Your search within this document for 'manchuria' resulted in 107 matching pages.
 
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“...CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA A BIMONTHLY MAGAZINE VOL. 1, No. 2 JULY, 1937 CONTENTS : Page Manchoukuo, Precursor of Asiatic Renaissance and the Government by Wang-tao (Kingly Way) Based on Theocracy........ By Prince Fumimaro Konoye... 1 An Outline of the Manchoukuo-Soviet Border COMELOVETSY «.-ssecececc cesses sense eveseeseeeeeteseeensesennes 18 A Chronology of the North Manchuria Railway Transfer Negotiations..........sescecercecssereessseeeecenes 42 Financial Condition of the Agricultural Population of North Manchuria itr 1935......ccccccssscccscsescees 71 The S. M. R. Hygienic Institute ......scccscesscecsceees 82 Currency and Financial Situation in Manchuria...... 92 Milestones of Progress ......sccseccccscesssccccecrccsccseeres 126 PUBLISHED BY THE SOUTH MANCHURIA RAILWAY COMPANY, DAIREN, MANCHURIA...”
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“...science and industry has been excluded by the Western Powers from an immigration or an access to all available resources. Such an exclusion has forced her to seek an outlet for her energy on the Continent of Asia, whereas China kept up her anti-Japanese campaign persistently and tenaciously. In its zeal to wipe out every vestige of Japanese influence in a speedy manner, the old Chang Regime had precipitated the wanton outrages time and again. ‘Thus, the inevitable outbreak of hostilities in Manchuria was the foregone conclusion....”
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“...CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA Nevertheless, what would have become of Japan, if she were impelled to have recourse to another orienta- tion, in the face of the seclusion policy pursued by the Nanking Government and the Chang Regime? Suppos- ing she had to turn away her attention from the Con- tinent of Asia, the consequence would be at least her enforced expansion towards the regions already con- sidered by the Western Powers as their spheres of in- fluence or their colonial possessions. In plain English, the outbreak of. Manchurian Incident should have been deservedly welcomed by the Western Powers. Mean- while it may be conceded that those critics who had taken Japan to task since the year 1932 were totally ignorant of the ultimate futility of their expostulations. Their criticisms acted like boomerang. Furthermore the Manchurian Incident afforded the inhabitants of Manchoukuo an opportunity for their rejuvenation. The following quotations from the Proclamation of the Independence of Manchoukuo...”
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“...entire population, who, bereft of protection, were exposed to outrage and hunger in all parts of the country. To leave the thirty million people of Man- churia and Mongolia unprotected against this menace within their borders exposed. them to atrocities, outrage and ultimate extinction.”—(March 1, 1932). That Marshal Chang Hsueh-liang and his entourage were expelled from Manchuria at the outbreak of the Manchurian Incident, and that “the citadel of misrule and corruption was now given a thorough renovation” seem in the eyes of the Manchoukuo inhabitants to be the outcome of “a Heaven-sent opportunity to the people of Manchuria to shake off their shackles” and to liberate themselves from their corrupt political state. Any observer well versed in the conditions of Man- churia and capable of envisaging the actual situation of those days would not falter to tender his profound sympathy to the people who gazed at Heaven and heaved sighs of relief at the happy tidings of the downfall of Chang H...”
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“...CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA history, these people came to realize the welfare and security of their existence. Furthermore the New State of Manchoukuo is vitally concerned with the summum bonum of the people as well as the popular will. ‘ All persons residing in the New State ” shall enjoy “equal treatment” without dis- tinctions of race or rank (civil status). Again the primary concern of the New State is to assure peace and security to the people, with special regard to the popular will; and there shall be “no dis- crimination with respect to race and caste among those people who now reside within the territory of the New State.” Utmost efforts shall be made along the line of administrative renovation. ‘‘ The New State will dispel the policies adopted in the dark days of the past; it will revise laws, enforce local autonomy; draft able men into the service of the government; elevate the officials de- serving promotion; encourage industry; open up the natural resources of the country; maintain...”
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“...PRECURSOR OF ASIATIC RENAISSANCE Manchuria” by treaty or loan agreements with various countries prior to the establishment of the New State “ shall be succeeded and recognized in accordance with international usages,” or shall be met according to the terms of those agreements. Further it has pledged to pursue the policy of “ open door and equal opportunity ” in the economic realm and welcome investments by any foreign nation for the exploitation of natural resources. In this manner, the people of Manchoukuo have addressed themselves ener- getically to the task of founding an ideal State, of which they have long dreamed. In the course of five years—a very short span of life indeed, in the light of the everlasting continuity of a nation—these people have already accomplished much, on which it is superfluous to dwell in detail. All in all, facts speak louder. Any and every critic of Manchoukuo is advised to take glimpses of Man- choukuo, as it is to-day. Observe, if you may, Man- choukuo...”
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“...CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA figure finance of most sound nature, which enables the New State to conduct numerous enterprises and establish- ments. Local government of feudalistic type has been replaced by the autonomous government of modern form, while feudalistic militarism has been completely wiped out and substituted by the fighting services with modern equipment under centralized control. The uni- fied currency system and the centralized credit system are other outstanding examples of successive achieve- ments, which led certain foreign observers to acclaim “The establishment of Manchoukuo is worth while” in view of even these two monumental exploits. Such and other successes have unceremoniously belied the expectations of Lord Lytton. The rapid advance made in the building of roads and railways is unprecedented in the history of com- munications of the world. The progress of communi- cations and the reign of peace afforded an opportunity to put into execution some of the far-reaching...”
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“...CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA sympathy of the Japanese Empire.” On his return to Manchoukuo after a brief visit to Japan in the spring of 1935, when he was given hearty welcome everywhere, the Emperor of Manchoukuo issued another Edict, in which he voiced his true sentiments. * H. I. M. the Emperor of Japan and We are as one in spirit. Therefore, ye, Our subjects, bear this always in mind, and with the same virtues and in the same spirit, cooperate with Our friendly neighbour in establishing an everlasting foundation for the two countries, and exalt the true virtues of the East. Thus will the peace of the world and the welfare of mankind be promoted.” (May 2, 1935) In fact, Japan and Manchoukuo are linked by the bonds of spiritual unity, which in turn facilitates their mutual aids in economic and defense activities. The common defense of Japan and Manchoukuo—or in actuality the defense of Manchoukuo—was carried out in virtue of the “ Japan-Manchoukuo Protocol”; and such an undertaking of...”
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“...10 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA Sovietization of the Outer Mongolia. Should Manchuria be neglected and deserted as in the case of Outer Mongolia, it would certainly become a source of colossal calamity in the Eastern Asia. In the midst of such conditions was born the Man- choukuo, which proved a barrier or more properly a break-water against the onrush of the surging Red waves. It is an event worthy of felicitations, not only to the Eastern Asia, but also the whole humanity. Manchuria was fated to be subject to spoliation of the Western Powers as well—not to say Soviet Union. It is needless to dilate on how bitter were the struggles, how sinister the chicanery of the Western Powers, who even though pampered by their extensive territories and their vast colonial possessions, remained yet unsatiated and ventured forth their tentacles of greed to Manchuria. Withal, the Chang Regime susceptible to the lure of per- sonal gains, readily succumbed to the ominous tempta- tions and went to the length...”
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“...PRECURSOR OF ASIATIC RENAISSANCE 11 Attacked by the Communists on the one hand, and subjected to the barrage of the Western Capitalism on the other, the constituted authorities in Manchuria re- mained powerless to resist and even lacked the will to resist. Dismal, sombre clouds about to threaten whole Asia were rising up in Manchuria. However, the timely advent of Manchoukuo speedily cleared away such ominous clouds and dispelled the overwhelming unrest of Asia. The advent of Manchoukuo accelerated thus the re- juvenation of Asia. Asia, long regarded as a happy hunt- ing ground, an object of exploitation,—Asia tremulous at the impending sight of depredation in the hands of Western Powers—was enabled to enjoy a volt face or an opportunity of creating its own civilization and develop- ing its resources by its own strength. And. this is due veritably to the birth of New State. Little wonder then, Japan had staked her national existence and bent all her energies for the growth of Manchoukuo...”
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“...12 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA as well as quantity, be compared to that of the period under the old Regime. Viewed from this angle, there is every reason to be- lieve that Western Powers should be appreciative of the independence of Manchoukuo. Their assumption of blindness to the reality of facts under the spell of past circumstances would mean only a self-deception as well as a stultification of others. Should such be the case, no commendable outcome, be it noted, can ever be expected. As regards the independence of Manchoukuo, a num- ber of arguments and counter-arguments were advanced from the standpoint of international law or the inter- pretation of international treaty. For these controversies, Japan has provided from the beginning very lucid ex- positions, which it is needless to reiterate, in as much as the existence of Manchoukuo is fait accompli lasting near- ly five years. Nevertheless, Nanking Government is still attempt- ing, whenever an opportunity offers, to denounce Man-...”
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“...of Asia. It is too plain to foretell that the New State will become a powder-magazine of the whole world, liable by a single spark of turning the whole of Asia into the scene of fratricidal carnage and also of dragging the whole world again into the darkness of despair. Historically, Manchuria was the hereditary property of the Manchurian people. At the incursion of Man- churian kings into Peking, from which city they ruled the whole of China, Manchuria was made a forbidden territory, or an exclusive “ Crown Colony.” Manchuria and China became a sort of confederation under one Sovereign. In another word, Manchuria conquered China, but never did China subjugate her as Chinese dominion or possession. Manchuria and China were affiliated for nearly three hundred years by virtue of the Manchu Dynasty. With the downfall of Manchu Dynasty, China set herself free from the bondage. Hence, the independence of Manchoukuo does not...”
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“...14 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA signify her isolation or secession from China; it simply means the remodelling of her historical existence in the garb of ‘ modern state.” Since the establishment of Manchoukuo does not connote the disruption of China, nor the loss of that which she had possessed, it is not to be regarded as equivalent to the “loss of face”? on the part of China. As a matter of fact, Chinese inhabitants numbering more than 20,000,000 or the kinsmen of Chinese in China Proper, are now daily enjoying peaceful, happy livelihood, which was not dreamed of in the pre-in- dependence days. Is it too much to expect that China would rather felicitate heartily the people of Manchoukuo and _ pro- mote her friendship with them, while consolidating their mutual relations, especially when the regime of Man- choukuo, constituted as it is to-day, has been fully sup- ported by the general will of the entire population, even though there were some dissentient, recalcitrant elements at the beginning...”
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“...pos- sibilities of a great nation, in proportion as she will aid the Wang-tao Government in Manchoukuo at work. Some people hold that Manchoukuo is a territory of China, since the bulk of her population are composed of Chinese (the Han race). However, such a contention is wholly untenable, in view of what has already been referred to. If it can be maintained that Manchoukuo is a Chinese territory, because Chinese people have penetrated beyond the Great Wall into the forbidden territory of Manchuria, we might as well be warranted in counter-arguing to the effect that the United States shall be made an British territory; the Latin American countries a Spanish territory; or the Island of Hawaii a Japanese territory. Likewise, the Mongolian region now presumed to be Chinese territory may have to be returned to the Mongolians; and the large portion of frontier regions to the Miao tribe, the Mohammedans and Tibetans respectively. Obviously, the growth and progress of Manchoukuo has brought...”
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“...16 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA It goes without saying that remittances sent from in- habitants in Manchoukuo to North China, as well as cash carried back home by the Chinese immigrants were the source of boom to Chinese in the North China, ever cursed by the overpopulation and famines. This is only one instance out of many. It simply illustrates that the bulk of Manchurian inhabitants are Chinese, closely bound by the ties of various inter-relationships. The upshot of all is that such a contingency makes China happily a beneficiary of advantages accruing from the growth and progress of Manchoukuo, and never a recipient of disadvantages and inconvenience arising therefrom. Hence, any move or design calculated to plunge the New State headlong into vortex of dis- order cannot but be branded as a conspiracy of suicidal nature. In particular, the security of Manchoukuo is a ques- tion, on which Japan cannot look with something of equanimity or indifference, as she is vitally concerned in all phases...”
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“...CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA ing herself with a traditionally defensive attitude towards other nations. ‘True to her benevolent policy towards the people owing fealty to her, she came to the rescue of the inhabitants of the Amur basin to free them from the Russian invaders. After first issuing an order for their evacuation to safer regions within the kingdom, China opened hostilities against the invaders. Thus Russia, the conqueror of all the races in Siberia, for the first time found herself confronted with a mighty enemy in China. At the end of a long struggle with China, which continued for over three decades (1652-86), Russia awakened to the realization that all factors considered, including her 17th century weapons and the racial and national consciousness of her people, her eastward ad- vance had reached its limit. The result was a reorien- tation of her policy towards one of peace. The capitulation of the Arbazin Fortress—a noted historical event in the Russo-Chinese struggle of the...”
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“...22 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA near the Amur River, and flowing into the sea, and of all land between the Uji River and the border mountains shall be decided upon at a proper time in the future. (3) The Argun River, which empties into the Amur, shall also form the boundary between the two countries. (4) The Arbazin Fortress shall be destroyed. (In addition an agreement was also reached regarding com- munications between the two countries. The above data are obtained from the publication of the Russian Foreign Office on Russo-Chinese treaties.) By the conclusion of the Nerchinsk Treaty, China realized her long-cherished desire of having the Argun River established as her northwestern frontier and of gaining possession of the Amur River basin, thus nullify- ing Russia’s thirty-year efforts to acquire the extensive and fertile farming land along the Amur River. How- ever, what Russia desired most at that time was the opening of trade with China, and simultaneously with the conclusion of...”
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“...CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA its command, cowed the Chinese delegation into accept- ing its demand for the cession to Russia of the entire territory on the left bank of the Amur River, extending from the Argun River to the mouth of the Amur. As she had no special interest in the Amur region since the conclusion of the Nerchinsk Treaty, China was at first unaware of the grave significance of the Aihun Treaty but it was not long before she became conscious of it. General I Shan and Chilaminga were held respon- sible for China’s failure at the conference and were punished. China even issued a statement announcing her non-recognition of the transfer of the Amur district to Russia. Mouravieff and the other Russian delegates, on. the other hand, were accorded the highest honors by their Government. On June 13, 1858, only a month after the signing of the Aihun Treaty, the Russian representative, Poutia- tin, who had diligently been conducting negotiations with the Chinese authorities for the conclusion...”
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“...CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA still further to 200,000 in 1896—the year of the completion of the Siberian railway. Although Russo-Chinese relations entered into a state of comparative lull after the conclusion of the Peking Treaty, occasional disputes concerning navigation rights and immigration broke out owing to disagreement over the names of certain rivers mentioned in the treaties concluded between the two countries. Il. THE PRESENT BOUNDARY BASED ON TREATIES The present boundary between Manchoukuo and the Soviet Union is based on treaties concluded between China and Russia to which the Manchoukuo Govern- ment succeeded, as stated in the communique issued, simultaneously with the foundation of the new State in March 1932, to the Foreign Ministers of various powers to the effect that “ Manchoukuo shall succeed to those liable obligations due to the Republic of China by virtue of treaty stipulations with foreign countries, in the light of international laws and conventions and that these...”
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“...28 CONTEMPORARY MANCHURIA Furthermore, it did not specify the ownership of the immense territory lying between the Ussuri River and the sea. The Peking Treaty and other agreements concluded after it will be next explained in their relation to the Russo-Chinese frontier. 1. The Eastern Boundary. In accordance with the provisions of the Peking Trea- ty, a mixed Sino-Russian committee, after conducting a survey of the eastern border in 1861, the year following the signing of the above treaty, erected wooden posts (marked in Russian alphabetical order) along the eastern frontier and recorded their location on a map. Copies of the map, together with a protocol, known as the Lake Khanka Treaty, were exchanged between the two coun- tries. The protocol was so named because it was signed at Pailengho, on the shore of Lake Khanka. As many of the wooden posts decayed in the years that followed, making the frontier indistinguishable, a Sino-Russian conference, attended by Baranoff and Wu Ta, was...”