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“...safe locations, vi) Training and facilitation and vii) Urban Planning including heritage settlement planning. Housing and settlements have been reviewed with a comprehensive view to ensure disaster resilience of the whole community, taking into consideration vulnerability due to location. The data for relocation of settlements in all affected districts was not verified at the time of preparation of the PDNA. Relocation cases require careful and detailed analysis of landslide risks and socio-economic impacts along with close consultation with impacted communities.
Estimated damage and losses are presented in Table 1. The figures consider physical damage and loss of housing. Similarly, total reconstruction and recovery needs are presented in Table 2.
Table 1: Total Damage and Loss
Details Number of Houses Damage and Loss (NPR million)
Damage Collapsed houses Low Strength Masonry 474,025 199,091 258,442
Cement based Masonry 18,214 19,671
RC Frame 6,613 39,680
Damaged houses Low Strength...”
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“... in recent decades. Nepal is predominantly rural, with an urbanization level of about 38%. The decadal urban growth rate between 2001 and 2011 was 6.4%. However, Kathmandu with 61% decadal growth has witnessed a disproportionate influx from rural areas. The disaster risk to cities is of particular concern, as they are concentrations of people and serve as engines for economic growth. The 2015 earthquake has affected a total of 41 municipalities and many market areas.
2.3.2. Urban Planning and Development: A Case of Kathmandu Valley (KV)
The case of Kathmandu city is important to understand urban risk scenario as it impacts a large population. Land use change modelling and analysis has shown that the urban morphology of Kathmandu valley has changed drastically in the past two decades, with a 211% increase in built up area between 1992 and 2012. This has occurred through an equivalent loss of cultivated land and significant encroachment of open spaces. The loss of open spaces coupled with...”
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“...completely. In addition, in more than 20 districts, thousands of private traditional homes and historic public buildings, as well as ancient temples and monasteries, were damaged or collapsed completely. Bringing the country's heritage back to its former glory will result in a range of economic benefits, in particular for Nepal's world class craftsmen, artists, architects, conservators, historians and engineers. The estimated damage to heritage structures cultural institutions is about USD 169 million and related losses from damage and impact on livelihoods totals around USD 23 million.
The long-term recovery plan envisages complete restoration of all destroyed structures and to substantially reduce negative impacts from possible future earthquakes. Benefits of massive internationally supported restoration and rebuilding programs will strengthen Nepal's professional corps and its institutions. Based on the principles of "building back better" and conforming to the challenges of "disaster risk...”
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“...500 million, US$25 million), followed by the costs of micro communal works. District wise breakdown of the damage estimate can be found in Annex III of the report.
The damage to local infrastructure caused by the earthquakes have caused negative economic, social and qua I ity-of-life impacts as discussed above - reducing productivity, as well as access to key services such as electricity and drinking water. In addition, it is increasing isolation in many areas of mountains and hills where communities are not increasingly cut from trade, commerce, education and medical facilities which can have severe cultural and social impacts. In addition, in many cases the loss of community facilities has reduced the interaction of people for cooperative economic and social activities which could, if not addressed rapidly, significantly erode social capital.
The earthquake has also left some of the community infrastructure in a precarious state - cracks in irrigation structures, cuts in roads and trails...”
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“...is often captured by more influential and stronger members in the communities. While this situation has improved with temporary opening of blocked LRN sections, it is important that the LRN rehabilitation and reconstruction process is designed with sensitivity to these vulnerable groups. Women and vulnerable communities should be prioritized for employment for the repairs and rehabilitation works of LRN.
SRN is the crucial economic infrastructure and its early recovery will serve early recovery of the economic activities in the country. LRN contribute to the economic activities to the rural communities inducing more agricultural production and technology transfers from urban areas. LRN contributes to the development of the social sector, such as health and education through the provision of easier access to social amenities (hospitals and schools) to the rural communities. In fact, loss due to the blockages of LRN arises more in agriculture, education and health sectors than in the transport...”
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“...toilets have been partially or totally destroyed.
Office buildings of DWSS and other water and sanitation service providers have also been damaged in many districts. The assessment reports that six DWSS buildings have completely collapsed, and a further 47 have suffered partial damage. It has not been possible to assess the extent of damages and change in economic flows to equipment such as office furnishings, computers, etc.
Effects on production of goods and services and access to services
As a consequence of partial or total damage to water supply systems and sanitation, many socio-economic effects have been observed and assessed. Economic loss is likely to occur through the non-collection of revenues (water user fees) by service providers such as KUKL in Kathmandu Valley, and by WSUC in rural communities. Reduced revenue collection is partly due to the disruption of water supplies but also because of financial hardship among the affected population, a proportion of whom will be unable to...”
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“... in water quality all combine to substantially increase the risk of faecal-oral disease. The water-related impacts to livelihoods leaves people more vulnerable to disease through reluctance to spend scarce financial resources on medical treatment, and may subsequently lead to reduced household productivity. Infants and young children under-five years of age are particularly vulnerable to diseases associated with poor hygiene practices, unsanitary conditions and unsafe drinking water as these further undermine their health and nutrition status. Girls and women may face additional risks of violence and sexual abuse due to the lack of access to gender separated, and safe toilets in schools, or through having to walk long distances to alternative water sources, or when seeking privacy to defecate in the open.
Damage and Loss
Summary table of estimates of Damage and Change in economic flows (USD)
Sector Damages, NRs Losses, NRs Total effects, NRs Total effects, USD
14 severely affected districts...”
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“...total value of damage of NPR 29,258.7 (US$ 29,258.7 million).
Effect on Biodiversity and Protected Areas
Seven protected areas were affected by the earthquake. Among these, were the sacred landscape and world heritage site (Sagarmantha NP) as well as two Ramsar sites (Gosaikunda and Gokyo). These PAs provide refuge to several endangered fauna of global significance such as red panda, snow leopard and musk deer. Damage to the habitats of these key species' are expected. In addition, earthquakes impacts in adjacent areas and on local communities will have a significant bearing on management of PAs. Pressures on PA resources are likely to increase. Localized illicit activities including poaching of wildlife and illegal wildlife trade may also likely increase as several security posts are damaged and vigilance and monitoring activities hampered. In addition, there were reports of extensive damage to eco-tourism infrastructure including walking trails, bridges and hotels. Access to several nature...”
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“...t reductions of GHG emissions, indoor pollution and deforestation. A rapid assessment by AEPC and its partner network revealed that 146,767 units of ICS, 16,721 domestic biogas installations and 70,000 solar installations have been destroyed. The damage value of NPR 1,573.3 (US$ 15.73 million) will be incorporated under the housing sector. The loss to environment and forests as a result was estimated at NPR 181.4 million (US$ 1.81 million). These need to be replaced to prevent environmental impacts including CO2 emissions.
Effects on production of goods and services and access to services
Loss of ecosystem goods and services
Natural forest ecosystems including wetlands provide several important ecosystem services - simply the benefits people receive from ecosystems. In addition to timber and firewood, non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as fruits, flowers, bark, dyes, fibers, gums and resins, and also medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) are important products. Most NTFPs including...”
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“...risk and reduce the life chances of women and girls™
Disasters do not discriminate, they hit the young, the old and the rich and the poor alike. However, their impacts are felt differently by different social groups. Women, senior citizens, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender/Transsexual and Intersexed (LGBTI) people living with disabilities (PLWDs), children, Dalits and other ethnic and caste-based minorities have been disproportionally affected by the earthquake. The social constructs and widespread inequalities, exclusion and discrimination against these social groups have not only shaped who has died from the earthquake, but also their capacity to cope and respond effectively to the disaster. These social groups are overrepresented in the lowest wealth quintiles, and therefore have fewer resources for coping with disaster impacts. Their status in Nepali society will also determine their participation and benefit from the post-disaster recovery interventions and their general resilience...”
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“...country could experience earthquakes with intensities on MMI scale of VIII (Severe), IX (Violent) or X (Extreme). (NSDRM, 2009)
The impacts from these earthquakes are magnified several-fold due to the high physical vulnerability of traditional (stone and mud) or inadequately designed masonry or reinforced cement concrete (RCC) framed structures, remoteness, rugged terrain, and other societal vulnerabilities that place Nepal in 37th position out of 172 countries. (PDC Global Risk and Vulnerability Assessment)
2.1.2 Floods
Terai plains are affected by riverine floods due to huge sediment loads, mid hills are prone to flash floods due to high intensity or continuous rainfall, while high mountain areas are at risk from glacial lake and landslide dam outburst floods. The monsoon period from June to September poses the highest flood risk in the country.
The impacts of floods on lives and livelihoods are enormous - affecting over 3.8 million people, 200,000 ha of crop lands, resulting in losses...”
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“...Kathmandu suffered from the effects of this disaster event in many ways. Although the damages and losses were much severe and widespread in the rural areas, Kathmandu Valley was also affected with the earthquake damaging old public and private buildings and cultural heritage. The affected community's current living conditions and unsafe environment exacerbated their exposure to hazards and increase their vulnerabilities. They can be affected by the onset of the monsoon period and these accumulated impacts can further diminish any existing coping mechanism. Urban and rural communities will be both impacted, but those already living in poverty and live in marginal areas will suffer from its worst effects. Addressing their immediate recovery needs, i.e. housing, livelihood, access to basic services and the restoration of government functions and local economy are urgent. However if recovery programmes ignored the importance of incorporating disaster risk reduction, gains can be negated and pre-disaster...”
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“...following chart (World Bank) provides three alternative scenarios. It combines the possible impacts on remittances, the overall growth rate of GDP, the loss of assets, and the loss of income. Under the most optimistic scenario, the national poverty rate could increase by 2percent.
Baseline - No Low Impact Medium Impact High Impact
Earthquake Scenario 2015 Housing and durable asset loss: 50%, Annual income loss: 35%; Growth rate in 2015/16:4.5%; Foreign remitance ncrease: 15% Housing and durable asset loss: 70%; Annual income loss: 45%, Growth rate in 2015/16:4.5%; Foreign remitance increase: 5% Housing and durable asset loss: 100%; Annual income loss: 50%; Growth rate in 2015/16:4%; Foreign remitance mcrease: 0%
% Poor %Poor A # Poor (in '000) %Poor A tt Poor (in ’000) % Poor A s Poor (in '000)
National 21.2 23.2 561 24.0 786 24.9 1038
Mountains 35.9 41.1 102 43.8 152 45.1 180
Urban Kathmandu 9.4 12.1 43 13.0 56 14.6 82
Urban Hills 7.3 7.8 6 7.8 6 7.8 6
Urban Terai 17.8 18.3 11...”
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