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1 Page i

“...THE CHINA CHRISTIAN YEAR BOOK 1934=1935 (NINETEENTH ISSUE OF THE CHINA "MISSION" YEAR BOOK) Issued under arrangement between the Christian Literature Society for China and the National Christian Council of China under the direction of the following Editorial Board appointed by the National Christian Council. Mr. E. E. Bamett Dr. Idabelle Main Rev. A. Baxter Dr. James L. Maxwell Rev. C. L. Boynton Dr. Chester S. Miao Miss Margaret Frame Rt. Rev. J. W. Nichols Miss T. A. Gerlach Rev. E. J. Ottewell Rev. Carlefton Lacy Dr. Frank Rawlinson Dr. Herman C. E. Liu Rev. D. E. Rebok Rev. E. C. Lobenstine Rev. Ronald Rees Mr. C. H. Lowe Rev. Myron E. Terry Dr. Usang Ly Miss Ting Shu-ching Dr. Y. Y. Tsu EDITOR Rev. Frank Rawlinson, D.D. Editor, The Chinese Recorder CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY SHANGHAI November 1935...”
2 Page iii

“...PREFACE This Year Book has settled down into a biennial It appeared first in 1910. It takes, as a matter of fact, just about a year to secure material and put it through the press. Unfortunately at the time of writing this preface some leading Christian journals have not yet published a review of the previous issue. So perhaps it is just as well that the Year Book comes out every other year. Securing material for this Year Book is never easy. The contributors are all busy people and most of them are in important executive positions. As in the previous1 is- sue one-third of the contributors are Chinese. "With only rare exceptions the chapters that deal with conditions in China in general are written by Chinese. The writers accepted their task willingly. For their share in producing this Year Book the Editorial Board is profoundly grateful. The Year Book goes out as another instance of cooperative service in China- One chapter arranged for"Rural Sendee Unions and Community Parishes'' was...”
3 Page iv

“...Missionary Society. This society carries on, therefore, only a small part of home mission work in China. Likewise the chapter on work among1 Tribes' People covers only a small part of that work. Since the Editor was unable to secure more than the two localized accounts1 included in this volume he was at one time inclined to leave the topic out altogether. However, arrangements have already been made for a comprehensive chapter on the subject in the next issue of the Year Book. Two improvements appear in this Year Book. First, a map has been included within the covers in- dicating some of the most important places referred to in the text, and appendix VII lists all the places named in the text indicating not only their provincial location but also all of the variant spellings adopted by the writers re- ferring to them. Unfortunately most writers on China (even those in China) seem unaware that the government stand- ardized the Romanization of place names for postal and telegraphic purposes...”
4 Page vi

“...vi PREFACE When articles in this Year Book are an expression of the policies ahd views of the National Christian Council this fact will be made clear. In all other instances the writer of the paper is alone responsible for the opinions expressed. Shanghai, September 1, 1935....”
5 Page vii

“...CONTENTS CHINA CHRISTIAN YEAR BOOK, 1934^-1935. Page MAP. PREFACE iii CONTENTS. vii CONTRIBUTORS x PRINCIPAL EVENTS IN CHINA, 1934^35, J. B. Powell................................................xvi INTERPRETATIVE INTRODUCTION. Current Trends Forward. Editor....... 1 PART I. NATIONAL LIFE. CHAPTER: I. The National Government. Y. S. Tsao. 5 II. China's Relations with Western Powers. W. H. Ma........................ 18 III. Sino-Japanese Relations, 1933-35. Shuhsi Hsli ...................... 31 IV. National Economic Council in 1934. Chin Fan........................ 46 V. Economic Conditions in Rural China. A. B. Lewis...................... 57 VI. Present-Day Thought Movements. P. C. Hsu........................ 72 VII. Modernization of Chinese Women. Miss Ah-Huna Tong (Mrs. A. H. T. Young).......................... 80 VIII. The Chinese Communists. George W. Shepherd.............. 89 PART II. RELIGIOUS LIFE. IX. Modern Religious Movements. (1) In Christianity. C. Stanley Smith................”
6 Page xiii

“...Christ in Manchuria, XI. Presbyterian Church of Ireland Mission, Man- churia .. .. .. .. .. .. 135 Patton, Rev. C. E., M.A., DJX, (1899). Relation of Church and Mission, XXI. Presbyterian. Vice-chairman and Secretary of the China Council of the Presbyterian Church in U.S.A............ 219 Powell, J. B. Principal Events in China, 1934^35 Editor, China Weekly Review. .. .. VII Rawlinson, Rev. Frank, M.A D.D., (1902). Inter- pretative Introduction Current Trends Forward. Editor, China Christian Year Book and Chinese Recorder .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Rees, Rev. Ronald, M.A., (1922). National Chris- tian Council, XVII. Wesley an Methodist Missionary Society. Sec- retary, National Christian Council of China. Secretary of National Commission Christian Religious Education. Board of Christian Litera- ture Society .. .. .. # .. .. 192 Service, Mrs. R. R., B.L. (1905). Some Books in English on China, XXXVIII. Community Church, Shanghai .. 391, 409...”
7 Page xxxiii

“...There is frank and public admission of China's inability to meet this danger in any modern military way. Insight into China's econo- mic, industrial, rural, educational, communication and governmental needs is growing in clarity. Not only is China's archeological and art history being studied but researches into all kinds of social and economic situations are under way. There are frequent reports in English on many of these subjects. For the first time, also, the Chinese have published a Year Book in English. All this indicates that China's needs and potentialities are under- going scientific scrutiny. The New China, led mainly by those with an international educational experience, has learned modern methods of study from the West and is...”
8 Page xxxiv

“...cleanliness and useful activity. Neither of these emphases has yet become a 4 4 mass movement" in the full meaning of that term. A large conference on military training in schools, which was to have been attended by officials and heads of schools this summer on Kuling, was called off. No official reason for this action has been given. Material The fruits of material reconstruction are Reconstruction both more apparent and more tangible. They were set forth under the editorship of T'ang Leang-li in a book of 400 pagesReconstruc- tion in Chinapublished August 1, 1935. It was re- ported that 1934 registered an increased buying on the part of China of foreign steel, iron, machinery and com- munication supplies. This was taken as "an indication of the great progress made in China's reconstruction pro- gram".1 Efforts at rural rebuilding loom prominent. The promotion of rural cooperatives, indeed, has become almost a nation-wide movement. Chinese commercial banks have shown a "remarkable readiness,...”
9 Page xxxv

“...are being secured in China for schools and hospitals. In spite of the depression church support is advancing in some sections. Agitated discussion of decreased funds from the West is little in evidence. There is a mounting wave of indigenous evangelism. The number of inde- pendent Chinese evangelists is increasing. This year's (1935) Youth and Religion Movement, following that con- ducted by Dr. Sherwood Eddy in 1934, will have Chinese at its head interpreting Christianity to Chinese youth. A book was published not long since with the title, "My...”
10 Page 27

“...CHAPTER III SINO-JAPANESE RELATIONS, 1933-35 Shuhsi Hsu Tangku The last issue of this Year Book witnessed Truce the conclusion of the Tangku Truce1 (May 31, 1933) which is as follows: 1. The Chinese troops are to withdraw to a line con- necting Yenching, Changping, Kaoliying, Shunyi, Tung- chow, Siangho, Paoti, Lintingchen, Ningho and Lutai. No Chinese troops from the south and west will crosS this line in the direction of the Great Wall and the Chi- nese troops will offer no provocation to the Japanese. 2. The Japanese troops, in order to ensure the per- formance of article 1 at any time may with airplanes or other means inspect this area, the Chinese troops giving all necessary protection and facilities. 3. "When the Japanese troops recognize the complete performance of article 1 the Japanese troops will not cross the line mentioned and will not pursue the Chinese troops and will withdraw to the Great Wall. 4. Between the line beyond which the Chinese troops may not go and the Great Wall...”
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“...CHAPTER VI PRESENT-DAY THOUGHT MOVEMENTS P. C. Hsu Problem "This is intended to be a brief resume of of China the major movements in political, economic and social life, particularly those which seem to have a bearing on the future destiny of China." This quotation gives the terms of this chapter as imposed by the Editor of this Year Book. The writer will dra,w his material for the first part of this chapter almost exclusively from a volume entitled "Thought Movements Concerning the Problem of China,'7 recently published by the Chinese Student Christian Move- ment, for this book gives a most handy collection of repre- sentative views. Nevertheless, to condense a book of 446 pages into a short chapter, is by no means an easy task; selection therefrom has to be somewhat arbitrary. Kuomingtang "The ruling political party in China is called the Kuomingtang the last five or six years it has been vigorously carry- ing out its one-part}^ government idea. Theoretically, the Kuomingtang regime has a threefold...”
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“...PART II RELIGIOUS LIFE CHAPTER IX MODERN RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS (1) In Christianity C. Stanley Smith. Dr. Paul R. Abbott wrote such an excellent chapter on this subject for the China Christian Year Book, 1932-33 that it is almost presumptuous to add another one on the sub- ject in this issue. However, the editorial staff has asked me to prepare such an article, and since there have been some changes during the year, and there were some aspects not covered by Dr. Abbott, I shall undertake to give some personal impressions based on conversations and observa- tions made over a wide area during the fall of 1934 while I was studying the question of leadership training with the Survey Team. Extent As a general statement we may say that Ave found the church in all the areas visited affected by these various religious movements. This was especially true, in North and South China. The Yangtze Valley was somewhat less stirred than these other two areas. Of West China I am unprepared to speak. Independent...”
13 Page 108

“...not only been the chief representative of China's culture for some 2,000 years, but that he has also been the intellectual father of the Chinese people."1 Opponents One of the outstanding opponents of this of Confucius reverence for Confucius is Dr. IIu Shih. He lays at the door of Confucianism and of Confucius most of the backwardness and degeneration in Chinese societydespotism, concubinage, foot-binding, the eight-legged essay, judicial torture, etc. He adds, "The Analects, the Book of Filial Piety, and the Book of Great Learning were taught in every village, and the study and discussion of philosophy was a regular fad among scholars. But what did all these, and the elaborate ritual in the temple of Confucius, do to prevent the social cruelties and political corruptions of the times ?'' These evils are being swept away, he believes, not by Confucianism but by other and stronger forces in modern life. Manchukuo But there are also other forces working and for a revival of Confucianism. One...”
14 Page 110

“...large j extent to find anything to put in their places. The excessive freedom of modern China, the lack of moral restraint, such as grew out of the former emphasis on filial piety and subordination, on loyalty and mutuality, and 011 the five cardinal virtues together with the threat that these conditions bring to the Chinese home life, have aroused them to an active endeavour to restore many of the old ideals and practices. Confucian A concrete illustration of this is found Literature in a recent book, now in its ninth or tenth edition, entitled, "A Record of the Veneration of Confucianism in Chinese History Together "With Appreciations From Foreign Scholars.'' This work, edited by the elderly scholar Cheng-ii( and published in 1933 under the auspices of the China Ethical Society...”
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“...Spirituality ffliSR^M or gjgfi^Si; V' Ancestral ,Ancestral worship, which is so central to Worship Confucianism, should be retained but so modified and purified as to become a means of teaching true respect for the departed without in any way making it a substitute for the true worship of God The result would be a Confucianized or indigenous Christ- ianity rather than a Eutopeanized Christianity, or, we might say, a Confucian culture with Christ as the center.2 Buddhist Previous reports in this Year Book on Activities activities among Buddhists may well be sup- plemented by the following brief summary of the outstanding events from a Buddhist standpoint during the past year. 1. There has been a steady increase in the number of subscribers to the outstanding Buddhist magazine, the Sound of the Tide (i^filHIO 2. A Sung Edition of the Buddhist classics has been published by a society formed in Shantung for that purpose. 3. A Buddhist Prayer Convocation conducted by the Panchan Lama was held in Ling...”
16 Page 123

“...CHINESE CLERGY 127 tively well developed, results per missioner are much better. Another important reason is the multiplicity of dialects and heterogeneous languages in the Far South and Southwest. And there are other reasons. To do justice to even half of them^ would require a book. Indigenous If we single out from the rest the 21 Clergy Missions entrusted to the Chinese clergy, we find that in point of objective accomplish- ment they compare very well indeed with the^ Missions administered by missionaries from other lands. It is only fair, however, to call attention to the fact that, as a rule, the best and most promising sections of the mission field were the ones turned over to the native clergy. The general average for the 21 Chinese Missions was 27.66. This is considerably above the general average for all China, which, as we pointed out above, was 21. Averages When we compare the individual averages Compared of these 21 Chinese Missions with the aver- ages of the Regions in which...”
17 Page 197

“...Church conferences for young people have been held and one retreat for teachers was reported. National The Biennial Meeting of the Council Consultation (1935) called for a national consultation on youth work in 1936, to be prepared for by a careful study of the gaps in our work, classification of types of youth work, training for workers, the setting up of denominational youth departments and the more effective presentation of the Christian message to youth. Publications The 4'China Christian Year Book" (1932- 3) was issued in two volumes; the Chinese edited by Mr L. D. Cio, the English edited by Dr. Frank Rawlinson. These are two separate books and form valu- able records of development in the Christian Movement. The NCC bulletin in Chinese appeared monthly for two months of the year, with a circulation of 9000 copies each issue. The English bulletin averaged four or five issues each year, with 4000 copies eaxjh issue. The NCCRE issued two bulletins, No. 4 in the spring of 1934, No. 5 in January...”
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“... C. L. Boynton Previous The progress of the movements of the Summaries churches toward spiritual and organic unity has been noted in previous issues of this Year Book. In 1931 Dr. A. R. Kepler, Executive Secre- tary of the Church of Christ in China, recorded the meeting of the China Baptist Alliance in the preceding year; the organization of the China Baptist Council and its findings; the vote of the Canadian Methodist Church in Szechwan to unite with the Church of Christ in China; the similar vote of the London Mission Churches in North China; the official statements of the Church of Christ in China on Church Unity and the resolutions of the Lambeth Conference with reference to the United Church in South India.2 The wider aspects of "Coopera-* tion and Union in China" were dealt with by Rev. E. C. Lobenstine in the Year Book for 1932-33.3 English The completion of the reunion of three Methodists Methodist Churches in England in 1932 Unite with the resultant "Methodist Church of England"...”
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“...the N.C.C.R.E. with some other national organization or organizations. The principal problem that faces us is, Therefore, as Dr. Miao stated at the last board meeting the future of the N.C.C.R.E. We have reached a new stage. He left with us these three questions: (1) Is there necessity for correlation? (2) What form shall this corre- lation take? (3) How can the N.C.C.R.E fit into the larger correlation? 2. China Sunday School UnkJn" E. G-. Tewksburt Origin It is almost a decade since the Year Book has contained an article from the China Sunday School Union, and it is almost a quarter of a century since the Union was formed. As a matter of historical interest, certain facts would well be recorded as to the service which the Sunday School Committee, first appointed at the 1907 Centenary Conference, desired to be rendered, and the projects looking to the carrying out of that seiwice which, through the years, have been entered upon. These are briefly mentioned below. Bible It should, however...”
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“...result of drought in the north-west, especially in Shensi and Kansu. In addition to $15,000 supplied to the C.I.F.R.C. by China Famine Relief U.S.A. and used for the main- tenance of refugee homes for women and children, two pieces of work were used to meet the situation These were continuation jobs in both instances, the Si-lan road and the Wei Pei irrigation system. Road The Si-lan road construction was begun Construction in 1931 by the C.I.F.R.C. and was reported in the last issue of this Year Book. Con- cerning its importance, Dr. Hewlett Johnson, Dean of Canterbury Cathedral, writing of his inspection of the Kansu portion in 1932, reported: "Midway to Tibet lay the Liupan Pass, rising 10,000 feet high, the worst obstacle between Central Asia and the coast. We harnessed two oxen and a mule to our car, put it in fourth gear and at last reached the summit. Clouds swept all around us, a train of sixty camels lurched past us in single file along the alpine pathway, looming mysteriously through...”