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“...Studio (CIMS), 1125 Colonel by drive, Ottawa, On, K1S 5B6 Canada, Mario.santana@carleton.ca eNepal Engineering College fBhaktapur Municipality gUNESCO Kathmandu Office h Khwopa Engineering College ‘National Society of Earthquake Technology
COMMISSION II
KEYWORDS: IT Documentation, Risk Preparedness, Nepal, Built Heritage, Natural Hazards, Capacity-Building, Digital Workflows for Heritage Conservation, 3D Imaging, Georadar, Photogrammetry, Electronic Distance Measurements (EDM), Computer-Aided Drawing.
ABSTRACT:
On 25 April 2015, the Gorkha earthquake of magnitude 7.8, severely damaged the cultural heritage sites of Nepal. In particular, the seven monument zones of the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site suffered extensive damage. Out of 195 surveyed monuments, 38 have completely collapsed and 157 partially damaged (DoA, 2015). In particular, the world historic city of Bhaktapur was heavily affected by the earthquake. There is, in general, a lack of knowledge regarding the traditional construction...”
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“...structures in Nepal were destroyed or significantly damaged. In particular, the seven monument zones of the Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site suffered extensive damage. Out of 195 surveyed monuments, 38 have completely collapsed and 157 were partially damaged (DoA, 2015). Bhaktapur, in particular, is a recognized UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) containing many structures of significant cultural and religious importance to the people of the Kathmandu Valley. Sustainable reconstruction and restoration of these heritage structures are critical to maintaining and restoring their outstanding value. To achieve this goal, it is important to work with local experts, engineers, and architects to understand the traditional construction technology and existing condition of these structures. This study includes the recording and documentation of representative buildings in the historic city of Bhaktapur, non-destructive investigation of the structures for construction information in preparation for...”
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“...2017, Ottawa, Canada
would be able to implement this methodology on other cultural 3. METHODOLOGY
heritage sites in need of documentation and analysis in the area.
3.1 Part A: Recording and Documentation of Nyatapola 2. CASE STUDY Temple
2.1 FieldWork
In this study, the authors collaborated with local institutions and professionals to conduct field work and build local capacity to do similar work in future. The focused project location for this study is Taumadhi Square in the Bhaktapur World Heritage Site (WHS). At the north end of the square is the five-tiered temple with a square footprint called the Nyatapola Temple. This temple is the tallest in Nepal and was constructed in 1701/1702 AD by King Bhupatindra Malla. Since its construction, this structure has resisted three major earthquakes (Mw 8.0 in 1833, Mw 8.4 in 1934, and Mw 7.8 in 2015) without major damage. It is clear that the study of this monument and its traditional construction technology has significant consequences for the...”
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“...IV-2/W2, 2017 26th International CIPA Symposium 2017, 28 August-01 September 2017, Ottawa, Canada
Existing damage in the structure is digitally recorded using the photogrammetry and laser scanning data. Partially collapsed top wall was found to be torsionally distorted by approximately 3.557° clockwise in respect to the base of the superstructure. However, several shear cracks developed in the doorway on all four-side wall also identified. High-quality orthophotos are generated from the close-range laser scanning and photogrammetric models. These orthophotos were used for mapping existing cracks in the wall (figure 12). Mapping of these cracks will then be introduced in the finite element modeling for assessing the existing performance of structure in future.
Figure 12. Mapping of existing cracks in structural wall
3.2.3 Geo- Radar Investigation
In addition to the surface documentation using laser scanning and photogrammetry, non-destructive techniques were used to investigate the inner c...”
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“...response to a very small excitation. Ambient vibration will also be used to determine the dynamic response. The dynamic response will be used for further structural investigation of the seismic response of the temple.
Following the collection of geometric, morphological, damage, and other information on structural elements, a finite element analysis or combined discrete element analysis will be conducted to evaluate the seismic behaviour of the Nyatapola Temple in a separate study.
4. SCOPE OF ADDITIONAL WORK
In addition to the documentation and evaluation of Nyatapola Temple, the Carleton University - Princeton University team worked in collaboration with local Nepali colleagues to perform the following additional documentation and analysis work:
At Bhaktapur Durbar Square:
• Vatsala Temple - Georadar evaluation of the plinth structure to confirm excavation results, determine inner sanctum construction, and use this information to validate survey parameters (velocity and dielectric constant)...”
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