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1 Page i

“...THE CHINA CHRISTIAN YEAR BOOK 1929 (Sixteenth issue of the China "Mission" Year Book) Issued under arrangement between the Christian Literature Society for China and the National Christian Council of China under the direction of the following Editorial Board appointed by the National Christian Council. Mr. E. E. Barnett Rev. Edwin Marx Rev. T. C. Brown Dr. J. L. Maxwell ' Rev. L. D. Cio Rev. F. R. Millican Miss M. Frame Mr. John Nipps Miss L. K. Haass Dr. Frank Rawlinson Dr. C. L. Hsia Rev. Stanley Smith Dr. Herman Liu Mr. H. C. Tsao Rev. E. C. LobenstineMiss K. Vaughn Dr. D. MacGillivray Rev. Z. K. Zia Editor Rev. Frank Rawlinson, D.D. Editor, Chinese Recorder. Shanghai i Christian Literature Society 1929. \...”
2 Page ii

“...ii preface It is somewhat more than a year since the last China Christian Year Book appeared. The present issue has been delayed by the extreme difficulty involved in laying upon busy people the task of writing for it. All the chapters in this volume are voluntarily contributed by those who have, of necessity, felt the task of writing them one of extra and mostly heavy pressure. This explains why the chapter on "Govern- ment Education, 1928-29," is found at the end of the volume instead, of in the section under "Education and Students," where it strictly belongs. The Editor and the Editorial Board wish, therefore, to express their sincere appreciation to all who have helped make up this annual. Without this free and willing help it would be impossible to issue it. Of necessity a considerable proportion of the material in this volume will be past history when it is read. This is due in part to the unavoidable delay in publication mentioned above, but in much larger part it is the result...”
3 Page iii

“...of China and the Church therein. That is as it should be! Some of these writers have done masterly research work in order to make their contribution to this Year Book: all of them have written out of a rich experience; a few of them make bold attempts to indicate roads to progress newer than* those already opened up. This volume reveals that Chinese leaders are delving deeply into the intricate problems challenging them. Such determined study is bound to result in the finding of worthwhile solutions thereto. This volume, furthermore, reveals no atti- tude of laisez-faire in those responsible for the future of the Nation and the Church. Quite the contrary! A determination to measure and master the problem of reconstructing China is their major driving force. Statistical information is somewhat more promin- ent in this issue of the Year Book than in the last. This, however, appears mainly in estimates of pro- jected economic reforms. In connection with present and actual situations it is much...”
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“...PART I NATIONAL LIFE CHAPTER I POLITICAL PROGRESS IN 1S28 Chengting T. Wang Eventful Years The annals of the Republic of China record two eventful years: one is 1911 in which the Manchu Dynasty was overthrown and a democratic form of government installed; the other is 1928, the year under review, in which the war-torn r.ation, hitherto divided in authority, was happily united under one flag and under the leadership of the Kuomintang, the political party which had been responsible for the establish- ment of the Republic in 1911. Tutelage and Reconstruction For China, the significance of 1928 is increased by the fact that it marks the beginning of the period of political tutelage and national reconstruction. Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic, divided the task of the Kuomintang into three parts with three corresponding periods: the military period, the tute- lage period and the constitutional period. To employ military force for the unification of the country under the hegemony...”
5 Page 2

“...foreign relations 15 triumphant conclusion. The task of national recon- struction can be said to have begun last summer, since when the Nationalist authorities have been seriously attempting to solve the problems of the nation by means of first, deliberation and, second, execution of the policies decided at various govern- mental conferences. Foreign Relations From the standpoint of foreign relations, the year under review is equally significant. It was certainly the year in which China accomplished most in putting herself upon a footing of equality with the other members in the family of nations. One can read with profound interest the Proclamation of January 5, 1912, issued by Dr. Sun Yat-sen as Provisional President of the Republic and countersigned by Dr. Wu Ting-fang as Minister for Foreign Affairs. To this document one can compare the Manifesto of the National Government of June 15, 1928, and the Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs on the following day supplementing the Manifesto...”
6 Page 3

“...be assisted by the Kwangsi forces from Hankow; and General Yen-Ksi-shan from Shansi. Wherever the Nationalist forces went, they were heralded by propaganda and popular enthusiasm, which, as subsequent events showed, became the ever victorious vanguard of the Nationalist army. Condition of Peiping The shadow of impending doom loomed large over Peiping. Months before the final stroke it became clear that the former capital had gone down before the propaganda of the Nationalists. At the China New Year, an abnormal number of shops went bank- rupt. Foreign firms gradually withdrew their agencies, which were running at great loss. Many of the Northern officers and still more civilians were secretly in sympathy with the cause of the Revolution. Manchuria Chang Tso-lin, the Manchurian autocrat in con- trol of Peiping, read the writing on the wall. At the end of January a proposal was made to Nanking for cooperation in seeking treaty revision. Early in Feb- ruary Mr. Edwards, Officiating Inspect...”
7 Page 22

“...her international relationships, to which this volume gives considerable space. It may fairly be said that political pressure is flowing from China outward upon the rest of the world rather than inward, as was the case two decades or so since. The attitude even of Shanghai is changing from that of pressure upon China to keep the Treaties in order to conserve its peculiar status, to a growing desire to set up some form of cooperative municipal control. New treaty-making has been the order of the year or two just past. Tariff autonomy has been achieved and the passing or modification of extraterritoriality is well above the horizon. It is sometimes claimed that these old treaties and the usages built up around them do not affect China's internal reform problem. One instance suffices to show that this is not always so. The National Government decided to abolish the "Tael" in June, 1929. It still remains! It now appears that this was partly due to objection to its elimination, by foreign bankers...”
8 Page 25

“...Christians. Perhaps the out- standing event during recent years in this regard is the promotion of this movement in the Paotingfu field of the Kung Li Hui (American Board), with marked success and favorable results for the Church as such. Second, the national anti-opium campaign relys for its dynamic, to no small extent, on Christians. The National Anti-Opium Suppression Commission, for instance has for its chairman and two of its members well-known Christian leaders. Third, with- in the last year or two a National Child Welfare...”
9 Page 26

“...FIVE-YEAR MOVEMENT 10c Movement has come to birth, which is sponsored mainly by Christians though not tied up to any particular Christian group. Fourth, there is a live Chinese Mission to Lepers, mainly sponsored by Christians, which is seeking to arouse Chinese sympathy with, and understanding and support of, work for this numerous and unfortunate class. Thus in extra-church efforts Christians are contributing to the life of China. Such efforts though they do little to build up church life as such are a proof that Christian- ity is taking its place as one of the rebuilding agencies in the emerging new China. Though Christianity still faces many unsolved difficulties in connection with its organizational and propagandic aspects it is nevertheless working its influence into modern China. Five Year Movement Christianity has, in short, passed from a defensive to an offensive attitude. This is the significance of the Five Year Movement which is the outstanding event of 1929, because it came...”
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“...10b CHRISTIAN PROGRAM insofar as the Church finds solutions to its own prob- lems, it will make a contribution to the communities in which it works. Three slogans, therefore, sum up the aim of this Five Year Movement as thus far revealed. (1) "Teach the Church."' (2) "Know the Church." (3) "Serve the Community." Put another way, the Five Year Movement is aiming at church welfare, home welfare and community welfare. All this provides the nucleus of a Christian program that will challenge the attention of China, show that Christianity proposes to help solve some of China's pressing problems and offer a field of service for youth, that will to a considerable extent gear into their desire to rebuild their nation. In any event, 1929 records the emergence of a new Christian pur- pose and effort in China. Outlook One may be either pessismistic or optimistic with regard to China and the Church therein according as one concentrates attention on the inevitable fluxes of the revolution affecting both...”
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“...down of old bonds will probably be accelerated as the years go on until the changes now desired by the awakened minority will sweep over the masses of China. Even the discontent of Chinese youth with organizational Christianity is a sign of progress in that it often arises in a wish for more vital religious experience. And even in the midst of chaos and disturbance the Church is showing signs of revival! Of course to attempt to forecast the future of either Nation or Church is risky. The Five Year Movement may, for instance, develop quite differently from the anticipations thereof as given above; and progress in China may at times ebb back to greater disturbances ere it flows steadily forward in an overcoming stream. Yet though the future of China and its Church is still vague we may confidently expect a new and richer one for both....”
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“...the leaders of the National Government seems to welcome foreign capital for the promotion of commerce and industry, when such financial assistance is extended on a purely business basis and with due respect for China's administrative integrity and territorial sovereignty. This policy implies that they will in no way countenance such terms as "the right of first option," national pref- erence in matters of purchasing and engineering services, /etc. Minister of Foreign Affairs In the course of the year under review, the port- folio of foreign affairs passed through three hands. On February 21 General Huang Fu succeeded Dr. C. C. Wu, but resigned on May 22 as a result of the Tsinan Incident. On June 15 the present writer succeeded General Huang as Foreign Minister,...”
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“...made their policy abundantly clear and have taken such practical steps as lay in theSri power to carry it into effect." France and Italy France and Italy followed suit and signed, on October 17, agreements respectively, for the settle- ment of the same Incident. The Joint Commissions provided for in these settlements have been dr1 stituted and some of them have already presented their reports. Tsinan Incident The Tsinan Incident of May 1928, is probably fresh in the minds of all readers of the Year Book- As a result thereof, the feelings between the people of China and Japan have been greatly strained. For- tunately the major differences involved in this Incident have recently been smoothed out. In the agreement of March 28, 1929, both governments deplored the unhappy incident and Japan agreed to withdraw her troops from Shantung within two months. A Sino- Japanese Joint Commission is to be set up for the investigation and adjudgment of the question of losses sustained by the nationals of...”
14 Page 62

“...of the present year a prac- tical programme for the enforcement of these two pro- jects and to be held responsible for the carrying out thereof. Salt Regulations II. That the present salt regulations be revised; the salt tax reduced; corruption in tax administration eliminated; the price of salt regulated; the Ministry of Finance to be similarly instructed and held responsible. Financial Administration III. That the financial administration of the country be thoroughly reformed; various govern- mental financial organizations reorganized; financial corruption uprooted; subordinate administrative officials trained and regulations governing the appointment of financial administrative officials en- acted; the State Council to be instructed to organize a technical committee to formulate within six months practical measures for the carrying out of these res- olutions and to be held responsible for the carrying out thereof. Accounting, Auditing: and Budget IV. That the fiscal year, accounting and...”
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“...60 TARIFF AUTONOMY budget for the 19th year of the Republic of China (1930) to be prepared and determined promptly. Recent Actions So far, I have endeavoured to outline the general policies and administrative schemes which the National Government has adopted with regard to its financial and economic reconstruction. We shall now note the more important actions of the Government in dealing with particular phases of the reconstruction pro- gramme. Recovery of Tariff Autonomy By far the most important step that has been taken is the declaration of Tariff Autonomy on December 7, 1928. It will be recalled that in the fall of 1927, an abortive attempt to recover Tariff Au- tonomy was made by the Nanking Government which announced on July 20 that, beginning September 1, 1927, the Government would put into force a pro- visional customs import tariff, ranging from 12. 5 % to 62.5%, simultaneously with the abolition of likin and other internal transit duties, in the six provinces of Kiangsu, Chekiang...”
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“...interim schedule which was proposed and provisionally agreed upon by the For- eign Delegates to the 1926 Tariff Conference. But according to the mandate of the State Council pro- mulgating it, the enforcement of the schedule is considered as the first stage in National Tariff Autonomy, it being explicitly stated that the schedule will be in force for only one year. In order to allay the apprehension of certain foreign nationals, however, the National Government undertook to declare in Annex III of the new Sino-British Treaty that the new rates of duty "are the maximum rates to be levied on imported goods for a period of at least one year from the date of the enforcement of the tariff." Tariff and Likin Again, we observe that the new tariff schedule was announced without any reference to the abolition of likin, the implication being that the enforcement of the former is not conditional upon the accomplish- ment of the latter. In Annex III of the Sino-British Treaty, however, the National Government...”
17 Page 68

“...department to be designated for this purpose." Loan Service Before the country had been unified under Nation- alist control, however, it was deemed wise not to settle the salt question which involved wide issues of public finance. It was not until September 25, 1928, therefore, that a definite scheme, with the support of the provinces, was announced by the Nationalist Government for the regular service of the salt loans. According to the new scheme, a sum of $10,000,000 will be appropriated each year from the proceeds of the salt revenue for the payment of the salt loans, and this sum is to be contributed from the salt-produc- ing districts, each of which shall pay in twelve instal- ments into banks designated by the Ministry of Finance...”
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“...payment due on the Crisp and Anglo- French Loans in March, 1929, amounting to $1,865,- 737.25. On June 5, they issued another statement to the effect that they had paid into the Group Banks a sum of $1,475,000.00 to cover the annual contribution of Haikuan Taels 950,000.00 from the Salt Revenue, due in 1928, towards the service of the Hukuang Railway Gold Loan of 1911. The statement con- tinues, "The provincial quotas are now, in general, being received more regularly than at the beginning of the year, with the exception of Hunan and Kansu, from which no revenue has been received, and Shan- tung, which has only paid one month's quota, November 1928. Since efficient control by the National Govern- ment has extended to Hupeh, one month's quota has been received from Hankow and Ichang. The Man- churian Authorities, who had not contributed to the Loans' Quota in 1928, have remitted four monthly instalments in 1929." Repayment of National Indebtedness Next, let us consider the recent record of the...”
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“...43% or $129,000,000 of the total amount of loans contracted by the Nanking Government was to be used for military expenses and for making up deficits in current expenditure, while ,the remaining 57.57% or $175,000,000, for purposes of rehabilitation, currency reorganization, disband- ment and famine relief. The majority of these loans were issued in the year 1928, there being as many as eight issues attributable to that year as compared to two during the last half year of 1927 and three during the first half year of 1929. The total amount of issue in 1928 reached $150,000,000 or over 49% of the whole, although during the first half year of 1929 alone the amount of issue already totalled $84,000,000 t>r 27.63% of the whole. As regards the duration of these loans, 35.85% or $109,000,000 of the total is for 2-3 vears; 26.32% or $80,000,000, for 4-6 years; 23.03% or $70,000,000, for 10-11 years; and only 14.80% or $45,000,000, for over 25 years. In the last case, however, the interest allowed...”
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“...and sound loan system in the future. The essence of these regulations is that in the future no public loan, national or local, shall be effective unless and until the same has been previously approved by the Legis- lative Yuan, and that such loan shall be used strictly for constructive purposes and its security adequately protected. A translation of the regulations follows: I. All Government bonds, both long and short term of over one year, shall be regulated according to these principles. Similarly, all Government loans, debentures or bonds of over one year, shall likewise be negotiated or issued in conformity with these principles. Approval and Promulgation II. When the Central Government issues either domestic or foreign bonds for subscription, the nature, purpose, total amount, rate of interest, methods of issue and amortization and all other necessary conditions thereof should be clearly explained and formulated into a set of regulations which shall, after investigation by the Ministry...”