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“...THE CHINA CHRISTIAN YEAR BOOK 1926 (FOURTEENTH ISSUE OF THE CHINA "MISSION" YEAR BOOK) Issued under arrangement between the Christian Literature Society for China and the National Christian Council of China under the Direction of the following Editorial Board appointed by the National Christian Council Rev. K. T. Chung Dr. D. W. Lyon Rev. E. H. Cressy Dr. D. MacGillivray Miss Lily Haas Dr. J. L Maxwell Rev. Carleton Lacy Dr. W. W. Peter Dr. R. Y. Lo Dr. E. W. Wallace Rev. E. C. Lobenstine Miss Helen Thoburn EDITOR Rev. Frank Rawlinson, D.D. Editor, Chinese Recorder. SHANGHAI CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY J 926...”
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“...PREFACE rpiiE China "Mission" Year Book appears tliis jrear as the China JL "Christian" Year Book. This change of titte is indicative of a change in emphasis. Up till recently., tlie Christian Movement in China has, of necessity, been mission'-centHg. It is now becoming China Christian-centric. This process of change has not proceeded very far nor does it move very'fast when all phases and types of Christian work in China are considered. Nevertheless a new fulcrum for Christian work in China is being placed in position. Adjustment thereto is proceeding as rapidly as possible. This year the Editorial Board has attempted to i nclude-more articles of a general and survey type than formerly. Success in this regard is not all that was planned or desired. Tile Christian Movement is somewhat less coherent than it was a few years ago. To this must be added the influence of the social and political upheaval apparent everywhere but particularly in those centres which feel most the impact of the West...”
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“...Church............T. C. Ban 132 XIII. Support op Christian Work Compared with that op Chinese Ceremonies and Practices..............................A.J. Bowen 138 .XIV. The Growth of Intercommunion ...A. R. Kepler 144 PART IV* MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES. XV. The Present Strength, Distribution and Age op the Missionary Body .........S.J.Mills 151 XVI. Tendencies in Mission Policy as Shown in Mission Reports op 1925 Warren H. Stuart 154 XVII. The Changing Function op the Missionary Logan H. Roots 162 XVIII. Missionary Work as Seen at the Institute op Pacific Relations ...............E. J. Stuckey 174 XIX. The Relation of Mission and Church E. C. Lobenstine 178 XX. Critical Moments in the History of Chris- tianity in China ...............H. F. MacNair 196 PART V. EDUCATION AND STUDENTS* XXI. Christian Education in 1925 Edward Wilson Wallace 224 XXII. Recent Developments in Chinese "Government Education..............................Fong F. Sec. 236 XXIII. Experiments in Religious Education C...”
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“...399 XLII I. Some Classified Devotional and Inspira- tional Literature with Annotations 418 XLIY. Philosophical and Religious Thought in- China.................................F. R. Millican 423 PART IX. OBITUARIES, 470 PART X. APPENDICES. I. Amended Constitution op the Kwangtung Divisional Council op the Church op Christ in China...................................... 474 II. Resolutions op National Students' Union in re Christianity....................................... 480 III. Actions of Mission Organizations in re Ex- trality and toleration clauses ............ 483 IV. Notes on Missionary Property Titles in China ...........................A. L. Warnshuis 535...”
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“...CONTRIBUTORS Page Djang, Y. S., B.A. (Cornell) Cooperative Credit in China. Acting Executive Secretary, China International Famine Relief Commission .................. 303 Fong F. Sec, B.L., M.A., LL.D. Recent Developments in Chinese Government Education. Cantonese Union Church, Shanghai. Chief English Editor, The Commercial Press. Chairman, National Committee, Y.M.C.A. of China. President, Chinese Y.M.C.A., Shanghai. President, Daily Vacation Bible Schools of China. Vice-President, The Chinese Mission to Lepers ........................ 236 Gage, Nina D., M.A., R.N. (1908) The Nurses' Association of China. Yale Foreign Missionary Society. Dean, Hunan-Yale School of Nursing, Changsha. Chairman, Education Committee, Nurses' Association of China. President, International Council of Nurses. Member of Council on Hospital Administration, China Medical Association ... 351 Heeren, J. J., M.A., B.D., Ph.D. (1911) Some Historical Points Concerning the So-Called 'Unequal Treaties.' American Presbyterian...”
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“...Association for the Advancement of Education. Chinese Independent Church. Sometime Commissioner of Education of Honan. Sometime Dean of Nankai University, Tientsin. Director of Research of the National Association for the Advancement of Education. 281 Lobsnstine, Rev. E. C. (1898) Christianity in the Treaties Between China and Other Nations. The Relation of Mission and Church. American Presbyterian, North. Secretary of the National Christian Council, Shanghai ... ... 51, 178 MacNafr, Harley Farnsworth, Pb.D. (1912) The Protestant Christian Movement and Political Events. Critical Moments in the History of Christianity in China. American Church Mission. Professor of History and Government, St. John's University, Shanghai ...... 1, 196 Maxwell, James L., -M.D., B.S. (London' University) (1901) Medical Missions 1925 and After. English Presbyterian. Secretary, China Medical Asso- ciation. Editor, China Medical Journal ... ... ... 339 Miao, C. S., A.B., M.A., Ph.D., B.D. Experiments in Religious Education...”
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“...Presbyterian, North. Co-Dean, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Nanking, and Co-Director of Agricultural Experimental Stations. 308, 315 Roots, Bishop Logan H., M.X., D.D, (1896) The Changing Function of the Missionary. American Church Mission. Bishop, Hankow District. Hon. Secretary, National Christian Council ...... 162 Shen, T. L., B.S. Evangelistic Work in Colleges and Universities. Allen Memorial Church, Shanghai. Student Secretary, National Committee, Y.M.C.A. of China.......... 274 Shen, J;"Wesley, B.D; New Trends in Literature. Methodist, South. Acting General Secretary, National Christian Literature Society ... ............ 370 Stuart; Warren H.,; B.A,, M.A., B.D;, D.D. (1907) Tendencies in Mission Policy as Shown in Mission Reports of 1925. American Presbyterian, North. Professor of Old Testa- ment, Nanking Theological Seminary, Nanking ...... 154 Stuckey, E. J., O.B.E., B.Sc., M.B., B.S. (1905) Missionary Work as Seen at the Institute of .Pacific Relations. London ...”
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“...world. It indicates perhaps a more careful weighing of the Christian Message, which in turn promises a greater depth of conviction when that Message is finally accepted. Educational work has felt more than any Educational other tyPe of Christian work in China the Work present waves of criticism and nationalism. This is perhaps due to the facts that schools are an important opinion-forming factor, that the Chinese are more vitally interested in education than in religion as such and that in the mission schools extra-national influences are felt in essentially extra- nationalistic and contrasting types of education. Further- more, the students have been the main strength of the nationalistic movement in China. The churches, on the other hand, are much less under foreign control than the schools. For a while after the agitations of 1925 it looked as though Christian schools would suffer tremendously. Actually the number of students in...”
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“...Christian religion to secure spiritual unity into a bad light. When Christianity was judged mainly by local groups with regard to local activities this was not such an important matter. But how that Christianity is being viewed as a whole and in terms of a national movement it is. How far then do Christians in China move together? How far have they been able to carry on Christian fellowship as apart from ecclesiastical and theological unity ? . The recent Withdrawal of the Chinai Inland Christian Mission from the National Christian Council Council bas drawn attention to that body. It is evident that the National Christian Council cannot in the divided state of the theological Christian...”
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“...particular direction. And as regards cooperation in thought. and service, while much is being done, there is no objective that is serving to coordinate the Christian forces nationally. All this emphasizes the point already made that the Christian forces in China lack an adequate objective when looked at as a whole. It is a necessary aspect of this period of transition. As to the relation of the mission and the Church*and chlirch the same thing is true. The convic- tion is gaining ground that the mission should be absorbed into the Church in some way. In some cases this has been done. But in most cases the mission is still an entity to be reckoned with and in some cases is apparently looked on as an organization Avhich is to run indefinitely parallel to the Chinese Church, In a few cases...”
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“...XXviii CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT Chinese Christian groups, with the approval of the mission- aries, are making their own appeal for aid direct to the boards at home. While it is assumed by most missionaries that the mission will pass out of existence, the time when that contingency will eventuate is for many still very remote and there is no one dominating plan whereby it might be realized. In general, however, the missions are endeavoring to become China-centric. There is a tendency for the deciding voice of Christian work in China to pass into the hands of Christian workers in China. The relation of the missionary to the Mbs^nar Chinese Church and Christian work in China is a very complex one. To some extent he shares in the criticism aimed at things foreign in general. There are tendencies to a cleavage in thinking between him and Chinese Christians. To this reference will be made again later. I am sometimes told that there is in some places a wide gulf between Chinese Christians...”
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“...Chinese hands. That would release considerable missionary energy. Whether in view of these changes a lesser or greater number of missionaries will be needed is an unsettled question. Certainly it seems as though missionaries will still be called on for special and expert assistance. General work will tend to pass out of their hands. There is, however, frequent reference both by Chinese and missionaries to the need for missionaries in pioneering effort of all kinds. One would anticipate that home mission work on the part of the Chinese Church would help meet this need to a considerable extent. Perhaps the chief thing about the relation of the missionary to the Chinese Church is that, while he is undoubtedly still wanted, his function is not at present clearly defined. If Christianity in China is to become internationaly minded and not a nationalistic movement there will need to be a permanent interchange of Christian experience between the East and the West. From this viewpoint the missionary...”
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“...XXviii CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT situation. Even in the case of the mission schools, where the Chinese desire for autonomy has been most in evidence, there are very few instances where the Chinese have forced the situation beyond a considerate discussion of the issues involved. Even in objecting to what is taken to be "compulsion" as regards religious education there has been little effort to use any other pressure than that of public opinion. And yet there are the beginnings of cleavage between missionaries and Chinese Christians in thinking and attitudes along several lines. By the 44 beginnings of cleavage in thought and attitude I mean a tendency for the majority of the articulated Chinese Christians to move in a different direction from certain tendencies among the missionaries. The points where such cleavage is indicated need perhaps be listed only. (1) The Chinese Christian mind tends away from theological controversy. This does not mean that there is no difference of...”
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“...XXviii CHARACTERISTICS OF CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT largely. (2) Governmentmodern. (3) Mission. On the highest estimates available about 13.5% of the school population were in these schools and hence getting some sort of education. Professor Twiss makes the proportion of the school population actually acquiring some education about the same as this, though his basic figures vary from those given above. Now if it be assumed that on an average each teacher would have fifty pupils (Professor Twiss makes it twenty-five!) there is needed something like two million teachers. To start a program that means an improved educational system, that will eventuate in this army of teachers and will help build up an educated public opinion and train the ChiQese in citizenship, has more significance for China at present than movements for the reform of the government. The urgency of con- centrated attention on this need is seen in the fact that in China only about 3.3% of the total population is getting an education...”
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“...s is the rapid momentum now being attained by devolution. By "de- volution I understand the passing over of Christian work to Chinese leadership. This devolution, of course, is appaiMission" Year i'Rook there was only one Chinese writer. In this issue Nearly fifty percent of the articles are contributed by Chinese-Christians. This growing expression and influence of the (-Jhinese Christian mind is the most marked evidence of the iapid acceleration of devolution now going on. In South China, particularly in Canton and Swatow (among the-Baptists), the Chinese Christian mind has become the dominating factor. The necessary readjustments by the...”
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“...4 CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT AND NATtONAL AEtfAlftS cannot at present be stated, but it would seem as if such a movement must result in considerable good. From Kweichow, Kwangtung and West China reports came of trouble made for British mission institutions, schools and churches, with a falling off of attendance due largely to fear. In general it is clear that work in urban areas has suffered considerably more than that in rural districts. Feeling *eyu aware any anti-foreign or Unorganized anti-Christian feeling in your district? There is clearly a kinship between questions One and Two, nevertheless the replies showed that they are by no means identical. In any consideration of the terms anti-foreign, anti-Christian, Bolshevistic and Soviet, it must be clearly borne in mind that there has been a regrettable tendency on the part of many to confuse terms. Whether a Chinese is 44 anti-foreign "or 44 anti-Christian " or 44 Bolshevist or 44 strongly nationalist or 14 patriotic " has to do very largely...”
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“...Students in Christian Schools. Christian School Students! Leave those schools where you suffer!" , From Yenchow in Shantung came a remark Church:Feelin ^at the people were quite too busy saving their goods and their lives from the military to have time for anti-foreign feelings. An educator in Nan- king replied: Not so much anti-foreign as anti-missionary and not so much anti-missionary as anti-Christian-Church. There is a feeling abroad that missionaries and the mission churches are in league with western imperialism and that mission schools are hindering the progress of nationalism and nationalistic education." And another educator in the same city added that there was more such feeling " than has been noticeable any time in the past twenty years." Another report from the same city says: 4 4 Anti-Christian feeling seems to exist chiefly in the...”
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“...exerted by Bolshevists, in Nanchang and in other centres. The same is felt in various Christian centres in Szechwan. A letter dated December 29, from Nanking, has this to say : "A few days ago there was an anti-Christian parade in Nanking. The slogans were anti-church, anti-mission- school, and pro-China, but nothing different from what we might expect in America if foreigners were in positions of leadership in churches and schools. Another report from the same city adds: "A Nanking University student reports that before Christmas their funds were getting low, so they had to stage a demonstration in order to get a re- mittance of Moscow funds through Shanghai headquarters. They put up posters denouncing imperialism, mission schools, etc., paraded, speechified, and tore down Christmas decorations in places." From Yangchow in Kiangsu it is reported that 4 4 there has been persecution of the Christian students in government institutions, but I should not attribute it to any Russian influence."...”
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“... or even the semblance of one, and any courts or even the sem- blance of courts, my work would probably be little affected by a change in these treaty rights. As things are, and seem likely to remain indefinitely, I think that it is likely that if our treaty rights are taken away, it will not be long until we shall be subjected to a great deal of annoyance from the powerful scoundrels and blackmailers who prey on the Chinese in one way or another .... I think that a mission hospital would be in constant trouble and mission doctors in a good deal of danger from scoundrels who would stir up people to prosecute the doctors whenever operative cases did not turn out well. . I do not believe that the Chinese Christians want to turn us over and subject us to this sort of thing. They all know how rotten their society is, and I cannot imagine that they would be so ungenerous, even if I had not seen evidence that they really do not want the treaties revised." Somewhat different in tone from the Wusih...”
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“...28 missionaries and special privilege up of extra-territoriality, a missionary should find himself falsely accused of an offence, his right of appeal to his consul for protection against injustice would still remain. (b) He can build residences or mission institutions in' the Concessions, thereby escaping Chinese taxation or Chinese control. (c) He can purchase certain foreign goods more cheaply in China than in his own country, by virtue of the low fixed tariff. (d) In times of danger he can flee to a foreign gunboat, if he so desire, or to a guarded legation. 3. Special privileges peculiar to missionaries and not shared by their non-missionary felloiv-nationals. This group of special privileges includes those granted under the so-called 44 Toleration Articles" appearing in certain treaties, the most explicit of which is the Treaty of 1903 between China and the United States. They may be summarised as follows: (a) The right of travel and residence in the interior, away from the Open Ports...”