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“...LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT BY Rev. F. L. HAWKS POTT, d.d. w ...': SED EDITION Printed at the Commercial Press, Ltd, Shanghai, China 1924...”
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“...in China as to the desirability and possibility of the adoption of a uniform language all over the Empire, it may seem strange to put forth a book on the Shanghai Dialect. The writer sympathizes fully with the aims of those who would make Mandarin the Medium of Communication through- out China, but at the same time feels very strongly that a great many years must pass before this can be accomplished. Local dialects die hard, as witness the still existing varieties of speech found in Great Britain. Even more perfect means of communication binding the parts of a country closely together, and even the introduction of a common language into the School System, are not able of themselves to do away with the speaking of the old local dialect. Men cling persistently to the speech of their forefathers. When we reiSect that the so-called Shanghai Dialect is in reality the ancient language of the Wu Kii)g(3pm, and is perhaps more closely akin to the original language of the Chinese people than Mandarin...”
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“...known as uPidgin" English. It is for the purpose of making the attainment of a speaking knowledge of the language somewhat ess difficult that the writing of this book has been undertaken. It has seemed to the writer that the acquisition of a knowl- edge of the written characters, and of the spoken language are two distinct things. One may learn to speak the language without being able to read the characters. By the use of the clear and simple System of Romanizatioii adopted by missionaries in Shanghai, it is possible to represent approximately all the sounds employed in the dialect. In these lessons this system is adopted, and the student is urged to master it thoroughly. If he will do sohe can use these lessons and learn to speak the language even without knowing the characters. The characters of the words and sentences employed are given, but they are put in the book for the benefit of the Chinese teacher. It would be unwise to trust entirely to the Romaniza- tion. The student in using...”
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“...been consulted, especially the lessons by Dr. Yates, which contain a most useful collection of words and sentences, and have long been the stand- ard book for learning the Dialect; the Grammar by Dr. Edkins which contains a mass of useful information in regard to the structure of the language, and the Mandarin Lessons by Dr. Mateer, a most exhaustive work on spoken Chinese. The writer's thanks are due especially to Rev. J. A. Silsby for the permission to make use of his clear statement of the Shanghai System of R'oroanization' knd to Prof. F1. C. Cooper for many suggestions and bhe trbuble lie has taken in reading the proofs....”
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“...iy The unfailing courtesy of Rev. Gr. F. Fitch, D. D., Messrs Gilbert Mcintosh and C. W. Douglass has been much appreciated in the care they have taken in seeing the book through the press. F. L. H. P. January 1st, 1907. THE REVISED EDITION The compiler of these lessons is gratified to find that they have proved useful to students of the Shanghai Dialect. He regrets that he has been too much occupied to prepare additional lessons. In reprinting them care has been taken to make the necessary corrections. The copy used by the late Prof. W. 0B. Harding has been of great service in the work of revision, as in it almost all the errors in tone marks, punctuation, and typography had been noted. Dr. A. W. Tucker has very kindly compiled the vocabularies at th6 end of the book, and in this way has en- hanced its value. The author's thanks are due to all those who have glvien him suggestions and pointed out mistakes. F. L. II. P. April 28th, 1909. NEW EDITION In preparing the. new edition, the author...”
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“...of the Shanghai Dialect. Inasmuch as Davis's Shanghai Dialect Exercisesmay be used as a second book after the completion of this, it has not been deemed necessary to add many new lessons. F. L. £[. P. October 29th, 1913. In putting out this new edition, the author has made neces- sary corrections, and added a few new terms. The Chinese language is changing rapidly at the present time. Some expres- sions and terms formerly used have become obsolete and new ones have taken their place. The French Fathers at Siccawei, with the author's permis- sion, have published a French edition, and it is gratifying to think that the influence of this book has in this way been farther extended. Attention is called to a very good little book, Conversa- tional Lessons in the Shanghai Dialect prepared b}' Dr. Frank Rawlinson and Rev. J. W. Crofoot, which has as its subtitle A Supplement to Dr. Pott's Lessons. The author would recom- mend it as a second book in the course on the study of the Shanghai dialect...”
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“...DESCRIPTION OF THE SHANGHAI ROMANIZED SYSTEM Nearly all the syllables are represented by the combination of an initial and a final, a system which has been found to Ix well adapted to the Chinese language. INITIALS Chinese sounds are divided into upper aiid lower Series. Tlie initials to represent the Upper Series are~~,mw t, ts, s, H, n'ny, ,ng, ky ky, hwi and These initials are pronounced in most cases much the same as in English, but without aspiration, higher in pitch and with very little vibration of the larynx. The apostrophe before a letter indicates that the letter belongs to the higher series. Pure vowel initials also belong to this series. ny has a sound similar to that of ni in spa?iiel. ]cy = ch in chuk with all aspiration eliminated. i as an initial has the sounds of i in dahlia. The Aspirates are~ph, /th, tsh, hy, chkhw, h, hyy and hw (th as in Tkovusonnot as thing). ch = ch in c/mrch. hy is nearly like ti in Por^a. The other aspirates are like the corresponding initials of...”
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“...DESCRIPTION OF THE SHANGHAI ROMANIZED SYSTEM Vii Tlie initials to represent the Lower Series areb, m, vd, dz) z, I, n, ny, ng, g, j} gw y, and w. Their pronunciation is much the same as in English. They are lower in pitch than corresponding initials of the "higher series," and have more voice being pronounced with more decided vibration of the larynx. The lower vowel initials, indicated by an inverted comma (and attended with a slight aspiration, belong to this series. It will be noted that this sign differs from that employed to indicate that a consonant initial belongs to the upper series, an apostrophe being used to denote the upper initial. This inverted comma is used only before vowels, and if, by mistake, this sign is used before a consonant instead of the apostrophe, this need not confuse the reader, for the sign of the upper series is properly used only before the initial consonants m, v, I, n, ny, ngwand r. It should be noted well that the difference between the corresponding initials...”
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“...yiii DESCRIPTION OF THE SHANGHAI ROMANIZED SYSTEM A sung (A and the vowel is pronounced in a short, abrupt manner. The sounds of the vowels are a as in far, except when followed by n or h, when it has the sound of a in man or mat. e as in prey; before h it has the sound of e as in met. i as in caprice before h or ng it is shortened to i as in mit or sing. au as in August, o as in so. oo as in too. oe as in oe Goethe (German o). eu as in French Monsieur. u as in oo in foot (always preceded by an s sound). ui as in fruit (or rather, French ii). In ia, iauieu, and iewe have short i followed closely by a, au, and ey as described above. Of course it is understood that the Chinese sounds in a majority of cases vary somewhat from the English sounds which are given as the nearest equivalent. The true pronunciation of Chinese sounds should be learned from a Chinese teacher, and the student should always bear it in mind that any Romanization used does not represent English sounds) but Chinese sounds...”
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“...DESCRIPTION OF THE SHANGHAI ROMANIZED SYSTEM Vii TONES The tones are four in number, each occurring in the upper and lower series. As has been stated, the upper and lower series can be distinguished by the initials. Sounds in the upper series are of higher pitch and those in the lower series of a lower pitch. The names of the tones are Bing sung=Even sound . Zang sung = Rising sound . Cliui sung = Going sound . Zeh-sung = Entering souiul . TONE SIGNS Oto the left of a word indicates the tone to be zang-sung. Oto the right indicates the chui sung. Final h or k indicate the zeh-sung. All other words are in the bing-sung. SOUNDS OF THE TONES The sounds of the tones of course can only be learnt from the Chinese teacher. The Bing-sung is an even tone, the voice being level, with a slight falling inflection, as when we say Come,"Hear,in our imperatives. The Zang-sung in the upper series is a twanging sound, and sounds something like the vibration of a string of a musical instrument, In the lower...”
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“...x description of the shanghai romanized system The students should practise with the teacher on the follow- ing table of sounds, and in time will be able to distinguish the tones clearly and to make the proper inflection himself. Foreigners are seldom able to perfect themselves in the use of tones, but this is due not so much to inability as to the lack of attention paid to the matter at the beginning of the study of the language. It should be understood that the names of the tones are those of the original tones and often bear no relation to the inflection now used, which varies in different localities....”
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“...DESCRIPTION OF THE SHANGHAI ROMANIZED SYSTEM Vii oe oen oeh Oo oo Oong ooig Au au IHJ Aungaung Auh auli 0 o PJ Ok ok DOK YOONG Z-MOO Consonants used as words CJ u Ui ui Uin uin . The student should practise repeating after the teacher the pronunciation of the characters in which these sounds occur. COMPLETE LIST OF INITIALS AND FINALS USED IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT ZAUNG-HE LOO-MO Z IUNG-YUIN Vowel sounds and finals Z-MOO Initial sounds n h G 6e Q o o n s 6 G 6 -1 .le*1 1IL ^ hellngh E E E LInIh I n k u U a a a u e 1 *1 *1 1 ngk u u o3 a uae I I I I I A a Ang ang Ak ak an ah W An Ah f . SZ^RN 00 =tslldz MeTshDZ 0 g nnh e u u crD n n h E u u N ,Ng 'ng Ng ng K k Kh h G g ky ch ivy Oh kw khw Kw Khw Gw I Y W y w h h h y w H H H __o o I _______ pphb P Ph B m M ,v f y ^ F V th d T Th D tshdz sslh T TD S z L ,n n...”
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“...description of the shanghai romanized system EXERCISE IN TONES Upper Bing-sung. Tau, Pa, Si, Lower Bing-sung. Dau, Ba, Zi Upper Zang-sung. Tau, Pa, Si Lower Zang-sung. Dau, Ba, Zi Upper Chui-sung. Tau Si Lower Chui-sung. Dau, Ba, Zi, Upper Zeh-sung. Tauh, Pah, Sih, Lower Zeh-sung. Daub Bah, Zih, The student should practise upon the sounds illustrating the different tones. The columns should be read from the top down. The teacher can guide him by first pronouncing the Chinese characters...”
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“...LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT LESSON I The Classifier A or an is translated into Chinese by the numeral ih (~-) one, and a classifier placed between the numeral and the noun. There are over forty classifiers, different nouns taking different ones, according to the class to which they belong. Nouns being generally used with classifiers accounts for the fact that in Pidgin English we have the oft recurring expression, u one piecee. Most concrete nouns take classifiers, but not all. Exceptions will be pointed out later on. Sometimes when the object spoken of is quite definitely known, the noun is used without the classifier. In this lesson, the two most common classifiers will be introduced, and in succeeding lessons the others will appear gradually. It must be remarked that some nouns may take more than one classifier, sometimes one beii]g used and sometimes another. The most common classifier is kuh (. It is applied to sucli nouns as have no special classifier, and may upon occasion be...”
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“...2' LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT An egg, ih kuh dan . A cash, ih kuh doong-dien . A dollar, ih kuh yang-dien (See second note at end of lesson.) A servant, ih kuh yoong~nyung . A table, ih tsak de-fcs . A chair, ih tsak iui-ts . An oran^, in tsakkyoeh~ts . A pupil, ih kuh *auh-sang-fcs . To want, to wish, iau .Also used in forming the future of verbs, as wiil be explained later. EXERCISES (Translate into English) (1) 111 kuh liyung iau ill tsak de-ts. (2) 111 kuli nyui- nyung iau ill tsak iui0-ts. (3) Ih kuh siau-iioen iau ill kuh doong-dien. (4) Ih kuh taub-sang-ts iau ih kub sien-sang. (5) Ih kuh yoong-nyung iau ih kuh dati. (6) Ih kuh yoong- nj^ung iau ih kub yang-dien. (7) Ih kuh siau-noen iau ih tsak kyoeb-ts. (. ( (.. (. (Translate into Chinese) (1) A pupil wants an orange. (2) A woman wants a dollar. (3) A servant wants a casli. (4) A teacher wants a table. (5) A man wants an egg. (6) A pupil wants a chair. (7) A teacher wants a pupil. (. .. ... (. Notes. (1) It is difficult...”
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“...3' LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT (3) It will be noticed how many words are formed from the combination of two or more words. This is a characteristic of the Chinese language; for instance the word yoong-nyung ()is com- posed of the verb yooug(use, and the word nyang (A) man, and means the man whom you use or employ. (4) With sien-sang (,the classifier wt (is generally used. (5) Nouns take no change in form for the plural, but the classifier is omitted. (6) With iui-ts (,the classifier po (is sometimes used. The definite article the is not expressed directly in Chinese, but the demonstrative pronoun takes its place. The demonstrative pronouns are The demonstrative pronouns change their forms with different nouns, being formed by the di(or i (and the classifier belonging to the noun. Thus "this tableis not di-kuh de- fo but di't§ak de-ts (. When the demonstrative is used with a numeral it retains the form di-kuh (or i-kuh (and the classifier of the noun comes between the numeral and the...”
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“...22' LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT II. III. PLURAL NUMBER Nominative and Objective Person: We, or us, nyi or I Person ngoo-nyi K. Person: You, or ye, na . Person: They, or them, yi-la II. Person . III. Person Possessive Ours, nyi-kuh or ng'oo-iiyi kuh . Yonror yours, na-kuh . Their, or theirs, yi-la- kuh. The use of kuh (j) in the possessive case must be noted. Kuh (serves to form the possessive case of nouns as it does of pronouns. Thus to say u a man's tablewould be ih kuh nyung kuh de-ts ( . Exercises in possessive case formation will be found in this lesson. VOCABULARY A sheep, ih tsak yang c A bird, ih tsak tiau . A bed, ih tsak zaung A son, ih kuh feu-ts or ih kuh nyi- ts A daughter, ih kuh noen0 A friend, ih kuh bang-yeu . Po (is the classifier used with tools, instruments, or articles grasped in the hand. An umbrella, ih po sail jfi . A knife or sword, ih po tau A fork, ih tsho . A spoon, ih. po tshau . To have, or has, yeu EXERCISES (Translate into English) (1) Ngoo...”
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“...5' LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT (.. .. (... (.. . (Translate into Chinese) (1) Your teacher has a table. (2) My friend has a son. (3) Their daughter has an umbrella. (4) They want a bed. (5) That servant wants a knife. (6) This pupils teacher has a chair. (7) My son wants a dollar. (8) He wants a fork. (9) She wants a spoon. (10.) The woman's daughter has an orange. (11) He has mine. (12) He has yours. () ... (. .. (.. (.. Notes. (1) Verbs undergo no change in form for the singular and plural num- ber. Tense formation will be explained later. (2) The verb yeu is often used for the expression 4'there is." Thus, yeu ih-kuh nyung iau doo^g-dien ()means, There is a man who wants casi., (3) yeu-kuh ()means "some Thus, yeu kuh nyung (.) is some men. (4) Sometimes the huh is omitted and we have yeu nyung. Thus, yeu nyung iau yang-dien ( M) means some men want dollars."...”
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“...6' LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT LESSON III The Numerals up to One Hundred One, ih . Two, nyi orliang . Seven, tshih . Eight, pah . Nine, kyeu . Ten, zeh . Six, lok . Three, sail , Four, s . Five, ng . From ten to twenty the numerals are formed by adding the digits after ten. Thirty, san-seh .(Lit. three tens. The Z sound in zeh becomes S when preceded by another word.) The intervening numbers between twenty and thirty, etc., are formed regularly by adding the digits to the decimals. Thus twenty-one is nyan-ih. Thirty-one is san-seh-ihetc. Thirty-five is pronounced san-so-ttff. In using the numeral with the noun, the classifier of the noun is introduced between the numeral and the noun. Thus Four men is s kuh nyung ( 4not s nyung. Six chairs" is lok tsak iui-0ts (not lok iui-ts. In speaking of a thing well understood the noun is often omitted, and we have simply the numeral with the classifier, as lok kuh9 tshih tsak, etc. Eleven, zeh-ih . Twelve, zeh=nyi etc. Fifteen, zeh-ng, pronounced...”
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“...25' LESSONS IN THE SHANGHAI DIALECT VOCABULARY A cow, ih tsak nyeu . A native, ih kuh pung-di-nyung A foreigner, ih kuh nga-kok-nyung -.(Literally, outdde kingdom man.) Children, siau-noen 0. A large box or trunk, ih tsak siang- ts . A small box, ih tsak 4ah-ts . A fiin, ihpo sen-ts A broom, ih po 0sau-tseu A tea pot, ih po dzo-'oo . To be, is, are, . EXERCISES (Translate into English) (1)Ngoo iau0 san tsak siaDg-ts. (2) Dipo sen-ts z noong-kuh. (3) Yi-kuh eu-t.s yeu ih tsak ah-0ts. (4) 0Ngoo-kuh sien-sang iau ih *po dzo-oo. (5) San-seh-ih tsak 3,ang z yi-kuh. (6) Nyan-tshih tsak nyeu z yi-kuh. (7) I-kuh nga-kok-nyung 3'eu liang tsak iui-ts. (8) San-seh, z san kuh zeli. (9) Ih pak,z zeh kuh zeh. (10) So-ng kuh nyung yeu so-ng tsak de-ts. (11) Sien-sang z pung-di- nyung, ngoo z nga-kok-nyuDg. (12) Yooiig0-nyung iau ih po sau-tseu. ().. .. .. .. .. .. (Translate into Chinese) (1) He wants three tea pots. (2) Four pupils want four fans. (3) This large box is my friends. (4) He has thirty...”