| 1 |
 |
“...ResearchGate
See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318272666
Architectural considerations in restoration of heritage buildings damaged by earthquake
Article in Disaster Advances • January 2017
CITATIONS
0
READS
101
1 author:
Anjali Sharma
National Institute of Technology Patna 2 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Project Architecture View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Anjali Sharma on 20 July 2017.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file....”
|
|
| 2 |
 |
“...ensuring structural integrity during restoration is important for an “integral box action ” of such buildings in future events and (5) even those buildings that are important historic public buildings and landmarks within a city or a town deserve the similar care in restoration as those that are under the ambit of UNESCO, ASI and other such organizations.
The details of damages, restorations and reuse ofsome of these buildings, particularly the Sher Shahi mosque and Gol Ghar, are being reported for the first time ever. This study has enlisted several architectural considerations found necessary for restoration of buildings damaged by earthquake and has also suggested the preferred course of action for the severely damaged Dharhara Tower.
Keywords: Architectural considerations, restoration, heritage buildings, earthquake, Patna, Dharhara Tower, Sher Shahi Mosque.
Introduction
An earthquake of 7.9 magnitude in Nepal on April 25, 2015 severely damaged four of the seven UNESCO World Heritage...”
|
|
| 3 |
 |
“...a glorious past and a continuous history that spans over 2500 years, has a rich legacy of buildings. However, located in zone IV - a high damage risk zone -Patna is prone to earthquakes. Seismic events in the past have caused moderate to severe damage to many of its heritage buildings. The Bihar earthquake of 1934 was one of the worst earthquakes in India’s history that caused severe damages to many buildings in Patna which were subsequently repaired while a few required restorations.
Through detailed case studies of six selected heritage buildings of Patna, this study is an attempt to (1) highlight the nature and extent of damages suffered by these buildings in different earthquakes and (2) analyze the appropriateness of restorations done. Based on the findings of the case studies and review of related literature, this study will explore architectural considerations in restoring heritage buildings damaged by earthquakes and will recommend the course of action for the Dharhara Tower.
Material...”
|
|
| 4 |
 |
“...on each side similar to the central dome of Hagia Sophiya, Istanbul.
However, this building may still be susceptible to damage by earthquakes since reconstruction has been done piecemeal which makes it difficult to ascertain the extent of strengthening and consolidation actually required. To withstand the earthquake forces acting on it, a building must behave as a single, tightly connected unit during an actual seismic event.13 This integral box action minimizes damage by preventing its components to work against each other.
Temporal discontinuities in restoration are liable to cause
natural breaks in construction, putting a question mark on behavioural strength and stability of buildings. Hence this architectural legacy, reminiscent of the reign of one of the greatest Master Builders of India in the historic city of Patna may still be seismically vulnerable. Inappropriate restoration without due architectural consideration in terms of style, materials used changes in structural elements...”
|
|
| 5 |
 |
“...cusped arch” (of Iranian mould) and the “trefoil arch.” The building has 500 mm thick walls, shaded clerestory windows and Madras roof.20
This building withstood the earthquakes of 1934 and the 1988 but during the Nepal earthquake of 2015, cracks were observed in the comer of the upper floor and in the crown of adjacent arches.20
Results
The following facts have been revealed by the six case studies detailed above:
(1) Type of damage: The most interesting observation from the case studies is that the very elements and features that impart monumental status to a building are the once that are the most vulnerable to earthquakes. These are: (1) arches -in five of the six buildings, damages were reported/observed in the arches; (2) domes - found to be damaged in all the three buildings where domes formed structural elements (Governor House and Patna Secretariat do not have domes while the domes of NIT Patna are non-structural and were not damaged); (3) towers and turrets - damaged in case of Sher...”
|
|
| 6 |
 |
“...use where regular maintenance and repair is ensured, have demonstrated resilience and longevity.20 Continued use of buildings improves its structural health and stability, enhances longevity and amounts to preservation.20 On die other hand, poor maintenance of buildings, inadequate funding, loss of technical knowledge and lack of social valuation are among the causes which when combined with a destructive natural event such as an earthquake, generate a significant impact in the amount and quality of heritage buildings.23
This aspect is particularly significant in Gol Ghar which was designed as a granary but was never used. This 230-year-old stupa shaped landmark has witnessed several earthquakes and has been refurbished recently for adaptive reuse which has not changed its architectural character.
Fig. 1: Dharhara Tower at Kathmandu, Nepal before and after the earthquake of April 25, 2015
(Source: http://www.theguardian.com)
31...”
|
|
| 7 |
 |
“...Disaster A dvances
Vol. 10 (7) July (2017)
Table 1
Largest measured earthquakes in Bihar
Place Date Magnitude Epicentre
Eastern Nepal33 26.8.1833 7.9 ±0.1 27.500° N, 86.500° E
Bihar-Bengal area34 11.11.1842 Maximum intensity IX 27.000° N, 88.300° E
Bihar-Nepal border 15.1.1934 8.4 26.500° N, 86.500° E
Udaypur Gahri, Nepal 20.8.1988 6.8 26.755° N, 86.616° E
Lamjung, Nepal 25.4. 2015 7.9 28.147° N, 84.708° E
Aftershock of Nepal earthquake 12.5.2015 7.3 27.837° N, 86.077° E
Table 2
Selected Heritage Buildings taken-up for case study
S.N. Name Constructed in Managed by Architectural Style Damaged on Extent of Damage
1. Sher Shahi Mosque 1541-45 WAQF Board Afghan Style 15.1.1934 Collapse of 4 small domes
2. Gol Ghar 1786 Govt, of Bihar Stupa style Several Cracks in dome
3. NIT Patna 1898-1902 NIT Patna Indo-saracenic revival 12.5.2015 Fine cracks in arches
4. Secretariat 1913-15 Govt, of Bihar Stripped neoclassical 15.1.1934, 20.8.1988 Collapse of Tower
5. Patna High Court 1913-16 Govt, of Bihar...”
|
|
| 8 |
 |
“...architectural point of view in restoration of buildings damaged by earthquake.
Earthquakes have been a menace to buildings ever since man began to construct them. Repairs and restoration have been practiced in India since ancient times. Ancient Indian
literature such as the Agamas prescribing the rules of constructions, advocates repairing or replacement of broken architectural members.24 While significant achievement has been made in recent times towards restoration of buildings damaged by earthquakes as well as seismically safe structures, these are mostly from structural engineering perspectives written by structural engineers. Not much literature is available related to architectural aspects particularly of heritage buildings which are uniquely affected by natural disasters, weakened by every disaster if left uncared. Also, possibility of change of ground and site conditions over time; change in use or structural alteration of buildings in ways that can weaken or alter their structural...”
|
|
| 9 |
 |
“...t technologies in post-earthquake damage assessment: Intelligent technologies are being commonly used in post-earthquake damage assessment. Menderes et al29 have demonstrated Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems as efficient tools for automatic detection of damaged buildings after an earthquake particularly in urban areas. Their approach involves analyzing change using remote sensing and Information Technologies by generating normalized Digital Surface Models and Digital Elevation Models prior to and after the event.
Indrili et al28 have also demonstrated the use of a pre/post-earthquake “holistic and digital” survey tool as an innovative mechanism for survey and data collection “without paper” during in-situ surveys through GIS-based building inventories and 3D models targeted principally on earthquake. Such technologies may similarly be used in assessment of strength and stability post-reconstruction.
Retention of the soul of a building: Buildings are manifestation of the...”
|
|
| 10 |
 |
“...studies of six historical buildings in Patna, has explored architectural considerations necessary for restoration of buildings damaged by earthquake. The highlight of this paper is that every building has a soul which must not be muzzled. In the case of damage, restoration must ensure preservation of the soul of the building to protect its architectural and heritage value. A significant outcome is the fact that tourism potential and ensuing commercial value can finance the health and well-being of such monuments.
Maintaining structural integrity during restoration by ensuring that it acts as a single tightly connected unit for withstanding such shocks in future is another important highlight. This study has also suggested the preferred course of action for the severely damaged Dharhara Tower, Kathmandu.
Acknowled gement
This study is a result of a presentation made by the author as a trainee in Trainers’ Development Programme on “Earthquake Resistant Buildings in Bihar” organized during...”
|
|
| 11 |
 |
“...Seminar on Conservation of Heritage Buildings/Precints in Chennai Metropolitan Area (2010)
25. Lattig J.W., Calamities, Catastrophes and Cataclysms: Current Trends in International Disaster Risk Management Practices for Cultural Heritage Sites, University of Pennsylvania (2012)
26. CPWD, Handbook of Conservation of Heritage Buildings,
(2013)
27. Griler K., Saglamer A., Celep Z. and Pakdamar F., Structural and earthquake response analysis of the Little Hagia Sofhia Mosque, 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 1-15
(2004)
28. Indirli M. et al, From in situ quick surveys to analytical procedures for vulnerability assessment in the framework of the Arsita reconstruction plan From in Situ Quick Surveys to Analytical Procedures for Vulnerability, XVI Convegno Anidis
(2015)
29. Menderes A., Erener A. and Sarp G., Automatic Detection of Damaged Buildings after Earthquake Hazard by Using Remote Sensing and Information Technologies, Procedia Earth and Planetary Science, 15, 257-262 (2015)...”
|
|
