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“...THE
CHINA CHRISTIAN
YEAR BOOK
1926
(FOURTEENTH ISSUE OF THE CHINA "MISSION"
YEAR BOOK)
Issued under arrangement between the Christian Literature
Society for China and the National Christian Council of
China under the Direction of the following Editorial Board
appointed by the National Christian Council
Rev. K. T. Chung Dr. D. W. Lyon
Rev. E. H. Cressy Dr. D. MacGillivray
Miss Lily Haas Dr. J. L Maxwell
Rev. Carleton Lacy Dr. W. W. Peter
Dr. R. Y. Lo Dr. E. W. Wallace
Rev. E. C. Lobenstine Miss Helen Thoburn
EDITOR
Rev. Frank Rawlinson, D.D.
Editor, Chinese Recorder.
SHANGHAI
CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY
J 926...”
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“...PREFACE
rpiiE China "Mission" Year Book appears tliis jrear as the China
JL "Christian" Year Book. This change of titte is indicative
of a change in emphasis. Up till recently., tlie Christian
Movement in China has, of necessity, been mission'-centHg. It is
now becoming China Christian-centric. This process of change
has not proceeded very far nor does it move very'fast when all
phases and types of Christian work in China are considered.
Nevertheless a new fulcrum for Christian work in China is being
placed in position. Adjustment thereto is proceeding as rapidly
as possible.
This year the Editorial Board has attempted to i nclude-more
articles of a general and survey type than formerly. Success in
this regard is not all that was planned or desired. Tile Christian
Movement is somewhat less coherent than it was a few years ago.
To this must be added the influence of the social and political
upheaval apparent everywhere but particularly in those centres
which feel most the impact of the West...”
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“...Church............T. C. Ban 132
XIII. Support op Christian Work Compared with
that op Chinese Ceremonies and
Practices..............................A.J. Bowen 138
.XIV. The Growth of Intercommunion ...A. R. Kepler 144
PART IV* MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES.
XV. The Present Strength, Distribution and Age
op the Missionary Body .........S.J.Mills 151
XVI. Tendencies in Mission Policy as Shown in
Mission Reports op 1925
Warren H. Stuart 154
XVII. The Changing Function op the Missionary
Logan H. Roots 162
XVIII. Missionary Work as Seen at the Institute op
Pacific Relations ...............E. J. Stuckey 174
XIX. The Relation of Mission and Church
E. C. Lobenstine 178
XX. Critical Moments in the History of Chris-
tianity in China ...............H. F. MacNair 196
PART V. EDUCATION AND STUDENTS*
XXI. Christian Education in 1925
Edward Wilson Wallace 224
XXII. Recent Developments in Chinese "Government
Education..............................Fong F. Sec. 236
XXIII. Experiments in Religious Education
C...”
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“...399
XLII I. Some Classified Devotional and Inspira-
tional Literature with Annotations 418
XLIY. Philosophical and Religious Thought in-
China.................................F. R. Millican 423
PART IX. OBITUARIES, 470
PART X. APPENDICES.
I. Amended Constitution op the Kwangtung
Divisional Council op the Church op
Christ in China...................................... 474
II. Resolutions op National Students' Union in
re Christianity....................................... 480
III. Actions of Mission Organizations in re Ex-
trality and toleration clauses ............ 483
IV. Notes on Missionary Property Titles in
China ...........................A. L. Warnshuis 535...”
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“...CONTRIBUTORS
Page
Djang, Y. S., B.A. (Cornell) Cooperative Credit in China.
Acting Executive Secretary, China International Famine
Relief Commission .................. 303
Fong F. Sec, B.L., M.A., LL.D. Recent Developments in
Chinese Government Education.
Cantonese Union Church, Shanghai. Chief English
Editor, The Commercial Press. Chairman, National
Committee, Y.M.C.A. of China. President, Chinese
Y.M.C.A., Shanghai. President, Daily Vacation Bible
Schools of China. Vice-President, The Chinese Mission
to Lepers ........................ 236
Gage, Nina D., M.A., R.N. (1908) The Nurses' Association
of China.
Yale Foreign Missionary Society. Dean, Hunan-Yale
School of Nursing, Changsha. Chairman, Education
Committee, Nurses' Association of China. President,
International Council of Nurses. Member of Council on
Hospital Administration, China Medical Association ... 351
Heeren, J. J., M.A., B.D., Ph.D. (1911) Some Historical
Points Concerning the So-Called 'Unequal Treaties.'
American Presbyterian...”
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“...Association for the
Advancement of Education.
Chinese Independent Church. Sometime Commissioner
of Education of Honan. Sometime Dean of Nankai
University, Tientsin. Director of Research of the
National Association for the Advancement of Education. 281
Lobsnstine, Rev. E. C. (1898) Christianity in the Treaties
Between China and Other Nations. The Relation of
Mission and Church.
American Presbyterian, North. Secretary of the
National Christian Council, Shanghai ... ... 51, 178
MacNafr, Harley Farnsworth, Pb.D. (1912) The Protestant
Christian Movement and Political Events. Critical
Moments in the History of Christianity in China.
American Church Mission. Professor of History and
Government, St. John's University, Shanghai ...... 1, 196
Maxwell, James L., -M.D., B.S. (London' University) (1901)
Medical Missions 1925 and After.
English Presbyterian. Secretary, China Medical Asso-
ciation. Editor, China Medical Journal ... ... ... 339
Miao, C. S., A.B., M.A., Ph.D., B.D. Experiments in
Religious Education...”
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“...Presbyterian, North. Co-Dean, College of
Agriculture and Forestry, University of Nanking, and
Co-Director of Agricultural Experimental Stations. 308, 315
Roots, Bishop Logan H., M.X., D.D, (1896) The Changing
Function of the Missionary.
American Church Mission. Bishop, Hankow District.
Hon. Secretary, National Christian Council ...... 162
Shen, T. L., B.S. Evangelistic Work in Colleges and
Universities.
Allen Memorial Church, Shanghai. Student Secretary,
National Committee, Y.M.C.A. of China.......... 274
Shen, J;"Wesley, B.D; New Trends in Literature.
Methodist, South. Acting General Secretary, National
Christian Literature Society ... ............ 370
Stuart; Warren H.,; B.A,, M.A., B.D;, D.D. (1907) Tendencies
in Mission Policy as Shown in Mission Reports of 1925.
American Presbyterian, North. Professor of Old Testa-
ment, Nanking Theological Seminary, Nanking ...... 154
Stuckey, E. J., O.B.E., B.Sc., M.B., B.S. (1905) Missionary
Work as Seen at the Institute of .Pacific Relations.
London ...”
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“...world. It
indicates perhaps a more careful weighing of the Christian
Message, which in turn promises a greater depth of
conviction when that Message is finally accepted.
Educational work has felt more than any
Educational other tyPe of Christian work in China the
Work present waves of criticism and nationalism.
This is perhaps due to the facts that
schools are an important opinion-forming factor, that
the Chinese are more vitally interested in education
than in religion as such and that in the mission schools
extra-national influences are felt in essentially extra-
nationalistic and contrasting types of education. Further-
more, the students have been the main strength of
the nationalistic movement in China. The churches, on
the other hand, are much less under foreign control than
the schools. For a while after the agitations of 1925
it looked as though Christian schools would suffer
tremendously. Actually the number of students in...”
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“...Christian religion to secure
spiritual unity into a bad light. When Christianity was
judged mainly by local groups with regard to local
activities this was not such an important matter. But how
that Christianity is being viewed as a whole and in terms of
a national movement it is. How far then do Christians in
China move together? How far have they been able to
carry on Christian fellowship as apart from ecclesiastical
and theological unity ?
. The recent Withdrawal of the Chinai Inland
Christian Mission from the National Christian Council
Council bas drawn attention to that body. It is
evident that the National Christian Council
cannot in the divided state of the theological Christian...”
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“...particular
direction. And as regards cooperation in thought. and
service, while much is being done, there is no objective that
is serving to coordinate the Christian forces nationally. All
this emphasizes the point already made that the Christian
forces in China lack an adequate objective when looked at
as a whole. It is a necessary aspect of this period of
transition.
As to the relation of the mission and the
Church*and chlirch the same thing is true. The convic-
tion is gaining ground that the mission should
be absorbed into the Church in some way. In some cases
this has been done. But in most cases the mission is still
an entity to be reckoned with and in some cases is
apparently looked on as an organization Avhich is to run
indefinitely parallel to the Chinese Church, In a few cases...”
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“...XXviii CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT
Chinese Christian groups, with the approval of the mission-
aries, are making their own appeal for aid direct to the
boards at home. While it is assumed by most missionaries
that the mission will pass out of existence, the time when
that contingency will eventuate is for many still very
remote and there is no one dominating plan whereby it
might be realized. In general, however, the missions are
endeavoring to become China-centric. There is a tendency
for the deciding voice of Christian work in China to pass
into the hands of Christian workers in China.
The relation of the missionary to the
Mbs^nar Chinese Church and Christian work in China
is a very complex one. To some extent he
shares in the criticism aimed at things foreign in general.
There are tendencies to a cleavage in thinking between him
and Chinese Christians. To this reference will be made
again later. I am sometimes told that there is in some
places a wide gulf between Chinese Christians...”
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“...Chinese hands.
That would release considerable missionary energy.
Whether in view of these changes a lesser or greater number
of missionaries will be needed is an unsettled question.
Certainly it seems as though missionaries will still be called
on for special and expert assistance. General work will tend
to pass out of their hands. There is, however, frequent
reference both by Chinese and missionaries to the need for
missionaries in pioneering effort of all kinds. One would
anticipate that home mission work on the part of the
Chinese Church would help meet this need to a considerable
extent. Perhaps the chief thing about the relation of the
missionary to the Chinese Church is that, while he is
undoubtedly still wanted, his function is not at present
clearly defined. If Christianity in China is to become
internationaly minded and not a nationalistic movement
there will need to be a permanent interchange of Christian
experience between the East and the West. From this
viewpoint the missionary...”
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“...XXviii CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT
situation. Even in the case of the mission schools, where
the Chinese desire for autonomy has been most in evidence,
there are very few instances where the Chinese have forced
the situation beyond a considerate discussion of the issues
involved. Even in objecting to what is taken to be
"compulsion" as regards religious education there has
been little effort to use any other pressure than that of
public opinion. And yet there are the beginnings of cleavage
between missionaries and Chinese Christians in thinking
and attitudes along several lines. By the 44 beginnings of
cleavage in thought and attitude I mean a tendency for
the majority of the articulated Chinese Christians to move
in a different direction from certain tendencies among the
missionaries. The points where such cleavage is indicated
need perhaps be listed only. (1) The Chinese Christian
mind tends away from theological controversy. This does
not mean that there is no difference of...”
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“...XXviii CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT
largely. (2) Governmentmodern. (3) Mission. On the
highest estimates available about 13.5% of the school
population were in these schools and hence getting some
sort of education. Professor Twiss makes the proportion of
the school population actually acquiring some education
about the same as this, though his basic figures vary from
those given above. Now if it be assumed that on an
average each teacher would have fifty pupils (Professor
Twiss makes it twenty-five!) there is needed something
like two million teachers. To start a program that means
an improved educational system, that will eventuate in
this army of teachers and will help build up an educated
public opinion and train the ChiQese in citizenship, has
more significance for China at present than movements for
the reform of the government. The urgency of con-
centrated attention on this need is seen in the fact that in
China only about 3.3% of the total population is getting an
education...”
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“...s is the rapid
momentum now being attained by devolution. By "de-
volution I understand the passing over of Christian work
to Chinese leadership. This devolution, of course, is
appaiMission" Year
i'Rook there was only one Chinese writer. In this issue
Nearly fifty percent of the articles are contributed by
Chinese-Christians. This growing expression and influence
of the (-Jhinese Christian mind is the most marked evidence
of the iapid acceleration of devolution now going on. In
South China, particularly in Canton and Swatow (among
the-Baptists), the Chinese Christian mind has become the
dominating factor. The necessary readjustments by the...”
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“...4
CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT AND NATtONAL AEtfAlftS
cannot at present be stated, but it would seem as if such
a movement must result in considerable good. From
Kweichow, Kwangtung and West China reports came of
trouble made for British mission institutions, schools and
churches, with a falling off of attendance due largely to
fear. In general it is clear that work in urban areas has
suffered considerably more than that in rural districts.
Feeling *eyu aware any anti-foreign or
Unorganized anti-Christian feeling in your district?
There is clearly a kinship between questions One and
Two, nevertheless the replies showed that they are by
no means identical. In any consideration of the terms
anti-foreign, anti-Christian, Bolshevistic and Soviet, it
must be clearly borne in mind that there has been a
regrettable tendency on the part of many to confuse terms.
Whether a Chinese is 44 anti-foreign "or 44 anti-Christian "
or 44 Bolshevist or 44 strongly nationalist or 14 patriotic "
has to do very largely...”
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“...Students in Christian Schools.
Christian School Students! Leave those schools where
you suffer!"
, From Yenchow in Shantung came a remark
Church:Feelin ^at the people were quite too busy saving
their goods and their lives from the military
to have time for anti-foreign feelings. An educator in Nan-
king replied: Not so much anti-foreign as anti-missionary
and not so much anti-missionary as anti-Christian-Church.
There is a feeling abroad that missionaries and the mission
churches are in league with western imperialism and that
mission schools are hindering the progress of nationalism
and nationalistic education." And another educator in
the same city added that there was more such feeling
" than has been noticeable any time in the past twenty
years." Another report from the same city says:
4 4 Anti-Christian feeling seems to exist chiefly in the...”
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“...exerted by Bolshevists, in Nanchang and in other centres.
The same is felt in various Christian centres in Szechwan.
A letter dated December 29, from Nanking, has this to say :
"A few days ago there was an anti-Christian parade in
Nanking. The slogans were anti-church, anti-mission-
school, and pro-China, but nothing different from what we
might expect in America if foreigners were in positions of
leadership in churches and schools. Another report from
the same city adds: "A Nanking University student
reports that before Christmas their funds were getting low,
so they had to stage a demonstration in order to get a re-
mittance of Moscow funds through Shanghai headquarters.
They put up posters denouncing imperialism, mission
schools, etc., paraded, speechified, and tore down Christmas
decorations in places." From Yangchow in Kiangsu it is
reported that 4 4 there has been persecution of the Christian
students in government institutions, but I should not
attribute it to any Russian influence."...”
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“... or even
the semblance of one, and any courts or even the sem-
blance of courts, my work would probably be little
affected by a change in these treaty rights. As things are,
and seem likely to remain indefinitely, I think that it is
likely that if our treaty rights are taken away, it will not
be long until we shall be subjected to a great deal of
annoyance from the powerful scoundrels and blackmailers
who prey on the Chinese in one way or another .... I
think that a mission hospital would be in constant trouble
and mission doctors in a good deal of danger from
scoundrels who would stir up people to prosecute the
doctors whenever operative cases did not turn out well. .
I do not believe that the Chinese Christians want to turn
us over and subject us to this sort of thing. They all
know how rotten their society is, and I cannot imagine
that they would be so ungenerous, even if I had not seen
evidence that they really do not want the treaties revised."
Somewhat different in tone from the Wusih...”
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“...28
missionaries and special privilege
up of extra-territoriality, a missionary should find himself
falsely accused of an offence, his right of appeal to his
consul for protection against injustice would still remain.
(b) He can build residences or mission institutions
in' the Concessions, thereby escaping Chinese taxation or
Chinese control.
(c) He can purchase certain foreign goods more
cheaply in China than in his own country, by virtue of
the low fixed tariff.
(d) In times of danger he can flee to a foreign
gunboat, if he so desire, or to a guarded legation.
3. Special privileges peculiar to missionaries and not shared
by their non-missionary felloiv-nationals.
This group of special privileges includes those granted
under the so-called 44 Toleration Articles" appearing in
certain treaties, the most explicit of which is the Treaty of
1903 between China and the United States. They may be
summarised as follows:
(a) The right of travel and residence in the interior,
away from the Open Ports...”
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