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“...A
FIRST CATECHISM
OF
TAMIL GRAMMAR
BY THE
REV ட POPE, DD.
BALLIOL COLLEGE, OXFORD
SOMETIME FELLOW OF THE MADRAS UNIVERSITY
WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION
BY THE
REV. D. S. HERRICK, B.A.
MADURA
AND ENGLISH NOTES BY THE AUTHOR
Orford
meme Af THE CLARENDON PRESS
1805
Price Three Shillings...”
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“...Tamil?
There are four classes: vowels, consonants, the
aspirate, and vowel-consonants.
The vowel is soz/ (2d); the consonant body (மெய்) ; the vowel-
consonants 502 and Jody combined.
2. Which are the vowels?
These twelve are the vowels: ௮, ஆ; இ, ஈழ; ௨, ஊ;
௪, ஏ, ஐ; ஓ, ஓ, ஓள,.
They may be represented by the English letters ஈ, 4; 4,7; 8, 227
e, 2, at; 0, 0, au.
3. Of these, which are the short vowels?
These five are the sAort vowels: அ, இ, உ, ௭, ௨.
The twelve are thus divided into three kinds: s/ort (5), their cor-
responding /ong (5), and two diphthongs with double sound.
4. Which are the long vowels ?
These seven are the Jong vowels: ஆ, ஈ,ஊ, எ, ஐ,...”
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“...questions, are Z72t770gallve
letters?
Thus: அவனா, ₹5 if /e? எவன், Which Man? S>ix-of these; & ௪, ட, கப்,
9. How many soft consonants are there p
There are 51 2௦77 0015018115 : ௩, ஞ், ண், ந, ம், ன்.
These are 7asa/s, and correspond to the hard consonants, each
to each.
10. How many medial consonants are there?
There are six 72¢dial consonants: ய்,ர்,ல், வ்,ழ்,ள்.
9 7
Called often /zg«ids and serzvowels.
11. What is the aspiratep
The aspirate is neither a vowel nor a consonant,
but stands by itself as a single letter, although in
1 Flat as in Z/45,...”
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“...ORTHOGRAPHY. 6
some places it is pronounced like a vowel, and in
others like a consonant. Its form is oc.
It is almost disused.
12. What are the vowel-consonants?
The vowel-consonants are the 216 letters, beginning
with s and ending with Gwனள, which are made by
Joining each consonant with each vowel.
Thus there are 12 x 18 = 216 vowel-consonants, but many of these
are never used. See table in /irst Lessons, pp. 6, 7:
18. What is the abbreviated ௨ or u®
In a final syllable composed of a hard consonant
and & (except when preceded by a short monosyllable),
the final & is called abbreviated ௨.
The shortened & is cut off before a following vowel. No other
Tamil vowel suffers elision.
14. What is the abbreviated @ or 1s
இ, when substituted for abbrevialed ௨ that is
elided before initial w of a following word, is called
abbreviated இ.
This is very rarely found.
$2 டட ப இட்டு ட்டு நக.
15. What is Combination?
Combination is the union of the end of one word
with the beginning...”
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“...ORTHOGRAPHY. Il
32. When follows ow and ன, what occurs?
After ண் ad ன, initial நீ 60௦0௦5 ண் ௨ம் ன்
respectively.
338. What is the result of the combination of &ஸ and s?
When & and s are combined, each becomes »௬,
Sometimes one ற் 15 dropped.
34. What is the result of the combination of & and?
When & and 5 are combined, each becomes ன்,
One னw may be dropped.
35. What is the result when sg follows or?
When 5 follows ள், each becomes ட். One + may
be dropped....”
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“...ORTHOGRAPHY.
36. What is the result of the combination of « and FP?
When “ and 5 are combined, each becomes ண்.
906௨ ண் may be dropped.
37. After mw and w not closing a short monosyllable,
what becomes of initial 5?
After ண் and ன, initial s 15 dropped.
38. Before a vowel what becomes of abbreviated ௨?
Before a vowel abbreviated உ is dropped. (See
question 18.)
39. Are there any other changes ?
There are many other miscellaneous changes.
All these are for-Zuphony....”
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“...Thus: 1. First Person. Séngular, I, ‘1 a slave.’
Plural, We.
2, Second Person. .5z72gular, Thou.
Plural, You, ye.
4. Third Person. .Sizgular, He, she, it, ‘ the house.’
Plural, They (7. and f.), ‘trees’ (t77.).
These Tamil words mean—(1) Sef; (2) What stands before ;
(3) What is dicated.
49. What is case?
Case is that change in the form of a noun which
varies its application. These are eight.
50. What is the first case?
The frst case is the natural form of the noun.
It is also called the s«d/ect.
51. What is the sign of the second case?
The sie of the second case is ஐ.
This is also called the accusative or objective Case, 0r செயப்பபெபொருள்
வேற்றுமை,
52. What are the signs of the third case?...”
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“... ஈற்றிலே நிற்பதே
அதம் D, அறைத்
விகுதி என்பதாம்.
உ-ம் ட விகுதி, பகுதியும் + விகுதியும்,
தன்மை | ஏன வந்தேன்.
ஒருமை ் ஓ 2 ழ்
முன்னிலை ஆய வந்தாய்.
தன்மை | ஓம் வந்தோம்.
6 பன்
ஃ மை ௬ » . . டட . . 5.
டே முன்னிலை | ஈர், ஈர்கள் | வம்த£ர், வந்தீர்கள்.
3 ஓ ஓ . . . உ
எ | ஆண்பால் படர்க்கை | ஆன, அன | வநதான, வந்தனன்,
பெண்பால் படர்க்கை | ஆள், அள் | வரதாள், வந்தனள்.
பலர்பால் படர்க்கை ஆர், அர வந்தார், வந்தனா.
1 ஒன்றன்பால் படர்க்கை அ வநது.
5. © ஐ
ல பலவின்பால் படர்க்கை S/ வரத, வந்தன.
1_
இவ்விகுநிகளோடு வழங்குகிற வச்
சொல் வினைமுற்றென்னப்படும்....”
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“...in verbs ;
(3) Temporal medial particles ;
(4) Euphonic increments;
(5) Words used in comparison ;
(6) Particles of various meanings ;
(7) Words used to fill up the metre ; and
(8) Words which are mere expletives.
85. Which are the euphonic increments? |
The following seventeen are eup/onic tncrements :
அன், ஆன், இன், அல், and others.
Thus, in the expression wூன்றேகரல், ஏ is the euphonic increment.
In மனிதனுக்கு the euphonic increment & is used to connect the 085௦
ending with the noun (s being doubled by 21).
86. Which are the words that denote comparison ?
The words which denote comparison are பொல, ஒப்ப,
and others.
These are mostly real verbs, and can be so construed and parsed. |
87. Which are the particles of various meanings ? |
11365௦ ௨௦ 0803, 51011) ௨5 ஏ, ஓ, உம், என, என்று, ௨00
others....”
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