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“...THE CHINA MISSION YEAR BOOK 1925 (THIRTEENTH ISSUE) Edited by the National Christian Council under arrange- ment with the Christian Literature Society for China Editor HENRY T* HODGKIN, Secretary of the National Christian Council SHANGHAI CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY I92S...”
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“...never have been completed. The National Christian Council, under whose auspices the China Mission Year Book is produced, does not of course accept responsibility for the views of individual writers. In dealing with such topics as the political situa- tion or the state of the church it is inevitable that personal bias enters in. Each writer is left perfectly free to express his own views in his own way. A few writers have been unable to produce the articles asked for and in some cases promised. This means that the plan of the Year Book as originally conceived has not been fully carried out. The editor has been under the necessity of filling in one or two gaps himself. Such as remain will probably not be apparent to the reader. The excellence of the material which is presented will, it is hoped, compensate for any omissions. Two features which have appeared in previous volumes, but not in...”
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“...this one, must, however, be noted. The editor is ex- tremely sorry that the sections on New Publica- tions in Chinese" and on 4bibliography of Books, etc., dealing with China'7 for which readers of the Year Book have previously looked to Mr. Clayton and Dr. Rawlinson, respectively, could not be included this year. On certain other subjects the reader may be referred to previous Year Books, particularly that of 1924. On such topics, for example, as Recent Religious Movements, or in reporting some societies whose work is much the same from year to year, it has not seemed necessary to repeat what was well said a year ago. The present editor is new to this work and only undertook it reluctantly when it seemed that no one else could be found for it. His conception of the service which the Year Book may render is not that of a mere record of events and statistics. His hope is that the reader may gain a true impression of the inner life of the Church in China and of the situation which it is facing...”
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“...adequately reported. One important development in the literary world has not found a place in the Year Book as it is yet too soon to do more than merely refer to it. This is the formation of a group of Chinese Christian writers as a result of two retreats held last year. This group expects to produce a steady stream of indigenous .literature and so greatly strengthen the forces reported in the four articles included. The reader who wishes to study further in this field is referred to the 1924 Year Book where there is a good deal of material not repeated this year. The impressions the editor has gained in reading over the material sent in are too varied to be even summarized in this preface. To some who have contributed to the amazing work so rapidly surveyed in the Year Book we pay a tribute of respect and gratitude as we pass our eye over the list of those who have been taken from our midst during one year. We are not able to include in the list the names of noble Chinese leaders who have also...”
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“...PART I CHINA TO-DAY CHAPTER I THE POLITICAL CONDITION OF CHINA IN J924 O. M. Green Even in writing early in March, with peace nominally restored throughout the country and an imposing Re- organization Conference sitting in Peking, it is impossible to view the events of the past year and their probable outcome with any degree of hopefulness. Too many parties and persons are left out in the cold or stand in undisguised antagonism to Marshal Tuan Chi-jui and the Anfu faction. The Southwest, headed by Tang Chi-yao of Yunnan the province one recalls, whence sprang the opposition which wrecked Yuan Shih-kai's "empire" is openly hostile; the Kuomintang, with whom goes the rest of the South, stands acidly apart; Chang Tso-lin of Manchuria has parted from Tuan: it is even reported that an alliance between him and Wu Pei-fu against Peking is not impossible; at any rate Wu Pei-fu is not finished yet, as the clamant objections of Hupeh and Hunan to have him within their borders clearly indicates;...”
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“....9 THE POLITICAL CONDITION OF CHINA IN 1921 flank attack by the west of the Taihu. Whatever chances Chi might have had and the Fengtien army's prestige was greatly enhanced by a regiment of White Russians, whom Chang had recruited among the refugees of Man- churia were again disposed of by treachery, the Navy turning on him at Chinkiang and the 19th division at Wusih. On January 28 of this year Chi fled to Japan consigning his troops to the charge of Sun Chuan-fang, who wTas granted peace on condition of withdrawing from Kiangnan Arsenal (which he first very thoroughly looted and spoiled) in order that the Rehabilitation Conference, called together by a mandate of December 24, might meet in a semblance of peace. On February 4 the Arsenal was solemnly handed over to the Shanghai Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Shanghai was declared demilitarized 7; for ever. But the grip of the Fengtien Army on all the rest of Kiangsu remains as unyielding as ever, and nobody believes that the proclaimed...”
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“...ultimately reached Peking on December 4, where he at once took to his bed suffering from an internal complaint, to which he ultimately succumbed on March 12. But he had strength enough left to quarrel violently with Tuan over the constitution of the Rehabilitation Conference, which he declined to support unless it were made elective, and in- cluded merchants, students and workmen. From this pronunciamento the Kuomintang has taken its cue. Some other incidents of interest should be noted during the year although their political import is as yet hard to gauge. The most spectacular was the expulsion by Feng...”
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“...occasion. This is hardly the place to speculate on the effect of Soviet propaganda in China. Undoubtedly the Russo- Chinese Treaty was a powerful consideration with Japan in inducing her to agree to the compromise which led to the Russo-Japanese Treaty signed on January 20, 1925. Bolshevism could be seen in the Shamecn strike and in the extraordinary outburst of anti-ChrisLian violence among the students of ITunan, Canton and some centres of Che- kiang, which occurred towards the close of the year. At the Pinghsiang mines in Hunan, the workmen are said to be organized on Soviet lines in remarkable compactness; and in all industrial centres Soviet agitators are un- doubtedly very active. One hardly sees a country like China, of millions of peasant proprietors (the last to be attracted by Bolshevism) at one end and military auto- cracies at the other, following in the deplorable paths of Russia. But the Bolshevist influence has brought a new factor into the distracted state of China, which...”
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“...China have been expressing themselves during 1924. It is, of course very difficult to summarize in such little space the very large literary output of a whole year. Our chief attention must be given to the comparatively small group of creative thinkers whose work is producing the largest influence upon students and educated people. We may divide our subject into consideration of three main interests the political, the philosophical, and the literary. Polf^cal ^ a nticeak!e fact that during the larger Writfo of 1924 the output of writing by Chinese on political subjects was markedly less than in recent years. In fact during the larger part of the year there was what might almost bo described as a complete silence on political issues on the part of a group which had previously been deeply concerncd with them. Towards the end of the year writings on political matters began to appear from this group, stimulated by the change in the political situation and the new sense of hope which had been stirred...”
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“...the return of the money has not had strings tied to it. The action taken by Great Britain has been pretty generally resented while the American scheme is still re- garded as sub jitclice. The plans proposed by Japan have also come in for a great deal of violent criticism. It is assumed that both Japan and Great Britain are anxious to use these funds in order to further their own ends rather than help China. Philosophical Much of the very finest writing that has been done in China during the last year has been directed, to the controversy between science and metaphysics. Writers from all parts of the country have participated in what has proved to be a very keen dis- cussion. Most of the writers have taken a very strongly partisan line on one side or the other. Periodicals published in many different centers have joined in the discussion and there is no doubt that the net result has been a greatly increased study both of science and of philosophy. This may be regarded as a great gain; but on...”
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“...around a court. At all times the rule of silence is in force. Good behavior and good work may result in privileges for the men and in shortened terms. Parole is being used increasingly with very satisfactory results. The whole prison system has benefited by Military a comPara^ve freedom from interference by Interference the military officials who have been content to have special places for detention of pris- oners in whom the3T are interested. Increased One of the outstanding features of the year Number has been the number of arrests and trials of of Political political cases by the military authorities iosect* ions aff;er changes in political power backed by military successes. The most striking of these are the arrest and imprisonment of former officials of the Chinese Eastern Railway and some of the officials of the Ts'ao Kun government in Peking after the coup d'etat of October 23rd. Both under the Ts'ao Kun government and the new govern- ment, newspaper editors have been imprisoned...”
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“...During February the railroad workers at Kaifeng, Chengchow and Changhsintien took up collections for the benefit of the men who had been out of work so long. At one time the workers hoisted a flag on their train. We support the Hongkong Seamen." In addition to the Peking-Hankow and Canton-Hankow railway workers, those on the Lunghai and northern lines, the Peking-Mukden and Peking-Suiyuan, came forward with contributions for the encouragement of their brother workmen in the south. Throughout the year 1922 there was a A Labor succession of strikes affecting the Hanyang ^mesTnto Steel and Iron Works, the water works, and Being the electric light plant in Hankow, the Peking-Hankow and Canton-Hankow Rail- roads, and the silk filatures of Shanghai. Shanghai also witnessed a continuation of the Hongkong seamen's strike when the workers on Chinese coastwise vessels struck because of a failure to live up to the Hongkong agreement. In this strike also the newspapers commented on the great orderliness...”
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“...silent on this particular point. The question whether or not a Chilean consul in China can exercise consular jurisdiction over the nationals of his government in virtue of the same rights, privileges, favours, immunities and exemptions as are or may be conceded to the Diplomatic and Consular Agents of the most favoured Powers," conferred upon him by Article II of the Sino-Chilean Treaty seems now to have been answered in the negative. For when the Chilean Consul, though Honorary, in Shanghai last year attempted to exerrise such jurisdiction over a Chinese who claimed Chilean citizenship, and subsequently invoked the assistance of the Diplomatic Body in Peking, his efforts proved abortive. Post-bellum Apart from the universal treaties to which Treaties with China, like many other Powers of the world, M^Sc^l a*S0 a suk as Austrian, Hun- andXRussiapan Syrian and Bulgarian peace treaties of 1919 and 1920, as well as the Washington treaties and agreements and resolutions of 1921 and 1922 the Re-...”
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“...CHAPTER VIII THE GOOD ROADS MOVEMENT Mr Shan [Translated by Garfield Huang] Eaiyear. Soon after that the Minister of the Interior instructed the different provincial authorities to promote construction of new roads in their own territories. In this way the name and purpose of this organization was first made known to the whole nation. In December of the same year the chairman, Dr. C. T. Wang, and Mr. Wu Shan, general secretary, in conjunction with the initiators of this move- ment, started the first membership campaign which lasted for four weeks and as a result secured a membership of 11,000 and fees amounting to over §30,000. A little later branch associations were started in several provinces and several motor road companies were soon formed...”
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“...44 CHINESE STUDENTS AND RELIGION TO-DAY 43 School Favorable Indifferent Antagonistic No. 1 30% 50% 15% ,, 2 10% 80% 10% ,, 3 10% 80% 15% ,, 4 15% 75% 10% ,, 5 25% 50% 30% 6 15% 75% 10% ,, 7 10% 80% 10% Average 15% 70% 14% I. Students Students who are antagonistic to religion, Antagonistic are, as a rule, very active in the anti-reli.gious Toward movement. This movement was started in Religion 1922) hung fire.for a time> but was revived this year. It appears to be a joint affair of the Young China Society, The National Student Union, the Anti- Imperialism Federation and the left wing or Communistic section of the Kuomingtang.* A summary of their argu- ments is given as follows: A. Reasons Against Religion Itself: (1) Religion hinders human progress. It is conserva- tive, ignorant and dogmatic. (2) Religion is against peace because each religion claims the supremacy for itself and excludes all others. This causes war. For example, the Thirty Years Religious War in Europe, the Crusades and...”
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“...44 CHINESE STUDENTS AND RELIGION TO-DAY 46 that there is a large percentage of these among ^Chinese students. What causes their indifference? A synopsis of a few selected cases studied, is herewith presented: Case 1. Second-year student in a Christian senior middle school: My father is a Confucianist, and my mother believes in Buddhism and Taoism. I was an adherent of these religions at home, but since I have come to this school, I am not antagonistic to nor interested in any religion, but in science." Case 2. Third-year student in a Government Middle School: "Some are enthusiastic about religion and some are antagonistic to it. Both must have some good reasons. What is the use of quarrelling anyway? Let everybody nave his own way. What we should care about is good character. As for me, I think my character is fair, so I am indifferent to any religion." Case 3. Junior in Christian College: 4< The only re- ligion that has appealed to me a little is Christianity, its philosophy and love of...”
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“... C. A. to appoint student commissions to study their problems. As a result of the work of these commissions, the National Student Christian Movement was launched. Its purpose is (a) to create a living faith in a living God, (b) to develop a spirit of loyalty to Christ and (c) to inculcate the spirit of service among students. During the past year, the movement has been very active. Through the local student associations in different schools, they have promoted the following program: (a) The inculcation of habits of private devotion, Bible study and personal evangelism among students. * For a fuller account of these faiths, see the 1924 Mission Year Book....”
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“...of literature. The whole country has been covered with a flood of literature discussing such intellectual problems as the relation of science and religion. Many who have been abroad have come back having seen the worst side of Christendom. The foundations of faith have been shaken. In the year 1920 the Young China Association, organized by a number of leading students in Peking and elsewhere, passed a resolution by which the membership of the Association was limited to those who have no religious faith. This act stirred up a definite opposition movement which led to a period of very keen but inconclusive discussion on the problem of religion. Three series of lectures were arranged in the following year by the same Association. In these prominent scholars such as Wang Sheng Kung, Liang Hsuh Ming, Chow Tso-jen, Tu Hsiao-shih, Lee Shih-cheng, and others dealt with religion from different points of view. The Nanking Branch about the same time invited Dr. C. W. Luh to give a series of lectures...”
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“...62 THE EFFECT OF PRESENT SITUATION and wait for better conditions. There is also a sag. in an aggressive will for progress and for overcoming or counter- acting unpropitious circumstances. One feels there is too much of a spirit of helpless, if not hopeless, submission to prevailing conditions and this vitally affects the general work of the church. There is no evident decrease in the willingness of the people to heat the Gospel, possibly they are more sincerely eager to hear it, but during the year it has been very difficult in many places for Christians, and non- Christians too, to attend the churches and chapels, either by day or night, owing to disturbed conditions, to martial law, and to actual danger to life and property. Looting and burning have occurred in many places. Many people, including some Chinese Christians and a few missionaries, have been carried off by bandits, and the distraction of mind that danger and confusion bring has undoubtedly had a bad effect. School work in not...”
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“...creating an unfavorable impression about it, especially in relation to its emphasis upon religious teaching, its foreign character, and its wrongly supposed tendency to denationalize many of China's youth. This movement on the part of Chinese educationalists, distinctly anti-foreign and anti-Christian in the minds of many, is very likely to grow in the next few years and to affect adversely mission educational work and policy. The actual effect of the movement during 1924 has not been great, as this year merely marks the beginning of its expression....”