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“...INTRODUCTION
The Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) assesses the impact of the April 25, 2015 earthquake in Nepal and defines a recovery strategy. This volume provides detailed description of sector specific damage, losses and recovery needs.
Each sector chapter includes the following sections:
a) Summary;
b) Pre-disaster baseline and analysis of context that existed prior to the disaster;
c) Post-disaster context including sector preparedness and response;
d) Assessment of the damage and loss including costs;
e) Assessment of disaster effects and impact;
f) Recovery needs and strategy including costs;
g) Implementation arrangements; and
h) Assessment methodology.
In the analysis, damage is defined as the cost to replace durable physical assets (buildings, equipment, facilities and machinery) that were damaged or destroyed. Loss refers to changes in financial flows due to the temporary absence of infrastructure, increased or new demands (operational costs) due to the disaster, lost revenues...”
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“...Summary
The earthquake has impacted the housing and human settlements sector the most. The total effect (damage and loss) on this sector is valued at NPRs 350,379 million, with total damage valued at NPRs 303,531 million and total loss at NPRs 46,748 million. The damage accounts for physical housing damage and damage to household goods, the loss for demolition and debris clearance, transitional shelters and rental loss. The damage and loss for the real estate sector have also been included. This sectoral assessment targeted 31 districts identified as affected districts by the Government of Nepal (GoN). The baseline was provided by the 2011 census, and the housing damage information was provided by the DRR Portal (http://drrportal.gov.np/)1 which summarize the information collected by Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of Nepal.
The damage data was categorized as "Fully Damaged" and "Partially Damaged". However, due to the lack of uniform criteria for partial damage, the damage value was...”
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“...seismic detailing has become more common in recent years, older buildings have no ductile detailing.
4) Wood and bamboo buildings: These buildings are constructed of timber or bamboo with wooden plank, thatch or bamboo strip walling materials with flexible floor and roof. These suffered less damage from the earthquake due to their light weight.
Table 3: Existing building typology in the affected 31 districts (Ref CBS 2011)
Low Masonry strength Cement masonry based Reinforced Concrete Frame Wood and Bamboo based
58% 21% 15% 6%
Post-Disaster Context
3.1. Building damage analysis
A large-scale impact survey was conducted by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) during the month following the earthquake. Results show that a total of 498,852 houses have fully collapsed or are damaged
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“...damaged. This data does not categorize the damage by building type or urban / rural context. This assessment was conducted rapidly and is not a technical assessment. Past earthquake experiences elsewhere have shown that the balance of destroyed to partially damaged buildings is rarely this high, though the particular nature of this earthquake may explain this. For operationalizing the recovery strategy, a more rigorous technical house-to-house assessment will be necessary.
The catastrophic impact of the earthquake on the built environment of Nepal is primarily the result of the significant seismic vulnerability of unreinforced masonry buildings predominant throughout the country. There is a general lack of awareness of seismic risk in communities, coupled with lack of dissemination of improved construction practices (particularly rural areas), and a slow mechanism for enforcement of relevant building codes.
Most of the areas where buildings suffered damage were not subject to enforcement of the...”
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“...from house reconstruction.
4.2 Gender and Social Inclusion
Gender: The recovery and reconstruction process must pay considerable attention to women-headed households, significant in earthquake affected districts. The women heading the family are already overburdened with their routine household activities including accessing basic services and their contribution to the farm. In such an environment, any role in the recovery and reconstruction process will only add more responsibilities and raise their workload to unsustainable levels. This situation needs to be analyzed while engaging women in the recovery and reconstruction process, including through skills development and capacity building and provision of creche services.
The average literacy rate of women is 45 percent, and even lower in the remote earthquake affected areas. This should be considered whilst developing the construction management plan both for temporary and permanent shelter, in order to allow partially literate women to...”
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“...homes were in fact salvageable. Owners of RC frame buildings are in a difficult situation as buildings may be perilously standing and need special skills and tools to be demolished. The disposal of debris will need proper planning and environmental considerations, so as to avoid blocking waterways or damaging agricultural lands.
Planning for Reconstruction: Planning for reconstruction will require a comprehensive, rigorous and transparent house-to-house damage assessment and eligibility survey to understand the nature and extent of damage and eligibility for the government reconstruction assistance program. Detailed policy packages for reconstruction of houses, repairs and retrofitting covering all types of affected social groups particularly the poor and vulnerable, tenants and women households, and families living in difficult
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“...6.2 Damage to Household Goods Calculation
Damage to household goods was based on an estimated value of household goods by building type. It was further estimated that in fully damaged houses, 60% of household goods were destroyed, versus 20% in partially damaged houses.
6.3 Demolitions and Debris Clearance Cost Calculations
While buildings may be "fully damaged," many among them will still be standing in some form, and need to be demolished. It was estimated that amongst the fully damaged low strength masonry homes, 20% would need further demolition, 40% for cement based masonry, and 80% for RC frame buildings. Demolition costs were estimated at 5% replacement costs, while clearance was estimated as NRs 8,000, NRs 20,000 and NRs 250,000 respectively for low strength masonry, cement mortared masonry and RC buildings.
6.4 Real Estate Sector Damage and Loss Calculations
Real Estate Sector private bungalows, high-rise apartments, commercial complexes suffered damages in the Earthquake. The...”
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“...consistent with other home-owner driven earthquake recovery programs. Needs for urban planning including that for heritage settlements are estimated at 2% of total needs.
Annex-1: Calculation Logic - Damage, Loss and Needs
Damage
1) Physical Housing Damage
A. Baseline data: Source Census 2011
B. Typologies: Using the construction type for foundation, walls and Roof as given in the Census we have derived the Building Typologies as follows
1. Stone/Brick in Mud Mortar (In flexible CGI sheet + Thatch roofing)
Type of outer wall: Mud bonded bricks/stone + Unbaked brick + Others + Not Stated
2. Stone/Brick in Cement Mortar (In Flexible CGI Sheet and Rigid RC roofing)
Type of outer wall: Cement bonded bricks/stone - Type of foundation of house: RCC with pillar
3. RC: Reinforced Concrete Building
Type of foundation of house: RCC with pillar
4. Wood & Bamboo
Type of outer wall: Wood/ planks + Bamboo
C. Categorization of Damaged Building into Typology and Damage Costs
The average floor area for different...”
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“...data as well as the ratio of possible collapse and partly damage derived from fragility functions for different intensities. Fragility functions from Guragain, R. 20152 are used for different type of masonry buildings and HAZUS, 20033 for Reinforced Concrete Buildings. Considering the vulnerability of non-engineered RC buildings, pre-code functions were used.
Complete damage functions were used to calculate the ratio for complete damage while the functions for extensive damage were used for calculation of ratio for partial damage.
The factors derived from the relative vulnerability of the buildings for different intensities are given below:
Table 12: Factors derived from the relative vulnerability of the buildings for different intensities
MMI PGA Damage LSM CBM RC
VI 0.12 Complete 1.00 0.00 0.00
Partial 0.93 0.07 0.00
VI+ 0.17 Complete 0.93 0.07 0.00
Partial 0.60 0.31 0.09
2 Ramesh Guragain, 2015, Development of Earthquake Risk Assessment System for Nepal, PhD Dissertation, The University...”
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“...2: Building Damage Gradation & Categorization
Detailed (qualitative) assessment of buildings is required for building damage gradation and categorization which forms the basis for planning response, recovery and rehabilitation of these buildings. The extent of damage is dependent not only on the severity of the earthquake shaking but also on the building typology and quality of construction. Therefore it is important to understand distinct purpose of the building damage gradation and building damage categorization. Damage gradation is done with the purpose of defining and developing type and extent of engineering intervention based on the damage, whereas building damage categorization is to facilitate financial assistance which is based on % of damage and resource requirement to repair, retrofit or reconstruct.
Any building damage categorization or gradation should take the following into account:
• Building typology
• Damage typology (crack types)
• Damage intensity
• Damage location to...”
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“...Table 16: Broad Damage grade indicators taking housing typologies into consideration. It is also important to clarify the purpose of damage categorization.
Building damage gradation Details
G1 No structural damage, slight non-structural damage
G2 Slight structural damage, moderate non-structural damage
G3 Moderate structural damage, heavy non-structural damage
G4 Heavy structural damage, very heavy non-structural damage
G5 Destruction - very heavy structural damage
Detailed indicators are required based on the parameters presented above. Department of Urban Development and Building Construction, Government of Nepal has already developed guidelines on the above, however that needs updating taking into account Nepalese building typologies and experience gained from the 2015 Nepal Earthquake.
Building Damage Categorization
For financial assistance, a weightage based building damage categorization method is required which needs to be developed taking into account damage at component level,...”
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“...Planning Commission, the Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP) conducted a comprehensive assessment for health and population sector, which aimed at collecting and collating information on damage, losses, and post-disaster needs for reconstructing and rebuilding the country with the broader concept of building back better. The work accomplished by the assessment team has provided (i) analysis of the situation before the earthquake, (ii) a thorough assessment of damage and losses incurred following the earthquake and an estimation of the effect of the earthquake on health and population related services; and (iii) identification of needs for recovery and reconstruction in immediate, intermediate and medium terms.
The following section presents the summary of the findings.
The situation before the earthquake: Nepal was making significant progress in the overall health situation, with a maternal mortality ratio of 190 per 100,000 live births in 2013
1 and infant mortality rate of 46 per 1,000...”
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“...with concerned agencies and stakeholders and management of increased case load for treatment including trauma cases.
Estimates of Damage and Loss: Total damage and loss due to the earthquake is estimated to be NPR 6.33 billion of which the public shares 84% rest being that in the private sector including NGO and Community owned service providers. While the value of damages is estimated to be 5.2 billion NPR, the estimate of losses is 1.1 billion NPR. Severely affected 14 districts account for around 88% (including 29% of central hospitals and health infrastructures) of the total value of damage and losses while other districts account for 11.4%. Gorkha, Sidhupalchowk and Dolakha are the hardest hit districts in terms effects of the earthquake sharing 22.4% of damages and losses, after the central level health infrastructure which alone account for 29% of damage and losses.
Table SI: Estimates of damages and losses Amount in million
Estimates of damages Public (NPR) Private (NPR) Total (NPR)...”
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“...after the earthquake. MoHP organized a meeting to manage the health sector response on 25th April just after the earthquake when Health Emergency Operation Centre (HEOC) was also activated. At the same time, the high level committee chaired by Secretary of the MoHP was formed to oversee and guide the overall health sector response in the aftermath of the mega earthquake.
Health emergency and operation centre started to coordinate with the affected districts and updated the situation for the necessary decision and action such as deployment of medical teams and supply of drugs and other logistics. Pre identified six emergency hubs within Kathmandu valley were activated for medical services to the injured including those referred from other districts. High level committee mobilized teams at the central hubs as well as sent officials to the highly affected districts to ensure proper coordination and support districts in responding immediate needs.
Infrastructure and Assets: Damage status of...”
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“...districts 0 13 2 28 69 330 0 0 0 0
Central and Regional level hospital/ administrative buildings 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total 5 39 12 54 417 598 12 10 16 64
Source: Field assessment for 14 districts and D(P)HO reporting for others.
In addition to public facilities, a total of 16 private health facilities have reported complete damage and 64 have reported partial damage.
Health Service Delivery and Access
Assessment of situation and medical needs: Damage of infrastructure and assets disrupted the delivery of services while the demand for the services increased as many people got injured. A total of IS health workers and volunteers lost their lives and 75 got injured due to the earthquake adding further challenges in health services delivery. Considering the immediate needs of the districts, public health and medical officials of the MoHP were sent to highly affected districts to support the district teams for the resumption of health services delivery.
Concurrently regular public health services were...”
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“...inspector - to monitor the situation and responses 24 0 24
Outbreak prevention and response district level 3 0 3
Monitoring and supervision 3 0 3
Information Management (HMIS/LMIS tools, data recovery) 0 0 0
Support and mobilise DRRT (in 14+21 districts) 1 0 1
Monitoring and management of information, disease surveillance (14 districts) 1 0 1
Sub total 48 0 48
Total losses 977 163 1,139
Grand total (effects of earthquake) 5,323 1,014 6,337
Total value of damage and loss is estimated to be 5.96 billion NPR out of which 80% share was of damage and rest 20% being losses. Similarly, value of damage and losses was heavily dominated by the public sector (having 92% of total) due to the existence of large number of public health facilities in the affected districts.
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“...Disaster Effects and Impact
The human loss, injuries and damage to health infrastructure have resulted in major health impact and many years of life lost. Many of the seriously injured people who have undergone major surgeries like amputation and those having severe spinal injury by the earthquake are at risk of long term disability. Death and rise in disability will have detrimental effect on the people's health causing many years of disability adjusted life years. Further, people are at risk of mental trauma and need immediate psychological counselling and mental health intervention to prevent and properly manage the situation. Due to the large number of death occurred at once, mortality rate will go up and life expectancy will go down for the current year but this will not have long term effects in mortality rates except by serious injuries and disabilities.
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“...Similarly due to damage to the health facilities and health services, the basic health service like anti natal check-up, treatment care and support of HIV infected population, TB treatment continuity, child and neonatal health services and many other public health programs will have some to major effect even though the response activities will be focused to mitigate such needs. The access to care if affected and thus effect will be seen in programs for regular follow up for antenatal, post-natal care, neonatal care, DOTS and ART services which can result in high morbidity and mortality of the disease status. The negative affect on health is also expected due to effect on the nutritional status of the vulnerable population in these districts. However, estimates of life years lost and other social impacts of the earthquake in the health sector have not been estimated in money value due to the complicated methodologies involved.
Recovery Needs and strategy
Ministry of Health and Population...”
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“...estimates of the cost consist of the damage of buildings (complete and partial) and damages of equipment and other logistics plus losses incurred as an effect of earthquake in terms of treatment cost and management of health sector response. Costing of the damages has been done in a disaggregated by the level of health facilities (i.e. HP, PHCC, District Hospitals, Central Hospitals and others) and by districts. Estimate of damages and losses was done based on the data from 14 districts and similar assumptions were applied for the estimation of other districts. Unit cost of damages was defined in consultation with technical experts which are applied for the estimates of total costs by type of health facility and equipment. Unit cost assumed for the estimation of the damages and demolition is given in the table below.
Table 11: Unit Cost for the Estimation of Damages and Losses of Infrastructure Amount in NPR
Unit cost Demolition cost Value of building Partial damage
HP 100,000 4,500,000 450,000...”
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“...most recently available pre-earthquake data collated from Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) 2014 and Small Area Estimation (SAE) 2014 indicated high child undernutrition rates in the affected districts. Infant and Young Child Feeding (IYCF) practices were also found to be sub-optimal in those districts.
Given its cross cutting nature, the nutrition sector does not have separate infrastructure to operate nutrition programming. Nutrition specific interventions are provided through the health facilities and community based extension services provided by Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs). Nutrition sensitive interventions are provided through related sectors such as education, agriculture, and water sanitation and hygiene. Hence, the damage caused by the earthquake to these sectors ultimately impact nutrition also. A post-earthquake assessment found that food consumption practices had worsened in the affected districts compared to pre earthquake assessment data. This will directly...”
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