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“...HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies Volume 37 | Number 2 Article 13 December 2017 Community and Resilience among Sherpas in the Post-Earthquake Everest Region Pasang Y Sherpa University of Washington, pysherpa(3)gmail.com Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya Recommended Citation Sherpa, Pasang Y. (2017) "Community and Resilience among Sherpas in the Post-Earthquake Everest Region," HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: Vol. 37 : No. 2, Article 13. Available at: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol37/iss2/13 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- Macalester College Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Perspectives is brought to you for free and open access by the DigitalCommons(2)Macalester College at DigitalCommons(2)Macalester College. It has been accepted for inclusion in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal...”
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“...Community and Resilience among Sherpas in the Post-Earthquake Everest Region Acknowledgements The author would like to thank the editors of HIMALAYA; Sienna Craig and Mark Turin, for their encouragement throughout the writing process, without which the article would not have existed. Revisiting the memories of devastation for this article was personally challenging. This article has also been possible because of the friends and relatives who shared their experiences, and continued support from Un Sherpa. Barbara Brower and Jim Fisher were extremely generous with their time and advice at different stages of developing this article. The author is responsible for any and all errors that remain. This perspectives is available in HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies: http://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/himalaya/vol37/iss2/13...”
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“...Community and Resilience among Sherpas in the Post-Earthquake Everest Region PasangYangjee Sherpa In this article, I examine how residents of the Mount Everest region of Nepal responded after two major earthquakes occurred on April 25th and May 12th, 2015. This article is based on my participant-observation of discussions among Sherpas, on-foot surveys of earthquake damage, and the experiences of residents, which I recorded in Pharak, between the two major seismic events. I also reviewed institutional activities and reports that pertained to the Everest region and spoke at length with other Sherpas. In these discussions, the boundaries of 'community'were both fluid and self-understood. A 'sense of community' and 'resilience' emerged as salient themes, and provided an analytical framework to understand the Sherpa communities' responses to these earthquakes. The case studies presented herein are selected based on my direct engagement with them. The narratives present critical social responses...”
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“...from May 4-11, 2015, to assess the earthquake damage and record the post-earthquake experiences of Pharak residents. I also reviewed institu- tional activities and reports that pertained to the Sherpas of the Everest region. Now, two years after the disaster, further reflection on my discussions with other Sherpas illustrates that a ‘sense of community’ and ‘resilience’ were the salient driving forces for the community’s responses. As themes, a ‘sense of community’ and ‘resilience’ provide theoretical frame- work to understand how this community responded in the aftermath of the 2015 earthquakes. McMillan and Chavis’ (1986: 9) description of a ‘sense of community’ is useful in this context. They describe this sensibility as “a feeling that members have of belonging, a feeling that members matter to one another and to the group, and a shared faith that members’ needs will be met through their commitment to be together.” However, in the case of post-earthquake Sherpa experiences the definition...”
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“...specific networks limited publicity and ability to connect for villages like Jorsalle, Benkar, and Gumela. Some villagers also consciously limited their pres- ence on social media in order to not inflict pain on their relatives living abroad. My on-foot survey of the villages in Pharak showed that the earthquake had unevenly affected the region. While some villages suffered limited structural damage, others were completely destroyed. For example, the Chaurikharka VDCs Area (sq. km) Household Population Male Female Chaurikharka 344.5 968 3709 1872 1837 Namche 431.3 480 1540 807 733 Khumjung 702.2 551 1912 913 999 Figure 2. Three VDCs of the Mount Everest Region. (Nepal Government Census 2011) HIMALAYA Volume37,Number2 105...”
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“...reported that after the second major earthquake of 7.3 magnitude on May 12, 2015, the epicenter of which was 25 miles from Namche Bazaar, a Khumbu village, many more houses and schools were damaged and destroyed (GHF website accessed on May 9, 2017). Lhakpa Norbu Sherpa, who was in the region during and after the two major earthquakes, reported that data collected in the Thame Valley (Namche VDC’s wards 4-9) show 93 percent of residential and tourist struc- tures damaged by the earthquake; 66 percent were fully damaged (unusable without major reconstruction) and 27 percent partially damaged (safe to use with repairs) (Sherpa 2015). Despite the documentation of losses on the ground, governmental reports of earthquake-affected zones on a national level appeared showing Solukhumbu as ‘unaffected,’ or ‘less affected.’ Maps were created within months, for the purposes of identifying damage and rebuilding targets. It is notable that these maps portray earthquake-affected zones neatly contained within...”
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“...only one of the many venues, and one of the ways people conversed. Daily con- versations with families and friends informed discussions of post-earthquake needs at the community level. When I visited my aunt’s home in Chumoa before the second earthquake, it seemed visibly unharmed. Stones were piled on top of each other and the land was intact. I asked her if her home was damaged. She showed me the cracks in the walls. Stones had fallen from the sides of the structure, but the frame had stood. When stones fell, they were immediately picked up and put back in place. My aunt later hired some men to repair the remaining cracks. Her house is also a teahouse, which she operates during tourist seasons, and the main source of her family’s income. It was important to make sure that the house did not look like it was falling apart. In response to the earthquake, two charitable organiza- tions were registered in Colorado and Washington, in the United States, independently of each other. These organi-...”
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“... in the Everest region, focused on monitoring and supporting schools throughout Solukhumbu. A survey they conducted had revealed that 227 schools in the Solukhumbu district were damaged: some were totally destroyed, and some sustained partial damage and cracks. The Rebuild Earthquake Damaged Solukhumbu Schools (REDSS) project was implemented to reconstruct and repair school buildings in the district. According to the Himalayan Trust Nepal website, as of April 2017, REDSS had successfully completed their project in seven schools (accessed on May 14, 2017). The Local Tourism Economy On July 15, 2015, two months after the second earthquake, Miyamoto Inc., an international group of earthquake and structural engineers, published a report titled Damage Assessment of Everest Region. This assessment was pro- posed by Intrepid Travel, the largest tour operator in Nepal, and was conducted on behalf of the Government of Nepal through the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (MoCTCA). In...”
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“...(DUDBC). ATC-20 is a guideline used in the United States for post-earthquake building safety evaluation. The report’s structural assessment of the Everest region covering Khumbu and Pharak, north of Lukla, reported: Out of approximately 710 buildings, earthquake damage of structural concern was observed in 120 buildings (17 percent); 83 percent of build- ings can be given a green tag per ATC-20/ DUDBC guidelines. It was found that most of the build- ings that were damaged can feasibly be repaired (Miyamoto 2015: 7). These report results also highlight shortages of reconstruc- tion materials, which have slowed the process of repair and rebuilding. This report then recommends completing a detailed risk-assessment study post-monsoon in order to manage the identified risks associated with the geologic hazard. It concludes, “The majority of accommodation structures and trails have sustained minimal damage from the April and May earthquake” (Miyamoto 2015: 9). In Lhakpa Norbu Sherpa’s (2015) article...”
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“...increasing number of residents from diverse ethnic backgrounds. In the last twenty years, as tourism industry continued to expand, the region has witnessed swelling migration into this part of Solukhumbu, which has historically been home of the Sherpas. The demographic characteristic of the region has thus shifted, and became evident while dealing with the post-earthquake relief and recovery. Experiences described below reveal the significance of social networks and reciprocal relationships in times of crisis. Farak (Pharak) Sherpa Kyidug was one of the first locally-based organizations to mobilize themselves in assisting earthquake-affected community members. As an emergency relief initiative, they collected funds among themselves, bought bags of rice, and distributed them. Later, they became the focal point on the ground in Pharak for donors to identify recipients, and distribute relief goods. The Kyidug was originally established to support the welfare of the Sherpas of Pharak, so they...”
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“...In Tok Tok, I met a woman who had come to the region with her family, like many others, in search of better economic opportunities. Before the earthquake, she used to look after her goats and ran a small business out of her rented house. When government officials and Pharak village representatives came to survey her losses imme- diately after the earthquake, they documented damages to the house. In the list of victims of such surveys, renters like the woman were excluded because they did not own any property. Technically for the purposes of the survey, she had not lost anything. In reality, she had suffered a heavy loss. Her livelihood that relied on the day-to-day business she conducted in this house was disrupted. When I met her a week after the first earthquake, she knew she was going to remain financially destitute for a long time. Her migrant-family neighbors had left Pharak for their natal villages, but she could not return. For her and her family, Pharak was now their home base....”
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“...DC_Municipality.pdf> (accessed on May 22, 2017). The Greater Himalayas Foundation. Earthquake. earthquake> (accessed on May 9, 2017). Gusfield, J. R. 1975. Community: A Critical Response. New York: Harper & Row. Himalayan Trust Nepal. About Schools Rebuild Project (REDSS). (accessed on May 22, 2017). #Khumbu Earthquake Relief Facebook Page. About. (accessed on May 14, 2017). McFarlane, A. and F. Norris. 2006. Definitions and Concepts in Disaster Research. In Methods for Disaster Mental Health Research, edited by Fran H. Norris, Sandro Galea, Matthew J. Friedman, and Patricia J. Watson, 3-19. New York: Guilford Press. McMillan, David W. and David M. Chavis. 1986. Sense of Community: A Definition and Theory. Journal of Community Psychology 14: 6-23. Miyamoto. 2015. Damage Assessment of Everest Region Nepal - July 15, 2015.