Your search within this document for 'manchuria' resulted in 77 matching pages.
 
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“...PIONEERING IN MANCHURIA COAL LIQUEFACTION AND S. M. R. CO. HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN MISSION MORIAL GRADUATE ECONOMICS RESISTANCE OF CHIANG REGIME CHINESE CULTURE AND MANCHOUKUO i LIBRARY INNER MONGOLIAN ARCHAEOLOGY MANCHURIAN CALENDAR RIGGS - PUBLISHED QUARTERLY BY CHE SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY —...”
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“...CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA A QUARTERLY MAGAZINE VOL.IV, No.1 JANUARY, 1940 CONTENTS: Pioneering in Manchuria Coal Liquefaction and the South Manchuria Railway A History of Christian Mission Work in Manchuria..: 28 An Index of the Power of Resistance of the Chiang Chinese Culture and Manchoukuo Inner Mongolian Archaeology Manchurian Calendar PUBLISHED BY THE INFORMATION AND PUBLICITY OFFICE SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY, DAIREN, MANCHURIA...”
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“...PIONEERING IN MANCHURIA By T. O’Neill-Lane Rapacious rascals were those early pioneers in their debased art of empire building. Nothing could stand in the way of their delirious appetites for more and more land. By plot, subterfuge, stratagem, bluff, crooked politics and straight pilfering they added with the years to their extensive holdings. They knew all the answers as long as they led to the acquisition of possessions. It is some centuries since the great nations of the earth looked about them and found to their pained surprise vast tracts of uncivilised land. That is to say, these areas were not civilised according to their own god-given methods. In some cases the people who owned this land were making no attempt whatever to develop its possibilities. It is true they were not injuring it, but people as backward as that.... Then there were countries actually owned by natives who went piddling along in the lap of their sun-kissed luxury, living on the fruit and vegetables which grew...”
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“...PIONEERING IN MANCHURIA trace this, however, it is necessary to go back eight years when the immediate but not actual cause for this occurred. For many years the blackguard rule of the warlord Changs had been responsible for the sabotage of numerous of Japan’s interests in Manchuria and the future outlook was bleak. Thus when a section of the track of the South Manchuria Railway line, just outside Mukden, was blown up by the Chinese on the night of September 18, 1931, it was the last straw. Fighting broke out between the Japanese and Chinese soldiers, Japan emerging entirely successful from this clash. The explosion’ brought about a series of occurrences which eventually placed Nippon in control of a huge terrain, on which nowadays.almost forty million people live happy lives under her beneficent direction. Japan is a small country with land which is anything but eminently arable. There are far too many people, in ordinary times who wish to farm (being generically fic for nothing else)...”
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“...in a desert of crass ignorance. Could the Japanese colonist meet all these unpropitious factors and still win through ? To begin with, the Japanese government had its doubts. As far back as the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905, Nippon had believed that Manchuria could be colonised. But twenty-five years after the conclusion of the struggle, 240,000 Japanese, colonists and others had made their home there only. In that period three attempts had been made to settle Japanese in this country, but though 566 families were brought over no more than 94 are to be found today. The blame for this must not be placed entirely upon the settlers. Neither would it be fair to censure the Tokyo govern- ment for the lack of success. Pioneering in Manchuria in those days was a matter of deadening toil, a stone wall of hindrance and interference which had to be surmounted and an undertaking where life was, to say the least, precarious. One of the greatest snags was that it was practically impossible for the...”
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“...PIONEERING IN MANCHURIA not ‘know the ropes’. The settlers were largely short weight through no fault of their own. The result is self-evident. On the birth of Manchoukuo and the decision to make the new State a testing ground for colonies, the authorities in Tokyo discarded absolutely the haphazard and slipshod methods of those who had tried before, and went into the thing with everything they had, using the errors their predecessors had made as step- ping stones to success. They sent out investigators, carefully chosen, to study the possibilities of sending large batches of settlers to Manchoukuo. These inquirers into colonising possibilities were given carte blanche in the new land as long as they came back laden with knowledge on what the government wished to carry out. The reports were to be based on facts and if the project was not possible, that was unfortunate. But... the gevernment wanted the truth. These scrutineers of conditions in Manchoukuo did their work wisely and well...”
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“...PIONEERING IN MANCHURIA worse things unfortunately ahead of them. Chifuri Village is in the Ilan Prefecture and the name ‘Ilan’ has in Manchoukuo a certain dread significance, for, shortly after the second batch of colonists arrived, a horde of fiendish and bloodthirsty bandits swooped down on the two settlements and by the time they had finished their foul work, the crops were no more, houses and barns had been razed and many of the settlers who were ab- solutely unready for such an attack had been murdered in cold blood. This horrible affair is known as the ‘Ilan Affair’ or the ‘Tulungshan Raid ’. This was an initiation terrible enough to have prematurely ended Japan’s attempts at colonisation in Manchoukuo but the Japanese are made of stern stuff. They have immense pride in themselves and they delight in performing tasks that appear im- possible to others. They had no intention of leaving. They had come to Manchoukuo to be colonists and colonists they were going to be hell or high...”
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“...PIONEERING IN MANCHURIA anything else that has enabled the Japanese to come out on top in their ddur fight to make a living in their strange land. The government has arranged that the villages are complete in every respect. They have their own local government. This is under their leader from Japan who is the village master. He holds undisputed sway over the whole of the residents in the hamlet. The farm expert ranks next in precedence. After these are the veterinarian and the doctor in the order mentioned. The Japanese are a painstakingly statistical race and they love to garner information, study it for lengthy periods, analyse it, tabulate it and then pass it on for use. In this way all sorts of knowledge has been assembled and disseminated among the colonists. To show what a wide area this covers, a few of the pieces of advice are quoted below as follows: Kaoliang is at first unpalatable to the Japanese but it is rich in vitamins and is considerably more nourishing than rice. It...”
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“...10 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA choukuo—5,000,000 in the twenty-year period allotted—is 20,- 000,000 acres. This is but a minor fraction of the cultivable land in Manchoukuo. The whole of the land under cultivation in Japan Proper is 12,000,000 acres and every square foot is made use of. The Japanese even have something growing in tiny plots of a few square yards in semi-inaccessible places, often perched crazily on the side of a mountain ascending almost perpendicularly. This gives an idea of the two countries as far as the size for farming is concerned. As shown above, the size of the usual farm is forty acres, though as a rule only one-eighth of it, at the time of taking over, is capable of being tilied. The remainder of it is almost always forest and marshy ground. The forest provides wood for build- ing ail kinds of houses and accessories for the farm as well as an almost unlimited supply of fire-wood and charcoal. The swamps can, with little difficulty be converted into rice fields....”
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“...PIONEERING IN MANCHURIA j1 providing milk, butter and cheese and the latter for draught work, primarily. The settlers first think of producing the food necessary for the year and then if there is any left over, it can be sold. The by-products are many. Included among them are the manufacture of such widely varied articles as homespun, bean soup material, pickles, bean paste, the bean sauce known as soy, saké and bean curd. They sell the results of their coal mining and lumbering. They make bean noodles, mats and gather fire- wood for sale while they turn out wickerwork, numerous bamboo implements and go in for charcoal making. They also add to their revenue by selling the fish they catch, the birds or small animals they shoot, or the beets they grow to the sugar factories. On odd occasions they raise flax or tobacco in quite small quanti- ties and they have found that this would pay well on a larger scale but these are too insecure to be taken seriously as regular income-producers. A...”
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“...12 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA on someone that all in, the hamlet know or know of they all make it a point of gathering together at night after work is ended—with perhaps a few things to be done being shelved for future attention—and a grand old pow-wow takes place. With such gatherings they feel not quite so desperately far away from their native land. As the married settlers, many of whom arrive ‘solo’ begin to see that they can make good, they send for their wives and families as well as relatives to come across to help them in achieving real success on their farms. The single pioneers make arrangements for young, sturdy farm girls to make the trip with marriage as the objective. These marriages have turned out extraordinarily well and families have increased to such an extent that the schools, which were originally built with this very thought in mind, have proved dismally inadequate. About a year ago, Miss Kazuye Kojima, sixth in the 400-meter free style swim in the Los Angeles Olympics...”
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“...PIONEERING IN MANCHURIA 13 Everything has been thought out carefully nowadays before the batches leave for Manchoukuo and that is why each group invariably has one teacher or more among it. All other neces- sities are taken care of. For example, in each party there are invariably to be found carpenters, joiners, furniture makers, mat-. makers and repairers, masons, charcoal burners, blacksmiths, straw-workers, gardeners, mechanics, surveyors, barbers and if the colony is to be a large one, there is always a midwife. Pharmacists and nurses appear on the scene only when the size of the village warrants such. The doctor and the veterinarian have plenty to do as they work on the adage that prevention is better than cure. The Japanese though moderately or even exceptionally healthy in their own land, frequently come down with typhoid fever or other diseases in Manchoukuo that they are practically immune from in their own country. Animals in the north and northeast of Manchoukuo often fall...”
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“...14 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA they will cultivate and add to the crops which are highly neces- sary to a nation which is mainly agricultural. Development is what it wants and this is what it is getting. But whereas Aus- tralia virtually gives the land away, Manchoukuo is selling this land at a fair price both for the government and the colonist. Manchoukuo, although it is catering to the crying need in Japan for more land to till, is still getting the best of the bar- gain. It is obtaining industrious, honest inhabitants and at the same time having its land improved, also a vital necessity in a country so gravely lacking in the man-power to work on its vast area. In addition, the settlements are thorns in the sides of the bandit groups, not only in their own villages but for some distance round. This is shown from the alacrity with which the native farmers gather round the colonies, setting to work on their own plots of ground with a will, for they know they will be as safe as it is possible...”
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“...PIONEERING IN MANCHURIA The government at Hsinking does not look upon these colonists as persons to add directly to their revenue. Indirectly, of course, they are, as they are adding to the value of the land. The idea is development with self-sufficiency for the settlers. And these same settlers have gone on better as they sell whatever they can spare, while almost every Japanese colonist in Manchoukuo has something he can turn into money after providing for the wants of his particular family and dependents. These pioneers are doing a grand job in their new homes. Even though the .work is almost unbearably hard there is no grumbling. They have considerably more land than they had in their own country. They can produce crops many times the quantity they could grow in Japan. It is true that very few of them will ever be able to go back to settle again in their own little Island Empire but theirs is a life that appeals to them. It is something tremendously difficult and they are winning...”
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“...CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA The father can do no more. What happens after devolves upon the person himself. They therefore resolved to do their part— and they had done it in splendid fashion. There is no question nowadays as to whether Japan can colonise or not. She came late into the field, it is true, but she had at the same time all the different methods that had been tried by other countries to examine, cull and use those which had proved best, with her-own particular application on the bases of nationality, locality and individuality. Japan has excellent knowledge now of how to colonise a country though that portion of Manchoukuo that has been turned to account forms only a minor part of the country. But, what can be done on a small scale can also be carried out in more extended fashion with all things being equal. Manchoukuo has been the testing ground and the results have been even a little better than the most sanguinary expectations. The question at the moment is how many colonists...”
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“...COAL LIQUEFACTION AND THE SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY Artificial Petroleum and the South Manchuria Railway Company “A drop of oil is a drop of blood.” This is an appropriate axiom in modern times when oil plays such an important indis- pensable part in national defence. It was a little more than thirty years ago that the South Manchuria Railway Company (hereafter referred to as S.M.R.) was established as Japan’s lifeline in the continent, but during the years that have gone by, the Company, besides its main railway enterprise, mobilized all of its multifarious departments in assisting the realization of the national policy. It is practically impossible to enumerate all the achievements of the S.M.R., but among the more important ones must be included the completion of a 10,000 kilometer railway system, the manage- ment of 15,000 kilometers of bus lines, the phenomenal develop- ment of the city of Fushun worldly known for its famous col- lieries, the establishment of the Showa Steel...”
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“...18 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA have contributed toward the making of this great discovery. The present output of oil in the areas under Japanese control or influence amounts only to about 600,000 metric tons annually (including natural oil and shale oil produced by the S.M. R.). In contrast to this situation, the civilian demand alone for oil in Japan was 2,900,000 tons in 1935. Adding the need of the fighting forces the total demand for oil will easily reach 10,000,000 metric tons annually. Such being the case, the question of attaining self-sufficiency in fuel oil through the execution of a well worked out policy became all the more important. At the present time, the liquid fuel policy aims at: 1. Development of oil fields and shale oil extraction 2. Utilization of natural gas 3. Alcolization of starches and carbohydrates 4. Encouragement of coal liquefaction Of the above, coal liquefaction is the most promising due to the abundance and extensive distribution of coal supply and the ...”
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“...20 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA was perfected after only six months of experimentation whereas the Billingham plant in England spent two years before the pro- duction stage was reached. Since there is plenty of bituminous coal in Karafuto, Hokkaido, Japan proper, Manchuria and 200,- 000,000,000 metric tons in North China alone, there is no fear of raw materials running short. In regard to the difficulties encountered in the application of this process, it is best to borrow the words of Dr. Abe who has appropriately summarized as follows: 1. The contrasting of chemical reactions of coal the nature of which science has not been able to explain as yet. 2. The liquefaction of coal which is a solid, of oil, a liquid, and of hydrogen, a gas continually at the same time, and the necessity of main- taining a high pressure of 200 and a high temperature of 400 degrees Centigrade. : 3. The danger of coal turning to coke when not liquefied. In short, the process seeks to obtain oil by making coal...”
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“...construction of a 14,000,000 yen plant and appointed Mr. Sengoku chief of the construction office. At a conference held at the Tokuyama Naval Fuel Station on June 7 and 8, 1937, attended by Station Commander Yoshinari and Research’ Bureau Chief Nomura representing the Navy, Director Kubo and Advisor Maruzawa representing the S. M.R., it was decided upon that the experiments conducted by the Central Research Laboratory be put into practice at Fushun. Mr. Tatsuzo Fukayama, Chief Technician of the Manchuria Chemical Industry Company, succeeded Mr. Sengoku as head of the construction office and Dr. Abe of the Central Research Laboratory became vice-chief. During a period of ten years, the Central Research Laboratory repeated the same experiments over 300 times and long-period industrialization experiments about 100 times and finally succeeded in completing a 400 hour experiment using an S.M.R. model machine in April, 1938. In step with this great experimental success, construction work on the plant...”
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“...A HISTORY OF CHRISTIAN MISSION WORK IN MANCHURIA I. Annals of Martyrdom The history of Christian mission work in China, Manchuria and Mongolia is largely a chronicle of martyrdom among Christian missionaries and believers. It was about 550 A.D. that Christianity was first introduced into China in the form of Nestorianism, a sect of the Roman Catholic Church, and ever since there have been periodic large-scale per- secutions of Christian missionaries and believers. The first persecution occurred in 845, when the Emperor Wu of the Tang dynasty (618-907) placed a ban on Nestorianism. As a result, the representatives of the Nestorian Church, which had been flourishing in China under the protection of the Em- peror Tai Tsung (627-649) were compelled to flee to Western China, where this sect is still extant among the Tatars, although combined by that people with Mohammedanism. In China proper, however, it failed for a long time to regain its former influence. Christianity next suffered as...”