|
|
Your search within this document for 'shanghai' resulted in 161 matching pages.
|
1 |
|
Page iii
“...LESSONS
IN THE
SHANGHAI DIALECT
BY
Rev. F. L. HAWKS POTT, d.d.
w ...':
SED EDITION
Printed at the Commercial Press, Ltd,
Shanghai, China
1924...”
|
|
2 |
|
Page i
“...in China as to
the desirability and possibility of the adoption of a
uniform language all over the Empire, it may seem
strange to put forth a book on the Shanghai Dialect.
The writer sympathizes fully with the aims of those who
would make Mandarin the Medium of Communication through-
out China, but at the same time feels very strongly that a great
many years must pass before this can be accomplished.
Local dialects die hard, as witness the still existing varieties
of speech found in Great Britain. Even more perfect means of
communication binding the parts of a country closely together,
and even the introduction of a common language into the School
System, are not able of themselves to do away with the speaking
of the old local dialect. Men cling persistently to the speech
of their forefathers.
When we reiSect that the so-called Shanghai Dialect is in
reality the ancient language of the Wu Kii)g(3pm, and is perhaps
more closely akin to the original language of the Chinese people
than Mandarin...”
|
|
3 |
|
Page ii
“...known
as uPidgin" English.
It is for the purpose of making the attainment of a speaking
knowledge of the language somewhat ess difficult that the writing
of this book has been undertaken.
It has seemed to the writer that the acquisition of a knowl-
edge of the written characters, and of the spoken language are
two distinct things. One may learn to speak the language
without being able to read the characters.
By the use of the clear and simple System of Romanizatioii
adopted by missionaries in Shanghai, it is possible to represent
approximately all the sounds employed in the dialect.
In these lessons this system is adopted, and the student is
urged to master it thoroughly. If he will do sohe can use these
lessons and learn to speak the language even without knowing
the characters.
The characters of the words and sentences employed are given,
but they are put in the book for the benefit of the Chinese
teacher. It would be unwise to trust entirely to the Romaniza-
tion. The student in using...”
|
|
4 |
|
Page iii
“...been consulted,
especially the lessons by Dr. Yates, which contain a most useful
collection of words and sentences, and have long been the stand-
ard book for learning the Dialect; the Grammar by Dr. Edkins
which contains a mass of useful information in regard to the
structure of the language, and the Mandarin Lessons by Dr.
Mateer, a most exhaustive work on spoken Chinese.
The writer's thanks are due especially to Rev. J. A. Silsby
for the permission to make use of his clear statement of the
Shanghai System of R'oroanization' knd to Prof. F1. C. Cooper for
many suggestions and bhe trbuble lie has taken in reading the
proofs....”
|
|
5 |
|
Page iv
“...iy
The unfailing courtesy of Rev. Gr. F. Fitch, D. D., Messrs
Gilbert Mcintosh and C. W. Douglass has been much appreciated
in the care they have taken in seeing the book through the press.
F. L. H. P.
January 1st, 1907.
THE REVISED EDITION
The compiler of these lessons is gratified to find that they
have proved useful to students of the Shanghai Dialect. He
regrets that he has been too much occupied to prepare additional
lessons.
In reprinting them care has been taken to make the necessary
corrections. The copy used by the late Prof. W. 0B. Harding
has been of great service in the work of revision, as in it almost
all the errors in tone marks, punctuation, and typography had
been noted. Dr. A. W. Tucker has very kindly compiled the
vocabularies at th6 end of the book, and in this way has en-
hanced its value.
The author's thanks are due to all those who have glvien him
suggestions and pointed out mistakes.
F. L. II. P.
April 28th, 1909.
NEW EDITION
In preparing the. new edition, the author...”
|
|
6 |
|
Page v
“...of the Shanghai
Dialect.
Inasmuch as Davis's Shanghai Dialect Exercisesmay be
used as a second book after the completion of this, it has not
been deemed necessary to add many new lessons.
F. L. £[. P.
October 29th, 1913.
In putting out this new edition, the author has made neces-
sary corrections, and added a few new terms. The Chinese
language is changing rapidly at the present time. Some expres-
sions and terms formerly used have become obsolete and new
ones have taken their place.
The French Fathers at Siccawei, with the author's permis-
sion, have published a French edition, and it is gratifying to
think that the influence of this book has in this way been
farther extended.
Attention is called to a very good little book, Conversa-
tional Lessons in the Shanghai Dialect prepared b}' Dr. Frank
Rawlinson and Rev. J. W. Crofoot, which has as its subtitle A
Supplement to Dr. Pott's Lessons. The author would recom-
mend it as a second book in the course on the study of the
Shanghai dialect...”
|
|
7 |
|
Page vi
“...DESCRIPTION OF THE SHANGHAI
ROMANIZED SYSTEM
Nearly all the syllables are represented by the combination
of an initial and a final, a system which has been found to Ix
well adapted to the Chinese language.
INITIALS
Chinese sounds are divided into upper aiid lower Series.
Tlie initials to represent the Upper Series are~~,mw t, ts,
s, H, n'ny, ,ng, ky ky, hwi and These initials are
pronounced in most cases much the same as in English, but
without aspiration, higher in pitch and with very little vibration
of the larynx. The apostrophe before a letter indicates that the
letter belongs to the higher series. Pure vowel initials also
belong to this series.
ny has a sound similar to that of ni in spa?iiel.
]cy = ch in chuk with all aspiration eliminated.
i as an initial has the sounds of i in dahlia.
The Aspirates are~ph, /th, tsh, hy, chkhw, h, hyy and hw
(th as in Tkovusonnot as thing).
ch = ch in c/mrch.
hy is nearly like ti in Por^a.
The other aspirates are like the corresponding initials of...”
|
|
8 |
|
Page vii
“...DESCRIPTION OF THE SHANGHAI ROMANIZED SYSTEM Vii
Tlie initials to represent the Lower Series areb, m, vd,
dz) z, I, n, ny, ng, g, j} gw y, and w. Their pronunciation is
much the same as in English. They are lower in pitch than
corresponding initials of the "higher series," and have more
voice being pronounced with more decided vibration of the
larynx. The lower vowel initials, indicated by an inverted
comma (and attended with a slight aspiration, belong to this
series. It will be noted that this sign differs from that employed
to indicate that a consonant initial belongs to the upper series,
an apostrophe being used to denote the upper initial. This
inverted comma is used only before vowels, and if, by mistake,
this sign is used before a consonant instead of the apostrophe,
this need not confuse the reader, for the sign of the upper series
is properly used only before the initial consonants m, v, I, n, ny,
ngwand r.
It should be noted well that the difference between the
corresponding initials...”
|
|
9 |
|
Page viii
“...yiii DESCRIPTION OF THE SHANGHAI ROMANIZED SYSTEM
A
sung (A and the vowel is pronounced in a short, abrupt
manner.
The sounds of the vowels are
a as in far, except when followed by n or h, when it has the
sound of a in man or mat.
e as in prey; before h it has the sound of e as in met.
i as in caprice before h or ng it is shortened to i as in mit
or sing.
au as in August,
o as in so.
oo as in too.
oe as in oe Goethe (German o).
eu as in French Monsieur.
u as in oo in foot (always preceded by an s sound).
ui as in fruit (or rather, French ii).
In ia, iauieu, and iewe have short i followed closely by
a, au, and ey as described above.
Of course it is understood that the Chinese sounds in a
majority of cases vary somewhat from the English sounds which
are given as the nearest equivalent. The true pronunciation of
Chinese sounds should be learned from a Chinese teacher, and
the student should always bear it in mind that any Romanization
used does not represent English sounds) but Chinese sounds...”
|
|
10 |
|
Page ix
“...DESCRIPTION OF THE SHANGHAI ROMANIZED SYSTEM
Vii
TONES
The tones are four in number, each occurring in the upper
and lower series. As has been stated, the upper and lower series
can be distinguished by the initials. Sounds in the upper series
are of higher pitch and those in the lower series of a lower pitch.
The names of the tones are
Bing sung=Even sound .
Zang sung = Rising sound .
Cliui sung = Going sound .
Zeh-sung = Entering souiul .
TONE SIGNS
Oto the left of a word indicates the tone to be zang-sung.
Oto the right indicates the chui sung. Final h or k indicate
the zeh-sung. All other words are in the bing-sung.
SOUNDS OF THE TONES
The sounds of the tones of course can only be learnt from
the Chinese teacher.
The Bing-sung is an even tone, the voice being level, with
a slight falling inflection, as when we say Come,"Hear,in
our imperatives.
The Zang-sung in the upper series is a twanging sound, and
sounds something like the vibration of a string of a musical
instrument,
In the lower...”
|
|
11 |
|
Page x
“...x description of the shanghai romanized system
The students should practise with the teacher on the follow-
ing table of sounds, and in time will be able to distinguish the
tones clearly and to make the proper inflection himself.
Foreigners are seldom able to perfect themselves in the use of
tones, but this is due not so much to inability as to the lack of
attention paid to the matter at the beginning of the study of the
language.
It should be understood that the names of the tones are
those of the original tones and often bear no relation to the
inflection now used, which varies in different localities....”
|
|
12 |
|
Page xi
“...DESCRIPTION OF THE SHANGHAI ROMANIZED SYSTEM
Vii
oe
oen
oeh
Oo oo
Oong ooig
Au au IHJ
Aungaung
Auh auli
0 o PJ
Ok ok
DOK YOONG Z-MOO
Consonants used as words
CJ u
Ui ui
Uin uin
.
The student should practise repeating after the teacher the
pronunciation of the characters in which these sounds occur.
COMPLETE LIST OF INITIALS AND FINALS USED
IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT
ZAUNG-HE LOO-MO Z
IUNG-YUIN
Vowel sounds and finals
Z-MOO
Initial sounds
n h
G 6e
Q o o
n s
6 G 6 -1 .le*1 1IL
^ hellngh
E E E LInIh
I n k u U
a a a u e
1 *1 *1 1
ngk u u
o3 a uae
I I I I I
A a
Ang ang
Ak ak
an
ah W
An
Ah
f
.
SZ^RN
00
=tslldz
MeTshDZ
0
g
nnh
e u u
crD
n n h
E u u
N
,Ng 'ng
Ng ng
K k
Kh h
G g
ky
ch
ivy
Oh
kw
khw
Kw
Khw
Gw
I
Y
W
y w
h h h
y w
H H H
__o o I _______
pphb
P
Ph
B
m
M
,v f y
^ F V
th
d
T
Th
D
tshdz
sslh
T TD
S
z
L
,n n...”
|
|
13 |
|
Page xii
“...description of the shanghai romanized system
EXERCISE IN TONES
Upper Bing-sung. Tau, Pa, Si,
Lower Bing-sung. Dau, Ba, Zi
Upper Zang-sung. Tau, Pa, Si
Lower Zang-sung. Dau, Ba, Zi
Upper Chui-sung. Tau Si
Lower Chui-sung. Dau, Ba, Zi,
Upper Zeh-sung. Tauh, Pah, Sih,
Lower Zeh-sung. Daub Bah, Zih,
The student should practise upon the sounds illustrating
the different tones. The columns should be read from the top
down. The teacher can guide him by first pronouncing the
Chinese characters...”
|
|
14 |
|
Page 1
“...LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT
LESSON I
The Classifier
A or an is translated into Chinese by the numeral ih (~-)
one, and a classifier placed between the numeral and the noun.
There are over forty classifiers, different nouns taking different
ones, according to the class to which they belong. Nouns being
generally used with classifiers accounts for the fact that in Pidgin
English we have the oft recurring expression, u one piecee.
Most concrete nouns take classifiers, but not all. Exceptions
will be pointed out later on. Sometimes when the object spoken
of is quite definitely known, the noun is used without the classifier.
In this lesson, the two most common classifiers will be
introduced, and in succeeding lessons the others will appear
gradually.
It must be remarked that some nouns may take more than
one classifier, sometimes one beii]g used and sometimes another.
The most common classifier is kuh (. It is applied to
sucli nouns as have no special classifier, and may upon occasion
be...”
|
|
15 |
|
Page 2
“...2'
LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT
An egg, ih kuh dan .
A cash, ih kuh doong-dien .
A dollar, ih kuh yang-dien
(See second note at end of lesson.)
A servant, ih kuh yoong~nyung
.
A table, ih tsak de-fcs .
A chair, ih tsak iui-ts .
An oran^, in tsakkyoeh~ts .
A pupil, ih kuh *auh-sang-fcs
.
To want, to wish, iau .Also used
in forming the future of verbs, as wiil
be explained later.
EXERCISES
(Translate into English)
(1) 111 kuh liyung iau ill tsak de-ts. (2) 111 kuli nyui-
nyung iau ill tsak iui0-ts. (3) Ih kuh siau-iioen iau ill kuh
doong-dien. (4) Ih kuh taub-sang-ts iau ih kub sien-sang.
(5) Ih kuh yoong-nyung iau ih kuh dati. (6) Ih kuh yoong-
nj^ung iau ih kub yang-dien. (7) Ih kuh siau-noen iau ih
tsak kyoeb-ts.
(.
(
(..
(.
(Translate into Chinese)
(1) A pupil wants an orange. (2) A woman wants a dollar.
(3) A servant wants a casli. (4) A teacher wants a table.
(5) A man wants an egg. (6) A pupil wants a chair. (7) A
teacher wants a pupil.
(.
..
...
(.
Notes. (1) It is difficult...”
|
|
16 |
|
Page 3
“...3' LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT
(3) It will be noticed how many words are formed from the combination
of two or more words. This is a characteristic of the Chinese
language; for instance the word yoong-nyung ()is com-
posed of the verb yooug(use, and the word nyang (A) man,
and means the man whom you use or employ.
(4) With sien-sang (,the classifier wt (is generally used.
(5) Nouns take no change in form for the plural, but the classifier is
omitted.
(6) With iui-ts (,the classifier po (is sometimes used.
The definite article the is not expressed directly in Chinese,
but the demonstrative pronoun takes its place.
The demonstrative pronouns are
The demonstrative pronouns change their forms with different
nouns, being formed by the di(or i (and the classifier
belonging to the noun. Thus "this tableis not di-kuh de-
fo but di't§ak de-ts (.
When the demonstrative is used with a numeral it retains the
form di-kuh (or i-kuh (and the classifier of the
noun comes between the numeral and the...”
|
|
17 |
|
Page 4
“...22' LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT
II.
III.
PLURAL NUMBER
Nominative and Objective
Person: We, or us, nyi or I Person
ngoo-nyi K.
Person: You, or ye, na .
Person: They, or them, yi-la II. Person
.
III. Person
Possessive
Ours, nyi-kuh or
ng'oo-iiyi kuh
.
Yonror yours, na-kuh
.
Their, or theirs, yi-la-
kuh.
The use of kuh (j) in the possessive case must be noted.
Kuh (serves to form the possessive case of nouns as it does of
pronouns. Thus to say u a man's tablewould be ih kuh nyung
kuh de-ts ( . Exercises in possessive case
formation will be found in this lesson.
VOCABULARY
A sheep, ih tsak yang c
A bird, ih tsak tiau .
A bed, ih tsak zaung
A son, ih kuh feu-ts or ih kuh nyi-
ts
A daughter, ih kuh noen0
A friend, ih kuh bang-yeu .
Po (is the classifier used with tools, instruments, or
articles grasped in the hand.
An umbrella, ih po sail jfi .
A knife or sword, ih po tau
A fork, ih tsho .
A spoon, ih. po tshau .
To have, or has, yeu
EXERCISES
(Translate into English)
(1) Ngoo...”
|
|
18 |
|
Page 5
“...5' LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT
(..
..
(...
(..
.
(Translate into Chinese)
(1) Your teacher has a table. (2) My friend has a son.
(3) Their daughter has an umbrella. (4) They want a bed.
(5) That servant wants a knife. (6) This pupils teacher has a
chair. (7) My son wants a dollar. (8) He wants a fork. (9)
She wants a spoon. (10.) The woman's daughter has an orange.
(11) He has mine. (12) He has yours.
()
...
(.
..
(..
(..
Notes. (1) Verbs undergo no change in form for the singular and plural num-
ber. Tense formation will be explained later.
(2) The verb yeu is often used for the expression 4'there is." Thus,
yeu ih-kuh nyung iau doo^g-dien ()means,
There is a man who wants casi.,
(3) yeu-kuh ()means "some Thus, yeu kuh nyung (.)
is some men.
(4) Sometimes the huh is omitted and we have yeu nyung. Thus, yeu
nyung iau yang-dien ( M) means some men want
dollars."...”
|
|
19 |
|
Page 6
“...6'
LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT
LESSON III
The Numerals up to One Hundred
One, ih .
Two, nyi orliang .
Seven, tshih .
Eight, pah .
Nine, kyeu .
Ten, zeh .
Six, lok .
Three, sail ,
Four, s .
Five, ng .
From ten to twenty the numerals are formed by adding the
digits after ten.
Thirty, san-seh .(Lit. three tens.
The Z sound in zeh becomes S when
preceded by another word.)
The intervening numbers between twenty and thirty, etc.,
are formed regularly by adding the digits to the decimals. Thus
twenty-one is nyan-ih. Thirty-one is san-seh-ihetc.
Thirty-five is pronounced san-so-ttff.
In using the numeral with the noun, the classifier of the
noun is introduced between the numeral and the noun. Thus
Four men is s kuh nyung ( 4not s nyung. Six
chairs" is lok tsak iui-0ts (not lok iui-ts.
In speaking of a thing well understood the noun is often
omitted, and we have simply the numeral with the classifier, as
lok kuh9 tshih tsak, etc.
Eleven, zeh-ih .
Twelve, zeh=nyi etc.
Fifteen, zeh-ng, pronounced...”
|
|
20 |
|
Page 7
“...25' LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT
VOCABULARY
A cow, ih tsak nyeu .
A native, ih kuh pung-di-nyung
A foreigner, ih kuh nga-kok-nyung
-.(Literally, outdde
kingdom man.)
Children, siau-noen 0.
A large box or trunk, ih tsak siang-
ts .
A small box, ih tsak 4ah-ts .
A fiin, ihpo sen-ts
A broom, ih po 0sau-tseu
A tea pot, ih po dzo-'oo .
To be, is, are, .
EXERCISES
(Translate into English)
(1)Ngoo iau0 san tsak siaDg-ts. (2) Dipo sen-ts
z noong-kuh. (3) Yi-kuh eu-t.s yeu ih tsak ah-0ts. (4)
0Ngoo-kuh sien-sang iau ih *po dzo-oo. (5) San-seh-ih tsak
3,ang z yi-kuh. (6) Nyan-tshih tsak nyeu z yi-kuh. (7) I-kuh
nga-kok-nyung 3'eu liang tsak iui-ts. (8) San-seh, z san
kuh zeli. (9) Ih pak,z zeh kuh zeh. (10) So-ng kuh
nyung yeu so-ng tsak de-ts. (11) Sien-sang z pung-di-
nyung, ngoo z nga-kok-nyuDg. (12) Yooiig0-nyung iau ih
po sau-tseu.
()..
..
..
..
..
..
(Translate into Chinese)
(1) He wants three tea pots. (2) Four pupils want four
fans. (3) This large box is my friends. (4) He has thirty...”
|
|
|