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“...THE CHINA CHRISTIAN YEAR BOOK 1928 (FIFTEENTH ISSUE OF THE CHINA 44 MISSION" YEAR BOOK) Issued under arrangement between the Christian Literature Society for China and the National Christian Council of China under the Direction of the following Editorial Board appointed by the National Christian Council Rev. K. T. Chung Miss L. K* Haass Rev* A. R* Kepler Dr. John Y. Lee Mrs. Herman Liu Rev. E. C. Lobenstine Dr. D. MacGillvray Rev. Edwin Marx Dr. J. L. Maxwell Mr. Plummer Mills Rev. Frank R. Millican Rev. C. E. Patton Dr. Frank Rawlinson Mr. J. H. Reisner Rev. Stanley Smith Miss Helen Thoburn Mr. H. C. Tsao Rev. Z. K. Zia EDITOR ;Rev. Frank Rawlinson^ D. D* Editor, Chinese Recorder. SHANGHAI CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY J928...”
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“...PREFACE LANS were started for issuing this Christian Year Book in 1927. But various untoward events and the evacuation of missionaries made them impossible of fulfilment. It is, therefore, two years since this Year Book appeared. In general these two years have created as momentous issues for the Christian Movement in China as it ever met in any other period of its modern existence therein. This a reading of the articles will make clear. This Year Book has very few statistics. They are in general unobtainable. It contains, however, considerable history, some of which runs back as far as 1900; some of its contents are made up of impressions, opinions and discussions. It is, therefore, primarily historical, to some extent psychological but only casually statistical. To those who might feel that varying opinions occupy too much space in a volume of this nature we can only say that such opinions are a prominent aspect of the situation in which Christianity in China now finds itself. An awakened...”
3 Page xi

“...Price, Frank W., B.D., M.A*, (1923) Present Outlook for Religious Education, XX. Presbyterian Church (South). Formerly Professor of Religious Education in Nanking Theological Seminary; now Director of Religious Education, and College Pastor, Hangchow Christian College.........* ...... 207 Rawlinson, Frank, M.A., D.D., (1902) Introduction, Recon- structive Crises; Some Aspects of EvangelismIX; Books in English on Religion in China, Part V, Appendix D. American Board. Editor of China Christian Year Book and Chinese Recorder................ 1, 90, 433 Roots, Right Rev. Logan H., M.A., D.D (1896) Effects of 1927 on Work of Missionaries, XII. Chung Hua Sheng Kung Hui. Bishop of Hankow Diocese. Formerly Chairman of the China Continuation Committee. Honorary Secretary, National Christian...”
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“...RECONSTRUCTIVE CRISES INTRODUCTION Editor Two Events Since the articles published in this Year Book were written two events have taken place which set new standards for both the people of China and the Christian Movement therein. These are (1) the Jerusalem Meeting and, (2) the, at least tacit, recognition of Nationalist authority. Both the Revolution and Christianity Crisis26 an now ^ace varius crises and challenges. Christianity has been attacked, often with virulence. This has proved, however, that Christianity now has a permanent foothold in China. The Nation New Ideals China has been going through a revolution- ary struggle for about a generation. For the first time in this generation of struggle those principles originally outlined by Sun Yat Sen have the right of way. They are accompanied by two major desires. First, China^ is seeking to utilize western values and methods in her own rehabilitation. Second, the Revolution has created a new awareness of China's own ancient values....”
5 Page 81

“...Hui. In 1917, a large number of Lutheran bodies completed the organization of the Chung Hwa Hsin I Hui. Mention has already been made of the Presbyterian Churches, which organized a Federal Union in 1901, and which immerged as the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in China in April, 1918. During the decade following the Centenary Conference,- the outstanding feature of the Christian Movement in China was this trend toward the achievement of Christian unity. The Editor of the 1917 Year Book remarked: "The progress made in cooperation and rogress union is probably the most significant single development of the missionary movement in China in recent years. Before 1900 while the missionary societies were working in most cordial relations with one another and met from time to time in conference to discuss questions of common interest, and while they even joined in occasional Christian movements, such united efforts were comparatively infrequent.'7 In 1910 the union cooperative enterprises...”
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“...102 CHRISTIAN LITERACY AND BIBLE READING has now disappeared and it is doubtful if sufficient Foo- chow Romanized type now exists to set up a moderate sized book. In Amoy dialect regions (especially in Formosa) a demand for Romanized scriptures persists, but the number of orders is somewhat limited. Ningpo Romanized can hardly be said to flourish. In short the church, without definitely abandoning the effort to reduce illiteracy, is not pushing it with any vigor whatsoever. Phonetic Script Seven years ago the Phonetic Script was hailed with enthusiasm as the hope of securing a Bible-reading church. The entire New Testa- ment and Old Testament books were published. The special committee organized for the promotion of this national script expended a considerable budget, brought out many publications, encouraged the organization of successful study classes, and gave every promise of making at least a dent in the wall of Christian ignorance in letters. To declare the phonetic movement as dead...”
7 Page 104

“...has taken place in the months since these statistics were gathered; for on the one hand there has been a serious loss in church member- ship in China, which loss is probably far heavier among those who were not regular Bible students than among the more educated and warm-hearted; and on the other hand the Million Testaments for China Campaign has placed some 700,000 New Testaments in the hands of persons who, presumably, have indicated their desire or intention to become regular readers of the book. Before these surveys were made the hope Worship been expressed that it might be found that many illiterate Christians might have daily access to the Bible through family worship and the literacy of some other member of the family. The surveys furnished little support for that hope. Of 1190 members, 175 reported family worship; and of 3299 members, 409 had family worship. That is about 13%. Recent confer- ences on religious education and Christian nurture have emphasized the need for more attention...”
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“...ordered to close. (3) Faculty and students should be treated equally whether Christian or non-Christian. The Attitude of the Narrow Nationalists : The Narrow Nationalists have been the Svaslon strongest supporters of the movement for "Regaining Educational Rights." They created the term "Cultural Invasion." Their official organ was a weekly called, "Awakening Lion," but they also utilised the Young China Monthly of the Young China Society and the Chung Hwa Educational Magazine of the Chung Hwa Book Company, both organizations being among their sympathisers. They organized in order to dominate the provincial educational associations of certain provinces and the National Association for the Advancement of Education. The annual conference of the National Association for the Advancement of Education...”
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“...been officially adopted Sa" 1 as the basis of education by the Nationalist and Christian . _ r _ . Schools Government, and as a required course m the curricula of every grade of schools. Mr. Frank W, Price made a study of the problem of whether and how to teach San Min Chu I in Christian schools. His conclusions merit inclusion here. ''(1) The material in San Min Chu I is related to many courses, particularly that of the social sciences. "(2) San Min Chu I is not in text book form and is difficult to teach as a text book. But it can be made a starting point or stimulus for innumerable topics of study and discussion....”
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“...190 nationalist movement and christian education "(3) San Min Chu I may be studied as infallible propaganda or as an ordinary source book, with open and critical mind. Where the scientific spirit of modern education prevails, the latter method would have to be used. "(4) San Min Chu I will always be a historic docu- ment, but much more is being and will be written upon the problems it raises. Many of its theories will be modified as they are tested. The book will not be a permanent text in Chinese schools. book will gain and not lose by having its weak points as well as its strong points frankly recognized. 4'(6) Christianity is in full sympathy with the three great principles of nationalism, democracy and social welfare. Christianity can help to purify them of wrong associations and methods and fill them with richer meaning. "(7) A thoughtful, skillful teacher should be able to make San Min Chu I not only a stimulus and challenge to Chinese youth but also the basis of a course...”
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“...ion caused by the present Revolutionthese and other things will continue to serve as a fertile breeding ground for radical propaganda and will be available until China is put on a sound political and economic basis. Nevertheless Chinese youth have enriched their experience by having trodden on another proposed "Road to Freedom" and have become, at least partially, convinced that they have to look elsewhere for the salvation of China. III. Science and National Reconstruction Two Needs a recen^ book entitled "The Road of the Youth" written by Mr. Tai Chi-tao, one of the leading thinkers in the Kuomintang, two things were designated to which Mr. Tai thinks special attention should be paid by the students of China. The first is science: the second, morality. These two subjects represent two phases of the question of national reconstruction which must dominate the thinking of present-day students. Need for Order Nothing seems more urgent at present than putting the country in order after the...”
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“... more for its intellectual value as a liberator from traditional and superstitious thinking than for its practical value as a tool for material betterment* It is this latter aspect of science that is again being brought to the forefront. In fact as early as the time of the Manchu Dynasty, the old reformer K'ang Yu-wei wrote a book on this subject urging the importance of material reform; and now after twenty years of national travail, the need for applied science is brought into even bolder relief by the devastation caused by continuous fighting. Not only for internal development is the need for science apparent, but also for national defence. Mr. Tai in his book asked, in effect "What if China is drawn into a war with the western powers ten years from now? Where are our warships and ammunitions, our clothing materials and our food products, our hospitals and medicines, our railways and industrial organizations, to meet the momentous needs of modern gigantic warfare? " If the dire needs...”
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“...rationalistic or subjective. Today, the scientific view has distinctly come to the top: the materialistic interpretation of life has borderd on, and merged into materialism. IV. Seeking a New Philosophy of Life Racial Morals ^ na^ona' reconstruction were so simple that only the material side of life needed to be taken care of, then, all our problems would be solved; but that our problems cannot be solved in that way alone there is plenty of evidence to prove. It was on this that Mr. Tai in his book also referred to the importance of reviving our racial morals, a point that was strongly urged by Dr. Sun himself. Why is the need for morals again felt when Sconce^ the need for science speaks so loud? Let us look first at the political field. During the first few months the northern expedition went on very successfully; but immediately after the climax had been reached the selfish traits with which the northern militarists have been stamped reappeared under a different cloak in the Nationalist...”
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“...million people, live in the villages. To educate and modernize the Chinese villagers and their children is one of the most gigantic undertakings in the Far East. Village education in China is a mass phenomena that cannot escape the notice of any world- minded person. Whether it is for good or bad, it affects one-fifth of the world's population. The present schools actually found in Present Village Chinese villages can not meet the demands. Schools What they give to the children is nothing more than book knowledge. They make the farming population less productive. They make the rich, poor and the poor, poorer; the strong, weak and the weak, weaker. These schools belong to the past and are not serving the real needs of our farmers. The cry for change is heard from every part of the land. A new era is dawning. During the last few years, the National ment VC~ Association for the Advancement of Education has set itself to the task of evolving a type of education which will meet the needs of Chinese...”
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“...are run in the same way. The two persons sent to each village are expected to enter into friendship with genuine farmers so that when these courses are conducted there will be sympathetic response from them. These two representatives from the school to the village form the vital link between them. Self-Direction Fifth, there are the self-determining activi- ties. These are planned and selected by the students themselves. They consist, for the most part, of the personal aspects of school life. Book-Study outstanding characteristics of the school is that books are studied in the library. They are no longer studied in the class room. Students come to the supervisor only when they meet difficulties in the books. Further books are studied as references to the performance of life activities; they are no longer studied for their own sake. Costume Another characteristic is found in the fact that both supervisors and students appear in farmer's costume, with bare feet and straw shoes. The students...”
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“...ANTI-OPIUM CAMPAIGN 297 opium, foreign opium and narcotic drugs such as morphine, heroin and cocaine. To show just how this three-headed menace is ruining the lives of the people, we will give a brief review of the extent of the traffic in, and use of, each kind. Native Opium. Although there is not much evidence this year of compulsory cultivation under military duress," says Dr. W. H. Graham Aspland in The China Year Book, 1928, yet a great quantity of opium was grown in the year 1927, especially in such provinces as Szechwan, Yunnan, Kweichow, Fukien and Manchuria where the Nationalist Government has not assumed direct and efficient control. As a result the illicit traffic has grown to such an extent that the Government is forced to adopt a kind of monopoly, in spite of popular opposition. Judging from the number of licenses issued for registered addicts, the extent of addiction must be alarming. Statistics are still a new science in China; were adequate statistics available the scourge...”
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“...of the opium problem, made the following remark after years of personal study and observation: 44 Drug addiction cannot be regulated by national laws so long as the nations have not combined their political and moral convictions in a knock-out blow at the production of narcotic drugs." And he goes on, and offers a remedy: 4< The conscience of humanity needs to realize this more strongly than it does. In the Geneva Conferences it looked as though the consciences of some 'Christian' 1 China Year Book, 1928, page 539....”
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“...Indeed, these may be so insistently felt that early outcome of the convictions reached may be expected. Thus it is that, though the period of the last two years has been one of political and social upheaval in China, it has also been responsible for challenging group thinking, and certain experimental results are perhaps worthy of record, less for the tangible assessment therein that can be gauged than for the principles they involve for those concerned with these problems. Elsewhere in this Year Book is an analysis Labor and of the Labor Situation" of the period under Communism . . ^ review. The emergence of a labor movement, however incoherent in its peacetime organization, however little a conscious product of the workers themselves, is nevertheless a fact to be reckoned with by those whose concern it is to promote the fullest life of those who work. Perhaps more fundamental still for their consideration is the infiltration into public thinking of the communist concept. Not that it is the...”
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“...Programme of the Braille Literature Association The production and distribution of Christian literature for the blind will be the chief work of the Association and there are hopeful signs of growing interest and activity in this direction. A group of friends in England are showing the keenest interest in helping to prepare fresh literature in Mandarin Union Braille. Miss Branscombe has already completed the manuscript for the "Pilgrim's Progress," and through the kindness of Mr. Yoshimoto the book is to be printed in Japan, the work being done voluntarily by blind Japanese Christians. Hand-written copies of other books are also being prepared and it is hoped that a long-talked-of circulat- ing library may yet become a reality. The Rev. Walter Canner, Principal of the Hill Murray School for the Blind in Peking and Mr. G. B. Fryer of the Institution for Chinese Blind, Shanghai, now have machines for printing Braille, and hope to produce school text-books and other literature as required....”
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“...342 PUBLIC HEALTH WORK Pro ram* ma^ntain Central Headquarters and staff in Shanghai. 2. To carry out the Policy laid down by the parti- cipating organizations. 3. To produce materials and distribute them through our agents: A. For Literature: (1) Kwang Hsiieh Publishing Co. (2) Commercial Press. (3) Chung Hwa Book Co. B. For Films and Slides: (1) Association Press. 4. To establish Provincial Councils on Health Education supported locally but related to the Central Headquarters. 5. To act as a clearing house by co-ordinating the results obtained by health workers in all parts of China. 6. To make available nationally, experience gained locally. 7. To devise and promote the use of health literature and posters and make "Health" magazine popular. 8. To promote Health Centers for children. 9. To promote Annual Health Examinations for all. 10. To promote City Health Campaigns in co-opera- tion with local organizations and furnish leadership for them. 11. To make sanitary surveys of schools....”