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“...THE CHINA CHRISTIAN YEAR BOOK 1928 (FIFTEENTH ISSUE OF THE CHINA 44 MISSION" YEAR BOOK) Issued under arrangement between the Christian Literature Society for China and the National Christian Council of China under the Direction of the following Editorial Board appointed by the National Christian Council Rev. K. T. Chung Miss L. K* Haass Rev* A. R* Kepler Dr. John Y. Lee Mrs. Herman Liu Rev. E. C. Lobenstine Dr. D. MacGillvray Rev. Edwin Marx Dr. J. L. Maxwell Mr. Plummer Mills Rev. Frank R. Millican Rev. C. E. Patton Dr. Frank Rawlinson Mr. J. H. Reisner Rev. Stanley Smith Miss Helen Thoburn Mr. H. C. Tsao Rev. Z. K. Zia EDITOR ;Rev. Frank Rawlinson^ D. D* Editor, Chinese Recorder. SHANGHAI CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY J928...”
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“...impossible of fulfilment. It is, therefore, two years since this Year Book appeared. In general these two years have created as momentous issues for the Christian Movement in China as it ever met in any other period of its modern existence therein. This a reading of the articles will make clear. This Year Book has very few statistics. They are in general unobtainable. It contains, however, considerable history, some of which runs back as far as 1900; some of its contents are made up of impressions, opinions and discussions. It is, therefore, primarily historical, to some extent psychological but only casually statistical. To those who might feel that varying opinions occupy too much space in a volume of this nature we can only say that such opinions are a prominent aspect of the situation in which Christianity in China now finds itself. An awakened state of mind is the chief feature of both its enviroment and its own inner life. Being an actual part of this situation the many facets of this...”
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“...and material strength. They prove that Christianity has become a challenge to China. The articles in this volume record also considerable criticism of Christian methods and institutions. This criticism must be measured. Furthermore the articles indicate very little consensus of opinion on any aspect of Christianity in China and suggest very few if any general solutions to its present problems. Yet three general emphases characterize most of the articles. In the first place, they show that the old ideals and methods of carrying on Christian work in China have broken up as a result of the Revolu- tion which has now extended over a generation. In the second place, they reveal and urge experimentation in almost all aspects of Christian life and work in China. In the third place, most of the writers are trying to help find the principles of reconstruction demanded by the new political era and the emergence of a China- centric Church. This volume should, therefore, be of special help to that group...”
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“...preface v national standards and even within the same article presented too many opportunities for failure in achieving uniformity. But perhaps these variations in the use of capitals and spelling serve to indicate that Christians in China have not yet achieved an inter- national etymological mind. The Editor has done the best he could. He has not felt like trying to work out an international set of rules that might guide the original writers. Something like that is needed, however. For all typographical errors which have escaped correction in spite of many readings of the proof, he craves indulgent sympathy. These errors are listed in the Errata, so far as detected, at the end of the volume. Shanghai, China. September 20, 1928....”
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“...CONTENTS Page PREFACE iii CONTENTS v CONTRIBUTORS ix INTRODUCTIONRECONSTRUCTIVE CRISES EDITOR 1 PART L NATIONAL LIFE Chapter I. Political Events of 1927 and Their Effect on The Christian Church ......H. T. Hodgkin ti II. Some Chinese Constructive Enterprises Chang Fu Liang 22 III. Status of Women in Modern China Eleanor M. Hinder o4 PART IL RELIGIOUS THOUGHT IV. Current Eeligious Thought............C. S. Miao 41 V. Religious Liberty in China............T. L. Shen 47 PART in. CHURCH LIFE VI. Losses and Gains of the Church in 1927 Edwin Marx <50 VII. National Christian Council in 1927 Henry T. Hodgkin VIII. Movements for Christian Unity...A.E.Kepler 73 IX. Some Aspects of Evangelism ...............Editor 90 X. Christian Literacy and Bible Eeading Carleton Lacy 99 PART IV. MISSIONS AND MISSIONARIES XI. The Events of 1927 and the British Churches Harold Balme 105...”
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“...CONTENTS vii Page XII. Effects of 1927 on Work of Missionaries L. H. Roots 111 XIII. Recent'Evaluations of Mission Work C. E. Patton 120 XIV. Relations of the Younger and Older Churches ..............................C. E. Patton 134 XY. The Evacuation and Return of Missionaries C, L. Boynton 155 XVI. Location of Missionaries .........C. L. Boynton 1G0 XVII. Work of Catholic Christianity in China G. B. O'Toole 163 PART V. EDUCATION AND STUDENTS XVIII. The Nationalist Movement and Christian Education.................................H. C. Tsao 172 XIX. Education Under the Nationalist Govern- ment....................................Sidney K. Wei 195 XX. Present Outlook for Religious Education Frank W. Price 207 XXI. Theological Training in 1927 ......Djang Fang 217 XXII. The Revolution and Student Thought Y. T. Wu 223 XXIII. The Village Education Movement Chishin (W. T.) Tao 235 PART VI. SOCIAL LIFE XXIV. Labor and Revolution ...............Gideon Chen 248 XXV. Peasant Movements..............”
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“...Hospitals and Research Work James L. Maxwell 345 PART VIII. LITERATURE XXXII. Religious Tract Societies in 1927 George A. Clayton 351 XXXIII. Best Books in Chinese .....................Z. K. Zia 364 XXXIV. Christian Periodicals in Chinese ...K. L. Pao 372 XXXV. Best Books in English on China...J. B. Powell 376 XXXVI. National Christian Literature Association J. Wesley Shen 383 XXXVII. Urgent Needs in Christian Literature A. J. Gamier 392 PART IX. APPENDICES A. Principal Events, 1925-28 Dr. D. MacGillivray 402 B. Doctrinal Basis of Union and Constitution of Church of Christ in China ........................... 405 C. Educational Regulations.........L. E. Willmott 413 D. Bibliography of English Books on China J. B. Powell and Frank Rawlinson 424...”
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“...National Christian Council ......... 22 Chen, Gideon, B.A, Labor and Revolution, XXIV. Church of Christ in China. Industrial Secretary, National Christian Council..................... 248 Clayton, George A., (1895) Religious Tract Societies in 1927, XXXII. Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society. General Secre- tary, Religious Tract Society for China, Hankow...... 351 Dal, Bingham, B.A*, Anti-Opium Campaign, XXVII. Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui. Secretary National Anti- Opium Association .................. 296 Djang, Y* S*, B,A*, Scientific Disaster Relief, XXVI. Acting Executive Secretary, China International Famine Relief Commission; Chief Secretary, Red Cross Society of China ........................ 283...”
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“...for Chris- tian Unity, VIII. American Presbyterian (North). General Secretary, General Council of the Church of Christ in China ... 73 Lacy, CarJeton, B.A, A.M., S.T.B., D.D., (1914) Christian Literacy and Bible Reading, X. Methodist Episcopal (North). General Secretary, Ameri- can Bible Society in China ............... 99 Marx, Edwin, A.B., B.D., (1918) Losses and Gains of the Church in 1927, VI. Secretary and Treasurer of China Mission, United Christian Missionary Society............... 60 Maxwell, James L, M.D., (1901) Mission Hospitals and Research Work, XXXI. English Presbyterian. Secretary, China Medical As- sociation; Editor, China Medical Journal; Medical Advisor to Mission to Lepers............... 345 MacGillivray, D** D.D., (1888) Principal Events, 1925-28, Appendix A. United Church of Canada. General Secretary, Christian Literature Society, Shanghai................ 402...”
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“...Education, China Christian Educational Association ............ 41 Miller, Miss Iva M., M.D., C*P.H*, (1909) Public Health Work, XXX. Women's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Church. Acting Director, Council of Health Education 327 O'Toole, Very Rev. G.B Ph.D., S.T.D., (1920) Work of Catholic Christianity in China, XVII. Rector of The Catholic University, Peking, China. Captain (Chaplain) U. S. R., Consultor of the Chinese Government Bureau of Publication and Translation ... 163 Pao, K.L, Christian Periodicals in Chinese, XXXIV. Church of Christ in China. Member of the staff of the Christian Literature Society, Shanghai ......... 372 Patton, Charles E B.A., M. A., (1899) Recent Evaluation of Mission Work, XIII; Relations of the Younger and Older Churches, XIV. Presbyterian Church (North). Vice-Chairman and Secre- tary of the China Council of the Presbyterian Mission 120,134 Powell, John B., (1917) Best books in English on China, XXXV; Bibliography of Books in English on China, Appendix...”
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“...Col- lege, Kwangtung University and Wuchang Chungshan University......................... 195 Willmott, L.E., B.A., Sc., (1921) Educational Regulations, Appendix C. United Church of Canada. Secretary, China Christian Educational Association. ............... 413 Wu, Y. T., M.A., The Revolution and Student Thought, XXII. Congregational Church. Student Secretary, National Committee of Y.M.C.As. in China............. 223 Zia, Z. K., M.A., Best Books in Chinese, XXXIII. Church of Christ in China. Member of the staff of the Christian Literature Society, Shanghai.......... 364...”
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“...were written two events have taken place which set new standards for both the people of China and the Christian Movement therein. These are (1) the Jerusalem Meeting and, (2) the, at least tacit, recognition of Nationalist authority. Both the Revolution and Christianity Crisis26 an now ^ace varius crises and challenges. Christianity has been attacked, often with virulence. This has proved, however, that Christianity now has a permanent foothold in China. The Nation New Ideals China has been going through a revolution- ary struggle for about a generation. For the first time in this generation of struggle those principles originally outlined by Sun Yat Sen have the right of way. They are accompanied by two major desires. First, China^ is seeking to utilize western values and methods in her own rehabilitation. Second, the Revolution has created a new awareness of China's own ancient values. New Authority China now is in the hands of a new leader- ship. With rare exceptions its viewpoint is the...”
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“...reconstructive program. The problem now facing the nation and the Church is that of applying reconstructive ideals on a community-and nation-wide scale. The Christian Movement o tst d' c^an£es taking place in the Christian Changes ^ Movement have not been created solely by the Chinese Revolution though its influence has been the chief accelerating factor therein. The chief ^fruit of this Revolutionary acceleration is the vitalization of the Chinese Christian mind. . , The number of missionaries in China has Missionaries . , , ,T7. , , considerably decreased. Widespread evacua- tion took place primarily in connection with the Com- munist attack upon foreigners in Nanking and was due either to expediency, diplomatic pressure or Chinese Christian advice. It was not due to unfriendly feeling towards them on the part of Chinese Christians or a nation- wide desire to be rid of them* Two changes of attitude are worth noting, Attittfde miss^onar^es> in the first place, have registered a desire to be...”
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“...as to the type of service missionaries should render to the Chinese Church and China. The Church Change is also evident in the Chinese Church. Negatively its numerical strength has decreased. For this two reasons are given. First, many Chinese Christians could not stand the strain of persecution and criticism. Second, the attacks upon the Church have pruned off many of those interested only in its temporal advantages. The Revolution has, therefore, served to purify the Church. The persecution, criticism and revolutionary strain of recent years have, furthermore, brought to many Chinese Christians a new. and vital religious experience. A deeper feeling of responsibility has also developed. The urge to self-support has gone up though Chinese Christian economic strength has gone down. There is also a rising Chinese Christian determination to understand Christianity better. In these we have the beginning of a China-centric Christian passion and purpose. Recent events have also stimulated the...”
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“...admitted. In addition the relation of the mission and the missionary to the Chinese Church and Christian institutions in China is being reorganized, though plans and progress in this regard vary with different groups and localities. Jerusalem has not, any more than recent Nationalist reconstructive programs, introduced many, if any, new activities to the Christian Movement in China. But both have pushed Christian reconstruction forward. , f The first stage of China's revolutionary Crbes"* transition, both within the nation and the Church, has passed. For both the way is more open than ever before for reconstruction. In neither case is the task finished. A psychological conflict is in evidence. In the nation nationalist aspirations are "striv- ing against extra-national influences. Within the Church there is some uncertainty as to the relation of the developing China-centric Chinese Church to international Christianity. This transitional situation involves crises for both the nation and...”
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“...5 RECONSTRUCTIVE CRISES The Church faces many and intricate crises. Influence ^ has won to exist in China. It faces a new and tremendous opportunity. But will it, learn how to wield influence in China's national and social as well on her religious life? Or will the Church slip into the position of being just one of the systems extant in China with an influence small in proportion ? What also will the Church do about its Religious new awareness 0f religious liberty and the er widespread challenge thereto? This crisis heads up in the Christian school, though it affects, and must be solved in and by, the Church also. The Recent National Educational Conference apparently accepted the gist of earlier regulations as bearing upon private schools. The issue confronting religious education, therefore, still exists. Another crisis arises in the relation of Vitalit continued western economic cooperation with the Chinese Church to the spiritual vitality of that Church. The Chinese Church cannot lay...”
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“...NATIONAL LIFE CHAPTER I EVENTS IN CHINA DURING 1927 AND THEIR EFFECT ON THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH* H. T. Hodgkin The year nineteen hundred and twenty- Movement seven dawned with the nationalist movement in China at the height of its power. The government recently established in the Wuhan center was recognized by forward-looking Chinese as the best expres- sion up to date, of the ideals of the republic for which Dr. Sun and the Kuomintang had been contending for many years. The spectacular advance through Hunan to the Yangtze Valley and into Hupeh and Kiangsi, where the nationalist forces had met with one success after another, seemed to give an assurance that at last the Republic would become something more than a name and the regime of the Tuchuns come to an end. Preparations were being made for further advances and there was a general expectation that the campaign begun so brilliantly would in a reasonably short space of time be carried through to North China and bring all the eighteen provinces...”
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“...the campaign, that when the time came, China would easily be able to work out her own economic and political methods and discard what she did not want. While in a military sense the position of the northern generals under the leadership of Chang Tso-lin was fairly secure, there was a quite general feeling that this position could not long be maintained in the face of the rising tide of nationalism and that a clash between the enthusiastic Nationalist forces and the soldiers of the north could only have one result. As has been the case in the development of As^ctTof so many nationalist movements in the world, Nationalism the period of intense patriotism was also one of violent opposition to other nations. The designs of western peoples were under a constant fire of criticism, all actions were construed as parts of a deliberate imperialistic policy, cartoons, slogans and speeches com- bined in their exposure and exaggeration of the evils under which China had suffered from these Powers, and...”
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“...8 NATIONAL LIFE AND THE CHURCH enthusiasm. Few seemed to realize that this anti-foreign movement was bound, sooner or later, to be followed by a reaction and that the unification of China needed a stronger motive than that supplied by the criticism or dislike of other nations. The very varied elements in the nationalist movement still lacked real cohesion. Nevertheless, the cry of 11 One party until the revolution is completed!" was, in the beginning of 1927, generally recognized as binding on the various elements, and anyone who suggested that the time had come for attempting to clear up these radical differences was regarded as little short of a traitor to the national cause. Hankow January> 1927, therefore, the stage seemed set for the rapid realization of the hopes with which Young China had been buoyed up during the fifteen years of chaos, disappointment and tyranny following the proclamation of the Republic. Within a few days, however, an incident had taken place which already showed...”
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“...9 NATIONAL LIFE AND THE CHURCH Within the Nationalist Party, however, the Nationalist group that favored negotiations and believed that China had more to gain by patience than by the use of mob violence or economic pressure, realized that a serious blow had been struck not only to China's standing among the nations, but also to the unity of the nationalist movement itself. In less than three months the forces of the South had moved down the Yangtze river, occupying the provinces of Anhwei and Chekiang and parts of Kiangsu and threatening Nanking and Shanghai. The incidents connected with the fall of the former city must be regarded as the final attempt of the forces of the left to discredit the moderate leaders, and more particularly, Chiang Kai-shek. If the Hankow incident was a first indication in a public way of the impossibility of reconciling these elements, the Nanking incident on the 24th of March was the last desperate attempt to maintain the ascendancy of the left wing in the...”