna
Rob Kuipers
More than two years after the 2015 earthquakes
devastated Nepal, Katunge village in Dhading
district, Nepal, remained as destroyed as it was
right after the earthquake. While the villagers
were rather hopeful about rebuilding their
houses and lives during the immediate relief
effort in which we engaged, one month after the
earthquake, now only a few are confident that
they will ever rebuild their homes.
In this article, we describe the reconstruction
progress, followed by a critique of why the
reconstruction progress has been so slow. We
conclude with reflections on reconstruction
challenges interwoven into the context of
our NGO experience. During our trips to the
region, we have observed and experienced the
difficulties people and organizations are facing
in the reconstruction process. We interviewed
government officials and NGOs that have been
involved in...”
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“...places in Nepal in
September 2016.
Having been involved for years with a grassroots Non-
Governmental Organization (NGO) called Future Village,
we decided to provide emergency relief and establish
a reconstruction project in our project area, Katunge
village, in Dhading district.1 While prior to the earthquake
our NGO mainly focused on providing free education
and health care to the most disadvantaged families in
the village, our efforts after the earthquake focused on
supporting and assisting all affected families. Since the
earthquake we have made several visits to Nepal to con-
tribute to the project and to study the post-earthquake
situation. During our trips, we have observed and experi-
enced the difficulties people and organizations are facing
as they try to rebuild, and have spoken to several govern-
ment officials and NGOs that have been involved in the
reconstruction.
In this article, we discuss our perspectives on the reasons
why the reconstruction progress in Nepal has been slow;...”
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“...donors held in June 2015.
During this conference, donor countries pledged nearly 4.1
billion USD for the long-term recovery of Nepal, a level of
commitment that surprised many, and covers just under
half of the 9.18 billion USD the Nepali government now
expects will be needed to rebuild the country. In return,
the Nepali government promised to establish a national
reconstruction authority that would centrally organize all
the reconstruction efforts and ensure they are carried out
expeditiously and fairly. Indeed, the government was able
to rapidly map the needs and damage in the immediate
aftermath of the earthquake and communicate those needs
to international donors, which was promising. This makes
it even more disappointing that the reconstruction prog-
ress has been slow, despite the availability of extensive
resources (Nikhil 2016).
What's Wrong with Rebuilding Nepal?
The slow progress of post-earthquake reconstruction is
in part the result of deeper socio-political conflicts in the
Nepali...”
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“...disaster-af-
fected communities to self-recover by reinforcing their
local knowledge and community resources.
Nepal has faced many governance challenges in the
post-disaster period. Political dysfunction resulted in a
serious delay in the establishment of a reconstruction
authority. During the Donor Conference in June 2015, the
Nepali government promised to establish the National
Reconstruction Authority (NRA). This authority was
supposed to oversee all reconstruction work includ-
ing eligibility assessment, project approval and policy
implementation. It was also responsible for coordinat-
ing, guiding and supporting the activities of ministries,
local authorities and partner organizations (HRRP 2017).
Despite the crucial need for the establishment of the NRA,
the authority was only established in January 2016 after
several delays. During these eight months from June to
January, Nepal was left without an official national recon-
struction policy. The delay in establishing the NRA clearly
reflected...”
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“...post-earthquake scenario
is the lack of trust between NGOs and the government of
Nepal. In our discussions with national and international
non-governmental aid (NGOs/lNGOs) workers, respon-
dents stated that they were confused about the frequent
changes in the reconstruction policy and admitted that the
one-door system where all reconstruction projects had get
approval from NRA weakened their autonomy.
On September 9, 2016, when we were on our way to meet
officers from an INGO, we suddenly heard the news that
the newly-appointed Prime Minister, Pushpa Kamal
Dahal, had proposed to increase the housing grant from
NRs. 200,000 to NRs. 300,000. Together with a proposed
low interest rate loan, the new housing package for each
eligible household would be up to NRs. 800,000. The
INGO officers were shocked and suspected this may be
just another ploy to obtain popularity, as it did not seem
realistic in a poor country like Nepal. One officer asserted
that “this amount is huge even for people living in...”
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“...NGO governance in the post-earth-
quake context. While the number of NGOs and INGOs in
Nepal has increased dramatically in the past three decades,
their governance has long been questioned due to their
lack of transparency in the monitoring and evaluation of
project expenses and of their general activities (Dhakal
2007). This explains why the guideline requires at least 80%
of an organization’s total project budget to be allocated to
project activities, not staff salaries and traveling expenses,
which is fair. However, this attempt to avoid corruption
and mismanagement in NGOs has resulted in many NGOs
simply giving up on their house rebuilding plans, or allo-
cating funds to other recovery activities. It is estimated
that less than 2% of the rebuilding of private houses will be
supported by non-governmental organizations.
The NGOs are very suspicious of the one-door recon-
struction approach in Nepal. Some NGOs are concerned
that they will not be able to be accountable to their
donors for...”
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“...coordination existed among NGOs, we could distribute
resources wisely and widely so that more schools could be
benefited faster.
The sustainability of the top-down reconstruction
approach has been a serious concern. In our two-year
observation, the coordination between the State, the NGOs
and INGOs, as well as local communities, has been very
limited. Instead of simply offering financial resources in
an efficient way, we believe that good governance and
effective coordination will determine whether Nepal can
be rebuild. Our NGO experience in post-disaster recon-
struction clearly demonstrates that there is reason hope
for revitalization as well as immense hopelessness.
Hope and Hopelessness: Future Village Housing
Reconstruction Experiences
The earthquake caused extensive damage in the rural vil-
lages outside of Kathmandu, and the Future Village project
area was no exception. All the houses had collapsed, and
some people were killed. Most local school buildings were
destroyed, villagers had no...”
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“...also formed to coordinate this
rebuilding work.
Implementing Reconstruction
As the community agreed with the implementation of our
reconstruction project, we decided to ship the first batch
of steel frames from China (the only country close to Nepal
where such frames are currently made) to Katunge in
December 2015. During this period, we first encountered
the political dysfunction in the post-earthquake period: as
there was no policy established for reconstruction projects,
the authorities were not willing to allow our frames to enter
Nepal at the border. In the days that followed, it was difficult
to talk to the authorities, and the responses they gave us
were contradictory. In the end, we finally gained approval to
transport the frames into Nepal, however, we were fined a
heavy tax as the customs office was only willing to approve
82 HIMALAYA Fall2017...”
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“...neither heard anything back from local govern-
ment officials nor from the NRA. This has made it difficult
for our organization to make long-term plans. Indeed, their
bureaucratic-bureaucracy, which included inconsistent
information, as well as unclear systems, procedures, delays,
and negative responses from reconstruction authorities,
discouraged many NGOs like ours from continuing to con-
tribute to the post-earthquake revitalization effort.
Two years have now passed since the earthquake hit Nepal
and since we first started to contribute to its revitalization,
we have helped to build 27 earthquake resistant houses, one
temporary school, one community center, one multi-pur-
pose education center and seven earthquake resistant
classrooms. We still have funding left to build a few more
houses, but it is difficult to plan what further steps we can
take due to the lack of government support, complicated
bureaucratic processes and changing attitudes among the
villagers who are largely affected...”
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“...need to build them so that they will survive well into the
future. We talk about equality in rebuilding, but not about
justice for the most vulnerable. These man-made aspects
of the disaster that hinder revitalization of communities
after natural calamities can only be resolved when all
social institutions work together cohesively to create a
better human society. By mobilizing earthquake victims,
it is possible to rebuild houses and revitalize communities;
conversely, little progress to rebuild Nepal can be made so
long as both poor governance, and poor or no coordination
between major reconstruction actors, prevail.
Postscript
After two years, the reconstruction process remains
onerous. Out of the 750 affected national heritage sites,
the NRA has completed the reconstruction of 20, while
132 are still under construction. In the private housing
sector, 554,996 households (86% of eligible households)
have received their first reconstruction installment, 14,466
households have been verified...”
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“...She has been carrying
out research on the welfare impact of conservation-led
displacement on local communities, particularly in Nepal,
since 2002. Over the past 11 years she had dedicated her
life to improving the livelihoods of rural populations, and
she is the founder of Future Village Nepal. When the 2015
earthquake hit rural Nepal, her NGO not only provided
emergency relief, but also implemented long-term disaster
recovery and reconstruction projects.
Varun Khanna is a scholar with interests in Education,
Globalization and Development at the School of Human
Sciences at Osaka University, and a European Commission
fellow with a concurrent position at the Universitat
Autonoma de Barcelona, University of Amsterdam, and
University of Oslo. He is also part of the project panel for The
Chance Initiative and Future Village, NGOs in Nepal. He has
previously held other nonprofit positions such as National
Vice President of Stonewall Japan, Vice Chair of Foreign
Ci...”
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“...Society
Governance in Nepal. Journal of Administration and Governance
2(1): 61-73
(Accessed on November 2, 2016).
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Development and Debates. New Delhi: G.B. Books.
Jalai, Rita. 2002. Civil Society and the State: Turkey After the
Earthquake. Disasters 26 (3): 120-139.
HRRP. 2017. Nepal Earthquake 2015: Housing Reconstruction
Two Years On. Housing Recovery and Reconstruction
Platform. Version 1.
National Planning Commission. 2015. Post Disaster Needs
Assessment. Government of Nepal. (Accessed on January 3, 2017).
National Reconstruction Authority. 2016. Rebuilding
Nepal, (Accessed on October
26, 2016).
------. 2017. Rebuilding Nepal, (Accessed on May 15,
2017).
Nepal Economic Forum. 2016. Economic...”
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