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| Citation |
- Permanent Link:
- http://digital.soas.ac.uk/LOAC000326/00006
Material Information
- Title:
- Iran League quarterly official organ of the Iran League, Bombay
- Alternate title:
- Nāma-ji-čahārum-sālīn-i-Iran-Lig
- Creator:
- Anjuman-i Īrān Līg (Bombay, India)
Anjuman-i Iran Līg (Bombay, India)
- Place of Publication:
- Bombay
- Publisher:
- Iran League
- Language:
- Multiple languages
English
Persian
Subjects
- Subjects / Keywords:
- Parsees -- Periodicals ( lcsh )
Civilization -- Periodicals ( lcsh )
- Genre:
- serial ( sobekcm )
- Spatial Coverage:
- Asia -- Iran
Asia -- India
Notes
- Summary:
- Cultural Journal published by the Iran League between 1930 and 1960, which aimed at reviving and strengthening cultural and other ties between the Parsis of India and the Zoroastrians of Iran. ( ,, )
- Abstract:
- Includes book reviews
- Language:
- Title also in Persian; text in English or Persian
- General Note:
- "Official organ of the Iran League, Bombay."
Record Information
- Source Institution:
- SOAS, University of London
- Rights Management:
- All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
- Resource Identifier:
- 382223 ( ALEPH )
X290018675 ( OCLC )
237210933 ( OCLC )
- Classification:
- Per 9 ( ddc )
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Official Organ of the Iran League, BombatN^^â„¢^
Vol. x
JANUARY, 1940
No. 2
CONTENTS
The Editor's Notea
Prayer
Husain ibn Mansur A1 Hallaj: The Sufi-Saint of Iran
Some Great Poets of Iran ; Were They Zoroastrians ?
Zarathushtrian Studies
"The Gospel of Zoroaster "
Anowshirwan Dadgar High School in Teheran
Prof. Raschid Yassemi's Work in Teheran
[Our Shiraz Letter
Chronological List of Moslem Geographers
The Universite Libre of Teheran
hi mil
\r
S 0
^ v
Vi
4l,j| J
page
35
60
62
68
75
83
88
90
91
92
93
\3
Annual Subscription : Iran Rials 50: Foreign sh. 9: India Rs, 6
V 0
THE
IRAN LEAGUE
est. 1S22.
_xJ o! J
B
Aims and Objects.
To renew and continue the connection between the old land of Iran and
India; to continue and encourage devoted sentiment towards and; interest and
enthusiasm in the cause of Iran; to confederate the Zoroastrian population in
Iran with a view to increase their number, to ameliorate their condition and
to strive for their uplift; to make researches with reference to their religion and
ancient Parsi history", to stimulate commercial relations with Iran; to encourage
Parsis to visit the old land, as businessmen or as travellers, for change of
climate and for health ; to obtain and spread among Parsis and others, by means of
literature, authentic information regarding the state of affairs in Iran; to
secure the sympathy of the Imperial Iranian Government and the Iranian
subjects towards the cause of Parsis in relation to Iran.
President:
Sir Cowasji Jebangir, Bart., k.c.i.e., o.b.e., m.l.a., j.p.
Vice-Presidents :
Dr. F. K, Dadachanji, Solicitor, d.t.
P. D. Marker, Esq. (NesTian-e-Elmi).
Sir H. M. Mehta, Kt.
V. A. Taraporevala, Esq., F.R.I.B.A.
Sir J. C. Coyajee, Kt.
Patrons:
Sir Hormusji G. A deny a la,
Kt., m.v.o., o.b.e.
Mrs. Dhunmai F. Arjani.
Peshotanji D. Marker, Esq.
S. R. Bomonji, Esq.
Pirojshaw R. Yakharia, Esq.
Ruttonji F. Ginvala, Esq.
The Hon. Sir H. M. Mehta, Kt.
Hon. Patron:
H. H. Sir S. M. S. Aga Khan, g.c.i.e., g.c.s.i., g.c.v.o., k.o.i.e., &e.
Secretary:
Kaikhosro A. Fitter, Esq.
Jt. Hon. Treasurers:
Minocher J. S. Khras, Esq.
Phiroze S. Guzder, Esq.
Hon. Auditors:
Messrs. D. A. Dumasia & Co.
Editor of the Quarterly:
Sohrab J. Bulsara, Esq., m.a.
Office : Navsari Bldg., Hornby Road, Fort, Bombay.
Tele. Iranleague.
Dp. Faredun K. Dadachanji, Solicitor, Vice-Chairman of the Iran League
and a scholarly and public-spirited member of the Parai community, has lately
been endowed with a Doctorate in Theological Science by the Federation Inter-
national de3 Corps Savants de Recherches of Teheran, and elected a Vice-President
of the Academy of Asia,
A Conner of the Park in Eamsar, North Iran.
[Coztriesiy Kaiser-i Hind]
Khan Sahib Dhanjlbhoy Framji
Dubash, G.B.V.C., a keen member
of the Iran League and a passionate-
admirer of ancient Iran,, recently
passed away in Bombay.
[â– Courtesy Kaiser-i HindJ
Khan Bahadur Hormusji Khurshedji
Bhabha, a very philanthropic Farsi gentle-
man, passed away recently in Bombay.
jl J*m \ \ ^ i^jy- jt^jfi J^r. ol^
L:* 1 ^ tf A £j 3 Ci^jrj^
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
Vol. XI] JANUARY, 1940 [No. 2
THE EDITOR S NOTES
THE WORLD
A Grave Phase of the War
As we saw in our last number, the great war entered upon a
grave phase when German conquest of Poland
The Oollapae of , J , . . . . . _ ,
Poland was completed within the short space of a month s
time. Poland had been fully prepared for all
eventualities and so had immediately mobilised over two million
men and had another two million in reserve. With such huge
army and the resources of over forty millions of her population
and the help the allied powers had been giving here she was
expected to make a better show in this struggle. It was
therefore disappointing to her allies and friends that she collapsed
so unexpectedly and so soon.
Herr Hitler's Peace Terms
Germany however did not make any show of elation on her
phenomenal success. On 6th October Herr Hitler
Friendly Tone
towards England made a speech in a friendly tone towards England
and France. He said that throughout his life he
had worked for a friendly understanding with England, and had
never entertained aims which might impinge on the national
existence of England or France. He saw no reason therefore in
their continuing the war against Germany.
He however demanded adequate settlement of the German
frontiers in accordance with ethnological and social conditiops aqd
60
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [J an.
stressed the need to put in order the various races throug hout
German sovereign territory and south-eastern Europe.
He added that he had always preferred peaceful settlements
_ , , to resorting to arms, and it was Poland's own
Blame on Poland a '
f o r oompeiiing fault that she had declined the former way and
Invasion
preferred the latter. He professed friendly
intentions with Germany's other neighbours, and suggested that
if the great Powers wished to insure peace among the nations
they should first proceed with disarmaments and then meet in a
conference for settling it.
Received coldly by the Allies
Herr Hitler concluded by saying that while Germany was
prepared for peace if the hand of friendship he
litieiTto'Poiand9lbl' thus extended to the nations was grasped by
them, she was equally resolute to continue the
fight if they compelled her to do so. He also made it clear that
Germany and Russia would not tolerate any interference in Poland,
although it was rumoured that he intended to create an autonomous
Polish state freed of all other foreign influence, and a similar
Jewish state in Lublin province.
The allies however had entered the war for the preservation
of Poland's independence so they received the speech coldly.
Italy too did not like Herr Hitler's suggestion that the conference
of the great Powers should also put in order the various races in
south-eastern Europe, for Italy is known to have private aims
of her own in that direction.
So the end of the war was nowhere in sight. Germany
however needed some time to recuperate from the effects of her
intensive effort against Poland, and winter was ahead to impede
great movements, so these were not expected todevelope till the
spring set in.
Russia's Aims
In joining Germany Kussia had apparently some aims of
of her own to fulfil. These might be against the
mJV" The90 Baltic States, in the Balkans, against Roumania,
across the Caucasus or against India.
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES
31
Germany would not allow her an entirely free hand in the
Baltic States. Both Italy's and Germany's interests would not
allow her a free action in the Balkans. If she crossed the
Caucasus she would not only have to meet Turkish opposition
but a further combined resistance from Britain, France, the
Arab States, Iraq and Egypt. Iran too might find it very
difficult to keep out of the affray ; and if she entered it it would
not be against Turkey.
The attitude of the great Kurdish nation would be indecisive
for, though they have received much ill-treatment
thehKurditUde °f £rom the Turks, they would not take the risks
of facing such mighty combination, unless Iran
and Afghanistan chose the remote possibility of joining Russia
and Germany.
Russia's only Chanoes
So Russia's only chances of action remain against Roumania
and India. Roumania, again, she cannot attack
andaindiaR°Umania with°ut the consent and co-operation of Germany.
The gravest danger from her side therefore is
to India, and India therefore should be prepared for such even-
tuality, though by the time Russia forced her way across
Afghanistan, powerful help would be rushed to her from the
mighty camp the allies have prepared in the Near East for
meeting developments in any nearby area, beside that all Moslem
populations on the way would offer a stubborn opposition.
Her First Move to Secure Her Western Boundaries
Whatever direct objective Russia might have, she could not
move towards it without securing her western
ou^foYo06e\doHerE" boundaries. The small states the Treaty of
Versailles had created were dangerously close
to those boundaries for falling in allied hands and becoming their
bases of attack on Russia. Her old capital Leningrad is hardly
twenty miles away from the boundaries of Finland and less
than sixty miles away from north-east Esthonia. She appears
to have received Germany's compliance with certain measures
she thus intended to take against them.
60
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [J an.
Finland's Opposition
Accordingly Russia dictated certain terms to Lithuania,
„ . Latvia and Esthonia which they could not but
Forcing Her Terms J %
on Lithuania, Latvia, agree to. She expected a similar compliance
and EBthonia
from Finland when she demanded the surrender
of the whole Isthmus of Karelia and offered in exchange considera-
ble territory towards the north.
Relying on her powerful defences of the Mannerheim Line,
and also hoping to get help from the western
t^nvadeThifana Allied Powers Finland refused to comply with
Seauon Awkwatd the demand. Russia was unexpectedly compelled
to invade her therefore in an awkward season, and
met with stubborn resistance and heavy losses. Russia's initial
failures should not however lead one into miscalculating her
strength. She has had to meet tremendous natural difficulties
beside the determined opposition of a brave and resolute people.
She is bound to overcome both these eventually. But her
being occupied here has enabled the Allies to complete their
preparations for the defence of the Balkans and the Near and
Middle East and of India. Russia's next plan will only start
after she fully secures control of Finland.
It is the strange incident of modern warfare that while
Russia has participated in the partition of Poland and the Allies
are freely helping Finland against Russia, Russia and the Allies
are not at war one with the other !
The Western Front
Both the sides on the western front are waiting and watch-
ing what the other is doing. Excepting feeler
Watching18 Bnd skirmishes and further defence works no activity
on proper scale appears there, Germany however
has been declaring that she is getting ready for an attack on her
enemies that would be unprecedented in the history of warfare.
On the sea the comparative small German fleet cannot
possibly face the mighty Anglo-French combina-
On the Sea
tion, and is therefore compelled to remain behind
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES
31
protected lines or out of their reach in safe waters. She however
has been carrying on a campaign of U-boat and aerial attacks
on allied shipping and scattering dangerous mines in its way.
The success of the campaign is not of the magnitude to cause real
anxiety to the Allies but is apparently putting a strain on them.
In the air too both sides are carrying on observation and
i th a* feeler flights, each warning the other that any
serious attack on civil areas is likely to be
retaliated, and would cause a grave harm to civilization.
Peace Remote
Unless some great third power intervenes and the whole
neutral world joins it in the effort, there is little
Unless the Neutral
World unitedly likelihood oi peace coming in the near future,
works for t other hand the venom of public speech and
press against the honoured heads of the enemy, is rendering it
remoter than ever.
* # *
IRAN
The New Cabinet
The Iranian Cabinet resigned in the end of October according
to parliamentary regulations, and Dr. A. Matin-
Government „r . o t
formed by Dr. Dattary, the former Minister ot Justice, formed
ftiatm Daftary ^^ Cabinet, and has himself become the
Premier.
International Relations
Iran is maintaining strict neutrality in the present great war,
and accordingly has appointed Herr Otto Mauser,
a German, Technical Director of the Parliament
Press. Russia however is said to be seeking to gain political
influence in north Iran through the medium of trade negotiations.
It may be recalled that Iran had firmly resisted and almost
eliminated Soviet influence in north Iran. Russia is also building
a 70 mile railway between Julfa in Iran and Minjevan on the
Russo-Iranian frontier. It will link up the Caspian ancl the
Black Seas along the Soviet frontier with Iran and Turkey.
60 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [J an.
A treaty of friendship was signed on 19th October between
Iran and Japan. Still Iran is not passing easy
and^Turkey1'Iraq days in international affairs. She is feeling
anxious over the rumour that plans are circulated
for creating a union of the Arab Emirates on the Persian Gulf
under the auspices of the British Government. It is said that
the union is intended to thwart Italian and Iranian interests in
these Arab States, and also the expansionist policy of Emir Ibn-
Saud.
Iran is naturally expected to object to any such arrangement.
British statesmen however hope to pacify her by negotiations.
As a token of friendsnip and regard the young King of Iraq
presented the Iranian Crown Prince with a set of choice Arab
horses in the close of October.
In regard to recent catastrophes of earthquakes and floods
in Turkey, the Shah and the Prime and Foreign Ministers had
dispatched messages of friendship to the Turkish President and
Prime and Foreign Ministers.
Public Census
The Iranian Minister of the Interior has ordered a census
to be taken throughout Iran, apparently with
?otmatPionsMlhtary a view to know exactly the number of Iranian
effectives who might be mobilised in case of
necessity.
Broadcasting
Of the sixteen broadcasting stations ordered by the Iranian
Government in October last, thirteen were to
Bixteen New , â– .. -, . ->
stations operate on medium wave and the remainder on
short wave. Of these last three, two were to
operate in Teheran.
Air Service
The youth of Iran, both male and female, are eagerly joining
the aviation corps, which are being trained under
t£aYouthmDg by the able direction of General Khusrovani, the
Commander of the Air Forces in Iran.
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES
31
The Army
Army manoeuvres took place in early October under the
observation of the Shah and the Crown Prince.
Training The Shah had then also visited the Military
Academy which is doing excellent work. The
cadets presented a very smart appearance and the Iranian soldier
of the future promises to emulate the heroic feats of his ancestors.
It may be noted that Hormazdiar Zareh, a young Zoroastrian,
had found admission to the Academy and has acquitted himself
excellently there.
Civic and other Works
The military occupation is not absorbing the sole attention
of the Government. Civic and other work of
*' national benefit is unremittingly being pursued
by it. Large hospitals are being set up in Ispahan,
Shiraz and Meshed. Grand Avenues are being opened and laid
out, for instance, in Damavand and Langarroud. National parks
are under construction in the latter place, Shiraz and in other
cities. Dredging operations have been started in Bandar Pahlavi
for improving the port. A dam is being set up for protecting
Ahwaz from the inundations of the Karun.
Agriculture
Agriculture receives equal attention of the Government.
k Model farms are to be opened near Ispahan.
Progressive or Superior cotton is being grown in Ali-Godarz.
Beetroot cultivation is being encouraged in Hamadan. The sugar
factory at Ab-Kuh near Meshed has started work.
Archeology
The American archaeological mission under Dr. Schmidt
having terminated their work at Persepolis, the
•™ Government intend to continue it through their
own archaeological department. A special grant
was sanctioned for the purpose by the Parliament and work is
ordered to proceed under the direction of M, Ravanbod, the
Jnspector of Archaeological Services.
60
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
[J an.
Another American mission has unearthed valuable finds at
Nishapour.
* * *
The Zoroastrians in Iran
It is noteworthy that Arbab Kaikhusro Shahrokh, the
Zoroastrian member of the Iranian Parliament.
Equality of Status
was elected to the Treasury Board with the
largest number of votes. That proves the equality of status all
Iranians enjoy under the present benign regime of the Shah.
# # *
RUSSIA
The Finnish War
As we have already noted in World Events, after settling
her boundaries in the newly acquired Polish
Battlement with • j ,
Baltic states regions, tiussia, with the previous understanding
with Germany, settled certain pacts, advantageous
to herself for securing her western boundaries, with Lithuania,
Latvia and Esthonia. Then she proceeded to impose certain
terms on Finland whose lowest boundaries were hardly twenty
miles away from her old capital Leningrad. Finland declined
the terms and so Russia invaded that country.
Treaty Arrangement with " People's Government "
In that initial campaign she acquired the frontier town
{ of Terijoki, and there entered into treaty with
Finnish Democratio a newly formed Finnish Government out of
Bepubho Finnish Left Wing parties and revolting Finnish
soldiers. The Government was described as " The People's
Government of the Democratic Republic of Finland." It was
headed by M. Kussinen who became the Premier and Foreign
Minister. It broadcasted a proclamation calling upon the Finns
to rise against the "tyrants and war-mongers" of Helsinki, urging
the Soviet forces to aid in this task, and announcing the creation
pf a Finnish " People's Party."
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES
31
The Soviet recognised this government in Finland and sign-
ed with it, on 2nd December, a treaty of mutual
Termi of the Treaty ' ' J
assistance. Under this treaty the Soviet under-
took to hand over to Finland 70,000 square kilometres of Soviet
Karelia in exchange for 3,970 square kilometres in the Karelian
Isthmus. The Soviet was also to pay it a compensation of
120,000,000 Finnish marks for this territory. The Soviet was
also granted a 30-year lease of the Hangoe Peninsula and adjacent
territorial waters, at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland which
would be guarded by a Soviet naval base at Hangoe. A number
of islands would also be ceded to Russia in the Gulf of Finland,
including Hogland, for which the Soviet would pay as compensa-
tion 300,000,000 marks. The Soviet promised to supply the
Finnish Democratic Republic, arms and war materials.
The treaty was to run for 20 years and was signed in presence
of M. Stalin and M. Voroshilov and M. Zdanov.
In continuing the War Russia claims to be only helping
the Finnish 11 People's Government "
Since then Russia has continued to regard M. Kussinen's
as the only lawful government in Finland and
ta?oeUof the Finns' is waging the war apparently in its behalf with
the old government at Helsinki. The stubborn
resistance of this government along with natural difficulties and
adverse season conditions have enabled the Finns to put up a
great fight inflicting heavy losses on Russia and forcing on it a
longer war than she intended to wage. It still continues with
the same bitterness, and Russia is constantly reported to be
suffering heavy casualties. It would however be erroneous to
entertain an exaggerated view of this matter. The Finns will
have to come to terms with Russia or be totally conquered by her.
The League Council's Decision
The Council of the League of Nations assembled on 13th
December, to consider a resolution declaring the
Soviet Government an aggressor against Finland
ai}d inviting individual member states to give
60
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
[J an.
their individual help to Finland. The Soviet Government refused
to participate in the meeting of the Council saying that she was
not at war with Finland ! The resolution was however subsequ-
ently adopted, and most member states, especially England and
France, are rendering Finland every possible help. This how-
ever cannot avert the final defeat of the Finns if the unequal war
continues.
M. Stalin's continued support to Kussinen Government
Russian viewpoint on the war in Finland is shown in the reply
to the League's Council. It was repeated in
M. Stalin's Message , , , . , , . . „ ,r .
acknowledging the congratulations or M. Kussi-
nen to M. Stalin on his sixtieth birthday on December 25. M.
Stalin wrote to him : " I wish the Finnish people and the
People's Government of Finland an early and complete victory
over the oppressors of the Finnish peaple,—the Mannerheim-Tanner
gang." Thus the Russian government thinks it is fighting the
war of the Finland's People's Party, and not her own!
* * *
Russia's Clear Understanding with Germany
To Herr von Ribbentrop M. Stalin wrote on the same
occasion : " The friendship between the peoples
Recent Utterances i i o • , , i,
of Germany and the Soviet has been cemented by
blood and has every reason to be lasting and firm." Some two
months before, M. Molotov had said : " The motives of Britain
and France do not lie in any ideology, but in their profoundly
material interests as mighty colonial powers. It is fear of Ger-
many's claims to colonial possessions that is at the bottom of the
present war." Earlier still and a little before the war M. Stalin
had delivered a four-hour speech before the huge Constitutional
Congress of 2,500 delegates which had assembled in the blue-
and-gold Throne Room of the Kremlin. He had concluded it
with the words : " Trespassers who push their hog-snouts over
our Soviet potato-patch will get the devil's own thrashing I That
is our foreign policy 1 v That attitude is entirely changed now
$s far as Germany is concerned.
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES
31
Resources of Russia
Various things have been said about the resources of Russia,
Immense Gold, Germany materially.
Platinum and other Mr. Ignatius Phavre had written in September
Products r "
last : " Today M. Stalin's many u Russias " are
tapped for gold, and the mines now approach an output of
10,000,000 ounces and may soon exceed that of the South
African Union. Then the Ural Mountains supply half the world's
platinum. Is there any limit to the resources of such an empire ? "
The output of 10,000,000 ounces of gold alone would now be
valued at Rs. 1000,000,000 per annum, and is steadily increasing!
And Russia's preparations for the last several years had been for
the huge conflict she knew was coming.
We do not therefore think there would be any strain on her
when we read at the close of this month that
Ge?mfnySupplie'Russia has agreed to deliver to Germany the
following vast supplies : 1,000,000 tons of grain ;
500,000 tons soya beans ; 500,000 tons oil-seeds ; 100,000 tons
high-grade cotton; 50,000 tons second grade cotton ; 900,000 tons
oil; 483,000 oz. troy platinum ; about £ 250,000 worth of hides
and leather ; etc.
Russia and Japan
Russia's relations with Japan are vague and not clearly
defined. Although a peace is patched up in
Relations not Clear ,pt i ,
Manchukuo, the reelings between the two coun-
tries have not been eased. The poignant speech of M. Stalin
quoted above was openly aimed at Japan as at his enemies in the
West.
The new Japanese Premier, Admiral Yonai, however has
shown the desire to make a determined effort to
patoh1up'Difierences patch up differences between herself and Russia,
The North Manchuria Railway affair is to be
settled by Japan agreeing to pay Russia 7,000,000 yens less
1,000,000 yens due by Russia to Manchukuo, two-thirds of the
amount will be paid in goods of Japanese and Manchukuo origin.
60 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [J an.
The fisheries dispute will be settled for the present by keeping
the Agreement of January 1928 valid until the end of 1940.
No agreement however has been reached on the settlement
of the border between Manchukuo and Outer Mongolia, although
it was reported from Moscow on January 4, that a Japanese
delegation headed by Mr. Matsushima, Minister in Stockholm,
had arrived there to open trade negotiations with the Soviet.
Russia and Other States
Russia's relations with Bulgaria are friendly, and though
Roumania is constantly on the alert against her,
Relations with
Roumania, Bulgaria Russia s relations with lurkey do not appear to be
and Turkey strained notwithstanding Turkey's recent pacts
with Britain and France. Russia cannot afford to quarrel with
Turkey.
The Ambassadors of Italy, Britain and France left Moscow
early in January. The last two may have reasons
easy to understand whereas Italy has no sympathy
with Russia, and the cause of the recall of her
ambassador is due to Russia's protest against the anti-Soviet
demonstrations in Italy.
TURKEY
The Ankara Agreement
Intense diplomatic talks took place about the middle of October
between the Allies and Turkey on the one hand and
Diplomatic Talks t J
with the Allies and Turkish and Soviet leaders on the other. Turkey
the Soviet . J
had immediate rear or liussia on one side hand
and Italy on the other. Her apprehensions of Italian aims in the
Near East have been of long standing, and hence she had been
watching with pleasure the precautions the Allies have been
taking for the defence of these regions. She knew the Allies were
interested in the preservation of her integrity so she has had no
fear of aggression against herself on their part.
THE EDITOR'S NOTES
47
Turkey's relations with Russia however were different. She
had been under debts to that power ever since
Them the Great War. So her position in relation to
that power became difficult when the Allies sought
a pact with her. She entered into close conversations with both
sides to clear up their attitude and to see her own position better.
In her conversations with Russia, that power desired to enter
into a bilateral pact of mutual assistance limited
Russia's Terina ,
to regions in the Black Sea and the Straits, and
an engagement on the part of Turkey not to allow warships of
non-Black Sea Powers through the Bosphorus to the Black Sea.
Its Terms
Turkey could not agree to these terms. She knew her in-
terests were tied up with the Allies to a large
Avoiding Hostile
Attitude towards extent and so she could not sign a pact with
Russia disagreeable to them. Nevertheless she
avoided any direct aim against Russia in the pact she was con-
templating to enter into with the A Hies. Hence this pact known
as the Ankara Agreement had the following terms :
1. Britain and France to assist Turkey in the event of the
latter being a victim of aggression. 2. Turkey on the one hand
and Britain and France on the other to assist each other in the
event of either of the contracting sides being involved in war in
the Mediterranean as a result of an act of aggression. 3. Turkey
to assist Britain and France for maintaining Anglo-French
guarantees to Greece and Roumania, 4. Turkey to enter
into new consultations or to observe at least benevolent
neutrality in hostilities between Britain and France and
a European Power without the provisions of articles 2 and
3. 5. Consultations to take place between the contracting
parties with a view to common action in the event of aggression
against another European state which any of the contracting
parties has undertaken to assist or, in the event of indirect
aggression, which menaces the security of any of the contracting
Powers. 6. The treaty not to be taken as directed against
60
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [J an.
any country. 7. Bilateral obligations to hold between Turkey
and each of the two other contracting parties. 8. Contracting
Powers engaged in hostilities consequent on operation of the
treaty, not to conclude a separate peace. 9. The treaty to be
valid for 15 years with an option of extension for further five
years. 10. The Protocol to exempt Turkey from obligations
under the treaty which might compel her to enter an armed
conflict with the Soviets.
Russian Attitude to Them
The Pact was signed in Ankara on 21st October. It will
be seen that articles 4, 6 and 10 were specially
toUbaeydrawn01into framed to avoid an offence to Russia. Russia
Ho«tiie Orbit however thought that by signing this Pact
Turkey had definitely discarded the cautious policy of neutrality
and entered the orbit of the developing European war. " Whether
Turkey will not come to regret it, we shall not try to guess "
said M. Molotov in a statement. Germany also withdrew from
Turkey her officers lent to her for military instruction, and
technicians engaged in important work.
Allies' Huge Credits to Turkey
To implement the pact the Allies have advanced to Turkey
in middle of January credits of £25,000,000 for
Loan andMPurchasei armaments, a loan of £15,000,000 in gold and
a trade loan of £3,000,000. The Allied Govern-
ments have also agreed to buy from Turkey £10,000,000 worth
of raisins, figs and hazel-nuts yearly.
Natural Calamities
While Turkey has been made politically secure Nature
has visited her with devastating earthquakes
*g* from the and floods. Britain and other nations have
lavishly helped in giving relief to the suffering
districts.
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES
31
IRAQ
Advantages of British Protection
The political state of Iraq continues insecure. Sayyid Rustam
Haidar, the Finance Minister, was shot at on 18th
January and died on 22nd. No serious develop-
ment took place; but incidents of that sort are not quite rare
in this country and were it not for British protection the country
would be torn by internal troubles or external aggressions.
Satisfaction at the Ankara Agreement
The Prime Minister of Iraq had telegraphed to the Turkish
Premier satisfaction at the pact she entered into
.uSSSSL Pa0t with the Allied Powers on 21st October. There
has however taken place no meeting of the
signatories to the Saadabad Pact of non-aggression which is
holding between Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan, as was
anticipated then.
INDIA
Government and National Parties
The estranged relations between the Congress and the
Imperial Government and the Congress and
Continue*Relatlon" the Muslim League continue as before. The
Viceroy has been making continuous attempts to
pacify the Congress and win its co-operation in the prosecution
of the war. The Secretary of State for India, the British Premier
and other British statesmen have repeatedly extended hand of
friendship to this great national body, by giving all assurances
about the offer of Dominion Status or independence within
the orbit of the British Empire. But the Congress leaders insist
on promise of complete independence, and express their disapproval
of the Government having drawn India into what they call to
be an imperialistic war without the nation's expressed consent.
60
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
[J an.
The Muslim League and the other minorities are disinclined
to accept any position which would leave them
being0placed°atftha at the mercy of the majority party, whose late
jority Party" Ma" experimental rule over them has caused intense
dissatisfaction against them. The Congress govern-
ment has been accused of partisan spirit, and that accusation was
not unfounded in the estimation of non-Congress people. The
Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha party, the Harijans, and
even minor communities such as the Parsis have found reasons to
raise grave complaints against their ways and measures. The
Muslim League has taken the lead and those other parties have
followed it in warning the British Government not to enter into
any one-sided pact with the Congress.
The Indian States however are in full accord among them-
selves to give unstinted support to the British
The Indian States. . .
Empire in every possible way. lhey would be
equally opposing the Congress demand for absolute independence
and complete severance from the British Empire.
Resignations of Congress Governments
The Congress Governments in the provinces finding an
excuse in their differences with the Imperial gov-
Que«tion of India's ernment on the question of India's independence,
independence tendered their resignations in early November,
and the respective Governors took over the administration of the
provinces and carry it on with boards of advisers who will be
exercising ministerial powers. These however are not interfering
with Congress measures, probably owing to the Supreme Govern-
ment's desire not to further estrange Congress feelings,
* * *
THE PAESIS
Parsis and the Congress
In response to the request of a deputation of Parsis led by
Prof. S. R. Daver, the Trustees of the Parsi
Irt CongressPunehayet had sent the following telegram to the
Viceroy in early October; " The Trustees of the
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES
31
Parsi Punchayet desire to draw His Excellency's attention to the
fact that the oft-repeated statement of the Congress, lately re-
iterated by Mr. Gandhi, that the Congress represents all castes and
communities, including the minorities, is not correct. We are
firmly convinced that the Congress does not represent the Parsi
community, and that it has no right or authority to speak on
behalf of the Parsi community. We feel sure the community
will be heard at the right time with regard to their rights and
interests."
Notwithstanding this, Sir Manekji Dadabhoy, the doyen of
Parsi statesmanship, and the President of the Coun-
Though They ^ r'
recognise Some cil of State, made the following statement at a din-
Good done by It .
ner party he gave to the Viceroy at his residence
early in January: "I venture to suggest that by their hasty action
in tendering resignations the Congress Ministers have not only re-
tarded the progress of Provincial Autonomy but also released
certain forces which it will probably require some measurable time
to bring under control. However, it is a matter of satisfaction
that the Governors of the late Congress Provinces are adhering
as far as possible to that part of the programme which is practi-
cable and chalked out by the ex-ministries "
Present Position
Political instability, continued falling back from enterprise,
General Troubles increasing unemployment, general deterioration
and National in the community's morale, effects of inter-com-
munal differences and hostilities, have all been
troubling the Parsi community lately, and the future does not
look to be bright as the communal leaders have not stirred them-
selves to take any serious measures for combatting and overcoming
these evils and hardships. The community has been completely
hustled out of national leadership in which they held honoured
positions before and taught the rest of the Indians the ways of
independent thinking and doing. This is attributed to the
jealousy of present Congress leaders who have carefully picked
apd thrown gut of their active ranks all Parsi leading members
60 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [J an.
whom they had placed in the front ranks in the days of their
war upon the rulers in the land, to bear the brant of suppressive
measures of the Government.
The same spirit pervades other ranks. Even the institutes
which rose on Parsi effort and Parsi charity have
io^EBenefit8:6 often no room for the Parsis. In the public
services the clamour of bigger communities often
drowns their well-deserved claims. And wherever the major
communities have the upper hand their rights and merits hardly
meet with any recognition or fair treatment.
Future Hopes
We do not however despair of the future. The younger
generation have been stirring themselves, and if
Aspiring ^ aspirations they voiced in the Youth's Confer-
ence they held in early December under the wise Chairmanship of
Sir Cowasji Jehangir, are pursued even in small measures, they
would be doing some benefit to themselves and to the community
in general.
Parsi Charities
The current of Parsi charity is yet as strong as ever and
Parsi public charities in the year ended on 8th
Current"7106 September amounted to the handsome sum of
Rs. 35,00,000, a fairly large amount for a small
community of a hundred thousand souls to give away. The only
regret is that these charities are mostly devoted to relieving
measures and not to reproductive assistance.
That Parsi charities are not always communal can be seen
from the facts that some leading Parsis and Parsi
Non-Communal t °
funds contributed Rs. 1,00,000 to the Viceroy's
Red Cross Fund. The Bhabha Hospital at Bandra got a farther
donation of Rs. 21,000 from Khan Bahadur H. K. Bhabha, Mr.
Shavakshah Edulji Contractor gave an Ex-Ray Extension to
"Wilson Hospital in Devgadh Baria, and the Calcutta Parsi
Dramatic Club gave away Rs. 2,002 to Cutch-Kathiawar Famine
Fund. Some months before, the community had given away.
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES 31
among other catholic charities, Rs. 1,55,495 to Dr. Billimoria's
Panchgani hospital for consumptives, and Rs. 27,954 to Chil-
dren's Aid Society and to the Beggar Settlement, etc.
Some Schemes
There are launched two schemes of Agricultural and
Industrial Colonies which if properly conduct-
induatriai^CoioDieB ed would not only bring material relief to a section
of the community but would create breeding
centres for a better, hardier and more enterprising race than what
circumstances of congested city life have reduced it to be. One
is the Godrej Farm Scheme which has been handed over to the
Trustees of the Parsi Punchayet of Bombay for conducting, and
the other a similar scheme floated by Mrs. Bapsy Sabavala, Mr;
P. N. Mehta, Colonel Meherwan Irani and Mr. Jehangir H. Cama.
Both ought to succeed if wisely conducted and persuasive and
sympathetic methods are employed.
Parsi Industrial Institutes
The community maintains two large industrial institutes
in Bombay. They are doing fair work, still we do
Better^Rewiits1106 not yet see a fair number of independent workers
turned out or handsome returns earned by the
employees. The report of Sir Ratan Tata Industrial Institute for
Parsi women shows that it has not only free handsome homes but
it also got an annual grant of Rs. 27,760 last year. This, added
to the fairly high values they charge, ought to enable it to realise
better results.
Cultural Progress
Mr. M. K. S. of Karachi gave some interesting statistics of
Bombay University results and Parsis. In the
be^Better" "h°Uld year 1938 some 500 Parsis had passed the
Matriculation whereas 357 graduated, Thesei
compare favourably to results by other Indian communities;
still a bright compact community like the Parsis, with numerous
facilities for higher education, should aspire to attain still better
results.
60
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
[J an.
Honours to the Dead
In early October a meeting was convened at Sir Cowasji
Jehangir Hall, Bombay, to pass a condolence resolution on the
passing away of Sir Hormusji Cowasji Dinshah Adenwala, when
glowing tributes were paid to his memory.
Oil paintings of Sir Pheroze Sethna, Sir Dinshah Watcha
and Mr. Sorabji Muncherji Desai, an eminent scholar of Navsari,
were unveiled at the offices of New India Assurance Company and
Millowners' Association in Bombay and at Navsari respectively.
Parsi Achievement
Sir Byramji Jijibhoy has been appointed Chairman of the
, „ Imperial Bank of India since January 18. Sir
Recent Honours r . J
Homi P. Modi is appointed a Director of the
Reserve Bank of India and President of the Federated Group
in Bombay Corporation. Mr. J. B. Wadia is appointed to the
Board of Film Censors. Sir Ardeshir ft. Dalai was elected
President of the Indian Science Congress, and appointed
Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Bombay Red Cross.
Mr. Sorabji Rustomji was elected President of the Natal Indian
Congress of South Africa. Sir Homi Mehta was elected President
of the Bombay Flying Club. Mr. Rustam P. Masani has been
nominated by the Bombay Government on the Permanent
Famine Relief Committee. Mr. Noshirvan P. Engineer,
ex-Judge, has been nominated to the Bar Council by the Bombay
High Court. Mr. Naorozji M. Dumasia was nominated to the
Indian Legislative Assembly. Mr. Behram N. Karanjia and
Prof. Sohrab R. Daver were elected to the Bombay Legislative
Council. Confidence of sister communities in Parsis was found in
the election of Mr. Ardeshir Tankaria and Mr. B. H. Taraporevala
as Vice-Presidents respectively of Ahmedabad and Thana
Municipalities.
We had the pleasure of making note in a previous number
of the great ovation Mr. Sohrab Modi of the
Cinema c ie?eme ]y[inerva Talkies had been given in the Punjab.
The communities in Hyderabad and Sikanderabad gave an address
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES 31
to him in Hyderabad in the middle of December, congratulating
Mr. Sohrab Modi on the great success of his historical picture
" Pukar ". Nawab Sir Amin Jang Bahadur, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., who
had presided at the function complimented Mr. Modi on behalf
of the public of Hyderabad and appreciated his signal services to
the Indian cinema. Nawab Mehdi Yar Jang, Minister of
Education, Nawab Salar Jang Bahadur, Nawab Mirza Yar Jang
and Nawab Asgar Yar Jang were among the distinguished per-
sonages who had honoured the function with their presence.
Mr. Modi also received ovation in Bangalore, Mysore and
Madras. In the last place, Mr. Satyamurti, the Congress leader,
said at a gathering in Mr. Modi's honour: " Mr. Sohrab Modi has
found a way of approaching the problem of Hindu-Muslim unity,
which is more appealing to the masses and therefore more effective."
It is said that Mr. Sohrab Modi is now planning a film on
Firdawsi's life.
About the close of January the Governor of Bombay and
MiBfl Dhun ^ady Lumley visited S. N.D. Thackersey Women's
Ankieaarift'sEzcei- University and College which have been doing
lent Work at the J ° °
Women's Univer- remarkably good work under the able guidance of
"lty its Principal Miss Dhun Behramgore Anklesaria,
Mi A. Sir Roger Lumley expressed pleasure at what he and Lady
Lumley had seen and wished the institution every success.
A similar function took place at Nair Hospital Dental
College, at which Dr. D. D. Gilder. ex-Minister
Dr. Nariman ° ' '
Vaid at Nair Den- of Bombay, extolled the work of the College
tal College . . „ .
under its acting Dean Dr. JNanman J^. Vaid.
Mr. Ardeshir F. Khabardar, the celebrated Parsi Gujarati poet,
was elected to deliver Thakkar Vassonji Madhavji
c^j'ara«alpoetry0n Lectures at Ramnarain Ruia College in Bombay,
on Gujarati Poetry, in the middle of December.
Miss Bhikhaiji L. Palamcote, the celebrated Parsi musician,
lately celebrated the jubilee of her literary life, for,
Paiamcote'fl Literaoy besides being a great musician of European
Jubllea reputation, she is also a well-kno,wn literatrix like
Sp THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [Jan.
her equally well-known sister Miss Baiai Palamcote, the able
editor of the " Hindi Graphic
Dr. H. J. B, Bhabha was elected to deliver lectures on Physics
at the Indian Science Institute in Bangalore,
bed' physicist.
Mr. D. N. Wadia, the Government mineralogist in Ceylon
has discovered in the western province an area which is expected
to yield rich plumbago ore, and promises to be its richest field in
Ceylon.
Honours Won
A Doctorate of Science has been bestowed on Prof. Manek
Pithawala by the Bombay University for his researches in Sindh
geography.
In the close of October an Address and Casket were present-
ed to Lady Ratan Tata by the Parsi inhabitants of Tardeo in
Bombay, for the benefits she had bestowed upon them in providing
them cheap tenements in memory of her husband Sir Ratan Tata.
Scouter J. D. Surti, Honorary Treasurer of the Bombay
Boy Scouts' Local Association, has been awarded the Medal of
Merit for his services to the Association.
Appointments to Higher Posts
Mr. A. D. Shroff was entertained at dinner by members of
the Bombay Stock Exchange on joining Messrs. Tata Sons as
their Financial Adviser.
Mr. Dorab N. D. Khandalavala, ex-Chief Presidency
Magistrate of Bombay, is appointed Head of Insurance Associa-
tions. Khan Bahadur A. S. Dalai has been appointed Extra Press
Adviser in Bombay. Khan Sahib Aspandiarji C. Jasavala, I.S.O.,
has been appointed Administrative Officer in Military Engineering
Department in Simla, a post hitherto held only by British
officers. Mr. Framji Jehangir Karaka has been appointed Price
Control Officer in Bombay. Khan Sahib H. D. Warden has
been appointed Special Officer on duty in connection with price
control in Bombay. Khan Bahadur P. N. Pesifcaka has been
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES 31
appointed Inspector under Rule 100 of the Defence of India Act
in Bombay. Khan Sahib N. N. Sadri is appointed an Assistant to
the Inspector General of police, Grime Branch, Bombay. Mr.
B. P. Aderianwala has been appointed an Assistant to the Deputy
Controller of Enemy Firms. Mr. S. S. Bhathena is appointed
Personal Assistant to the Registrar of Co-operative Societies and
Director of Rural Development.
Mr. Nadirshah A. Vesuvala has been appointed First
Assistant to the Official Assignee in Bombay. Mr. Dinshah S.
Elavia has been appointed Chief Superintendent of the Office
of the Prothonotary and Senior Master in the Bombay High
Court. Mr. D. B. Katpitia has been appointed Additional District
and Sessions Judge in Western India States Agency.
Mr. Sohrab Nanabhai Moos is to officiate as Director of
Public Instruction, Bombay Province. Miss H. Nallaseth is
appointed Lecturer in English at Elphinstone College in Bombay.
Miss M. Dastur is to be Head Mistress in Bombay Educational
Service.
Mrs. M. J. B. Wadia is to officiate as Medical Officer at Cama
and Albless Hospital in Bombay. Dr. Nosherwan K. Sahiar has
been appointed Tutor in Clinical Medicine at Grant Medical
College and Honorary Physician of G. T, Hospital in Bombay.
Mr. S. H. Oomrigar is to be Honorary Dental Surgeon at
G. T. Hospital. Mr. S. N. Debu is reappointed Honorary
Radiologist at St. George's Hospital in Bombay. Mr. M. M. A.
Dubash has been appointed Refractionist at Sir Cowasji Jehangir
Ophthalmic Hospital in Bombay.
Appointments in His Majesty's Foboes
Mr. Pesi Chichgar, a middle aged Parsi gentleman, who
held commission in the Indian Army in the last world war, is
admitted into the Veterans' Battalion of the Queen's Westminster
Rifles, Cadet Soli Ardeshir Bharucha has been admitted as
Apprentice in His Majesty's Indian Naval Dockyard. Cadet
Captain P. M. Narielvala was one of the five candidates selected
for the Viceroy's Medal. Mr. Keki B. Commissariat is appointed
Pilot Offieer of Risalpur R, A. F.
60
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [J an.
Foreign and Other Appointments
The Governor of Ceylon has selected Mr. Faredun Noshervan
Jilla to be a Probationer Assistant Superintendent of Police.
Mr. Royintan Noshirvan Mirza is appointed Temporary General
Manager of the Mysore State Railways. Mr. Ardeshir Jamshedji
Soonavala has been appointed Joint Chief Judge in the Bhav-
nagar State.
Academical and Other Distinctions
Dr. Manek H. Masina, who is a highly qualified young
doctor, had the distinction of being invited to read a paper refore
the Biological Research Society of Toronto in America. Dr.
Homi Ardeshir CUoksey has passed the M.R.C.P. examination
of the Edinburgh University. Mr. Rustom Hormusji Pastakia
has returned to India after a practice of four years in an
eminent firm of Architects in London. Mr. Behram S. Sidhwa
has returned after higher studies in Banking and Stock Exchange
in Europe and America. Mr. Jamshed Ponchaji Munsiff, the Officer
Candidate of the Associated Cement Companies, has leturned
after a practical training in England and Denmark. Mr. J. C.
Patel has returned after a special training of three years in
" Colour Process" in Photography in England and Europe.
Mr. Minocheher Jamshedji Mistry has been appointed on Asso-
ciate of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
Miss Piloo Nosherwan Kohiyar has attained higher degrees
in Medicine and Midwifery in London. Miss Mary A. Nariman
has won the Ceylon Coconut Board's Silver Cup in the desiccated
coconut culinary competition. Miss Moti M. Nanavaty has
obtained with distinction the Professorate of the Paris University.
Prizes, Trophies and Medals
Mr. Rustomji Ardeshir Irani of Bhavnagar State Railways
has gained the first prize for an essay on Coal Economy read before
the Kathiawad Railways Traffic Audit Conference. Mr. Dadi
Pestonji Bah man ji, a young Parsi artist, has won several prizes
and distinctions at the Bombay Art Society's last exhibition. Mr.
Custom D, Sethna has won Lovji Cama Challenge Trophy in
1940]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES
31
dramatic competition, Prof. Tehmuras Daruvalla, the Physicultur-
ist of Indore, has won Efficiency Certificate and Medal in the All-
India Physical Competition in Calcutta. Mr. K. H. Kapadia had
the distinction of having won all his matches in the Inter-Provin-
cial and All-India Table Tennis Championship without conceding
a game in Bombay in close of December last.
Retirement
Khan Bahadur Darashah Dhunjishah Kothawala, Assistant
to the Deputy Inspector General of Police in Bombay, retired
after a long and meritoriou sservice of 30 years.
Regent Losses
We regret to take note of the passing away of Sir Noherwanji
Choksy, a prominent member of the medical profession and of the
Council of State, Miss Shirin Manekji Cursetji, a highly cultured
nonagenarian lady with a rare record of public service, Mrs.
Banubai H. D. Billimoria, a lady of singular charm, Mr. Homi
F. Mulla, the Solicitor for the Government of Bombay, Mr.
Nanabhai N". Saher, the most senor practising barrister in the
magisterial courts, Mr. R. K. Dadachanji, one of the oldest advo-
cates of Bombay, Khan Bahadur H. K. Bhabha, a great philanthro-
pist, Mr. Fakirji Cowasji, a millionaire of Karachi, Mr. Ardeshir
Khurshedji Irani, a philanthropist of Poona, Mr. Pestonji Dorabji
Padamji, a leader in paper industry in Poona, Khan Bahadur
Sohrabshah Hormusji of Broach, a retired judicial officer, Khan
Saheb Pestonji Wadia of Surat, and last but not least Khan
Sahib Dhanjibhai Framji Dubash, an enthusiastic member of the
Iran League and a worshipful admirer of ancient Iran and her
great past, and Mrs. Ardeshir Reporter who was an esteemable
lady in Teheran.
it. WADIA,
m NO
DIAMOND MERCHANT,
GRANT ROAD, BOMBAY*
PRAYER
Late Miss Shirin Manekji Cuksetji
[The following were among the last lines this venerable lady
wrote in a message of goodwill to Dastur Framroze A. Bode of the
new Dini Temple.]
A Prayer
I often say my prayers
But do I really pray ?
Do the wishes of my heart
Go with the words I say ?
Doth my soul His presence own ?
No! Then I might as well go down
And offer to the gods of stone
A prayer of words alone ;
For word without the heart
The Lord will never hear,
Nor will He to that child attend
"Whose prayers are not sincere.
0 Lord! teach me how to pray
To blend my thoughts with Thine
So that every word I pray
Be pure, pious and divine.
What is Prayer?
Prayer is the soul's sincere desire,
Uttered or unexpressed;
The motion of a hidden fire
That trembles in the breast.
Prayer is the burden of a sigh,
The falling of a tear;
The upward glancing of an eye,
When none but God is near.
Prayer is the Good Man's vital breath
The Good Man's native air;
His watchword at the gates of death
He enters Heaven with prayer,
Prayers
61
Prayer is the contrite sinner's voice ;
Returning from his ways ;
While angels in their songs rejoice,
And cry, " Behold he prays ! "
Prayer is the healing soft balm
Of God's own laboratory
That brings comfort and soothing calm
To hearts sad, sore and weary.
Pray Without Ceasing
Go when the morning shineth,
Go when the noon is bright,
Go when the eve declineth,
Go in the hush of night;
In thy chamber kneeling,
Do thou in the secret pray ;
Go with pure mind and feeling,
Fling earthly thoughts away,
Remember all who love thee,
All who are loved by thee;
Pray, too, for those who hate thee,
If any such there be :
Then for thyself, in weakness,
A blessing humbly claim :
And link with each petition
Thy great Zar'thushtra's name,
Or if 'tis e'er denied thee
In solitude do pray ;
Should holy thoughts come o'er thee
"When friends are round thy way
Ev'n then the silent breathing
Thy Spirit lifts above,
"Will reach His throne of glory,
Who is Mercy, Truth, and Love.
WAD! A
DIAMOND MERCHANT,
GRANT ROAD BOMBAY*
MO
HUSAYN IBN MANSUR AL HALLAJ:
THE SUFI-SAINT OF IRAN
Nowboz C, Mehta, m.a.
Different Opinions About Mansur
Greater the man greater are his revilers. Fame is a bone
of contention among mankind, and he who obtains it, has to fight
for keeping it lest it be snatched away from him. Such was the
condition of poor Hallaj. Several of the great Sufis and
prominent men have denounced Hallaj and refrained from accept-
ing him in their fold. In the Fihrist he is described as " a wily
fellow, expert in conjuring, affecting the doctrines of the Sufis,
adorning his discourse with their expressions and claiming
acquaintance with every science, though in fact devoid of all.
He knew something of Alchemy, and was an ignorant, pushing,
headstrong fellow, over-bold against authorities, meddling in high
matters, eager to subvert governments claiming divinity amongst
his disciples, preaching the doctrine of Incarnation, pretending to
kings that he was of the Shi'a faith and to the common folk that he
held the opinions of the Sufis The historian Suli, who
met Hallaj personally, describes him as " an ignorant fellow who
pretended to be clever, an unready speaker who would pass as
eloquent, and a rogue who clothed himself in woollen raiment
(siif) and made a parade of piety."2 On the other hand, great
Sufis like Ibn Attar, Abdullah Khalif, Shibli, Abul Qasam Nasara-
badi and others are among his admirers. Some like Shaikh AbQ
Said Abulkhair, Shaikh Abul Qasam Gurgani, Shaikh Abu Ali
Farmadi, and Imam Yusuf Hamadani have kept silence over this
matter and have said that his life is enshrouded in mysteries.
Some say that Husayn Mansur Hallaj is a different person from
Husayn Mansur Mulhad for Husayn Mulhad was a Bagdadi and
1. P. 428. Browne, Literary History of Fenia, Vol. I.
8. P. 490. Ibid.
1940]
HUSAYN IBN MANSUR AL HALLAJ
was the teacher of Muhammad Zakaria and a companion of
Abu Said Qarmuti and was a magician and was living in
Wasate, Hazrat Abdullah Khafif said, " Husaiyn Mansur was
a Divine Teacher Q'Lj fU) " and Hazrat Shibli said, " I and Hallaj
are the same; but the only difference is that I was relieved being
thought of as a mad-man, whereas his wisdom launched him into
difficulties and became the cause of his ruin."
His Life
He flourished in the beginning of the 10bh century. In the
beginning of his life he wag at Tastar and for two years he was in
company of Abdullah Tastari. Thence he intended on a travel to
Bagdad. At the age of 18 he set out on his first journey to Basra
and from there to Du Harafe and lived for 18 months in the
company of Hazrat Omar b. Othman Maki. Abu Yakub Al-Akteh
gave his daughter to him in marriage. Thence he went to Bagdad
and for a long tim9 remained under Hazrat Junayd. From there he
went to Hajaz and after a year's stay there, he returned to Bagdad.
By this time, he gathered round him a large number of pupils.
When he went before Junayd and asked him a problem, Junayd
made no reply to it but simply said, {f In near future you will
be on the gallows." Mansur said " I shall be on the gallows on
the very day when you will put on the dress of an ordinary man
(j^.tW)-" It so happened that when all big people decided
upon Hallaj's execution, Hazrat Junayd was in the dress of Sufis.
He refused to sign Hallaj's death-warrant, but the Khalifa Al-
Muqtadir insisted upon his signature. So Junayd rose from the
monastery and went to the Madrasa and after putting on the dress
of ordinary teacher, signed the document, and Hallaj's words fell
true.
When Hallaj did not get any reply to his query from
Junayd, he went off with his wife to Tastar and remained there
for a year. He became so popular there that people became
jealous of him and Hazrat Omar b. Othman wrote a pamphlet
against him in Khuzistan for lowering him in the estimation of
others. TtiU proi^d snob, ai effjot on Hillaj thifc hs discarded
£54 the iran league quartely [Jan.
Sufi dress, and pub on ordinary cloak and began mixing with
worldly people.
His Wide Travels, and Some Miracles Attributed to Him
Then for 5 years he took to wandering and travelled far
and wide visiting, Ahwaz, Khorasan, Basra and even India,
lecturing and calling people to tread on the path of God. He
himself led a rigorous Sufi life and performed 400 Rakat
(genuflexions) of Nimaz per day. It is said that for 20 years he
put on the sam3 coat and when at last the people finding it
too dirty, compelled him to remove it from his body, it was full of
bugs whose total weight came to be 3 Rattis.
It is said that once he and his followers marched out and lost
their way in a jungle. Some days after, their food supply was
exhausted and they complained of hunger. He pacified them
and asked them to stand in a line. Then taking his hands
back he brought out a fresh loaf and a little water and this he
repeated 409 times till he fed all his followers to the full.
People asked him lt What is Patience ? " to which he replied
" Patience would be that when a man utters not even a sigh even
if his hands and feet are severed and his head is separated from
his body," and this proved to be exactly true in his case when a
year later (in A-D. 922), he was put on the gallows.
It is said that when he was thrown in prison, the very first
night he disappeared and in spite of the gaoler's diligent search
everywhere, he was not to be found. The next night when the
jailer came he saw neither the prison nor Hallaj. The third
night both Hallaj and the prison were in their place. People
asked him about it and he replied, c< First night I was in God's
presence, and so I was not here ; second night the Almighty came
to visit me and so both I and the jail became invisible to you ;
and now when He sent me here, X was found in my usual
place."
While he was in jail there were 300 jail-birds with him.
One day he said to his companions, " I shall free you all if you
wish." They said, " But why don't you free yourself first." He
replied, "No, I can't do that, for I am a prisoner of God,
1940]
HUSAIN IBN MANSUR AL HALLAj
65
and am required to act up to my faith, although I have the
power to break open all the chains and fetters with a single
movement of my finger." So saying he made a sign and all the
prisoners found themselves free and the walls of the jail became
open windows. The prisoners escaped and the next day, the Khalif
having heard this news, issued orders for Hallaj's execution.
Hallaj on the Gallows: His Cruel End
Prior to his execution, Hallaj was whipped and at every
stroke he cried out, "Anal Haqq (jM'l) I am God. " The Divine
Messenger cried out to him, " Ibn Mansur, latakhaf,
0 Mansur's son, be not afraid." Then he was carried to the
gallows. A hundred thousand people gathered to see the final
scene. He turned his eyes to every one and cried out, "Haqq, Haqq,
Anal Haqq, jMl : God, God, I am God. " At this time, a
Dervish from the crowd darted at him and asked, " 0, Hallaj, tell
me, what is Love ?" He replied calmly, " Brother, you will see
to-day, and to-morrow, and day after," which foretold his future
fate, viz. to-day on gallows, to-morrow burnt and day after the
ashes flown in the air ; such is the end of a True Lover.
It is said that when he was carried to the gallows, he walked
on with a laughing face and when questioned about this strange
behaviour, replied, " I am going to my pavilion and no time is
more pleasant for me than this. " Then he recited these Arabic
verses:
" Nadimi gair mansub ala shai manal-haif,
Sakani masal a mayasharab kefaal al-zaif bal zaif,
Falamma darat ul-kas doa bal-nata wal-saif
Keza man yasharab ar-rah me al-zin bal-zaif, "
Which verses means:
" My friend is not a bit oppressive:
He gave me His wine such as a guest gives to a guest.
When some time passed he sent for the sword and the
leather (which was spread on the ground at the time of
execution).
For such is the punishment of a man who drinks wine in
hot season with a Dragon."
66 THE IRAN LEAGUE! QUARTERLY [Jan.
When he reached the gallows he kissed the stairs and then
placed his foot on the stairs. It is said that in his young age he
had cast an evil glance at a young woman, and now when he was
on the gallows the vision came before his eyes and he cried aloud,
Ah, what is this that I am required to pay for ? " People began
throwing stones at him; Hazrat Shibli out of pity threw only
a clod of earth ; immediately Hallaj heaved a deep sigh of pain,
and being asked why he did not complain of injuries from stones,
but felt hurt by mere clod of earth, he said, " others are unawares
of my condition and so are excusable but this man Shibli knows it
and still does this evil act." Then his persecution began.
His Bare Endurance of Cruel Mutilations
His hands were cut off ; he smiled and being asked why he
did so, replied, " It is easy to cut off external hands but not the
real hands which have removed the cap of High-mindedness
from the head of the Highest Heaven Then his feet
were cut off ; again he smiled and said, " I have travelled this
world with these feet, but I have other feet also by which I can
travel over both the worlds." Then he asked the executioner to pour
handful of blood over his face ; when asked why he wanted that, he
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1940]
HUSAYN IBN MANSUB AL HALL A J
67
said, " Perhaps, owing to loss of blood, my face may have gone
pale and the people may think I am pale through fear, so I wish
to maintain the colour of my face." Then his eyes were put out,
a great uproar was created, some people weeping and some still
throwing stones at him. Then they wished to cut off his tongue
but he requested them to wait for a moment and prayed to God,
" 0 Lord, these misfortunes and tortures I am undergoing for your
sake ; so let them not go unrewarded ; keep not away Thy
favour from me." Then his ears and nose were cut off and the
people continued throwing stones at him. At last his tongue was
cut off. In the evening orders were issued by the Khalif to cut
off his head. At the final scene, even in the moment of his head
being cut off he laughed loudly and said, " I am with Thee,
0 Lord."
A Final Miracle
It is said every limb of his body cried out "Anal Haqq." So
his body was cut to pieces and nothing remained except the
neck and a small piece of the back, and even from these two
pieces came the voice of " Anal, Haqq " (I am God). So the people
burnt his body the next day, and from the ashes also came the
sound of c Anal Haqq "; even the drops of blood spilt at the time
of execution formed the letters J^l kl " Anal Haqq " and howmuch-
soever they tried to remove the stains from the ground, the letters
remained till the last day when the voice of " Anal Haqq " ceased
coming from the Tigris. The ashes were thrown in the river
Tigris 4Lo and even from the waters came the voice of" Anal Haqq"
and a big storm came in the Tigris and threatened to engulf the
whole of Bagdad. Hallaj had predicted this to his servant and to
prevent the havoc he had asked his servant to take his patched
garment «»> to the shore of the Tigris and immediately the water
would subside. The servant remembering his late master's
instructions, did as above and the waters subsided and the voice
of " Anal Haqq " came no more.
SOME GREAT POETS OF IRAN
WERE THEY ZOROASTRIANS ?
sohbab H. batlivala
While studying Iranian literature of the last thousand years,
one is struck by the conspicuous fact that most of it comes from
Muslim authors and hardly anything from the Zoroastrians,
excepting a few prose and poetical works and epistles on Zoro-
astrian religious and other allied subjects. Among these, we come
across certain passages in the poems of some of the most famous
Iranian poets commonly understood to be Muslims, which drive us
to the conclusion that they had no particular predilection for
Islam and in all probability were Zoroastrians in their private
lives. Their own words speak for themselves, and we place
before the readers a few of their statements to show that some
of the greatest and most famous poets of Iran were Zoroastrians
at heart and not Muslims as is generally supposed.
Daquiqui
Let us begin with the case of Daquiqui who flourished about
a thousand years ago. He had a great ambition to compose an epic
on ancient Zoroastrian monarchies in a style worthy of reflecting
their past glory. He even commenced to execute his grand pro-
ject and as a true Zoroastrian began by composing a thousand
couplets depicting the advent of Zarathushtra at the court of king
Gushtasp and proclaiming there his faith which the king adopted
as his own and made it his state religion. This work of Daqui-
qui was subsequently incorporated by Firdausi in his immortal
Shall Nameh. The following concluding verses of one of his odes
show Daquiqui to have been a Zoroastrian :
(j'^j 5 fj'j*- ^ \ f J. M-
JJ iff J Off
1940]
SOME GREAT POETS OF IRAN
69
Translation
" Daquiqui has selected four specialities from all the good and
bad things of the world : Ruby coloured lips, music of the lute,
dark red wine, and the religion of Zarathushtra."
This confession of his faith is recorded by Daquiqui himself,
and so there can be no doubt that this poet, who was one of the
greatest predecessors of Firdausi, was a Zoroastrian.
Omar Khayyam
We shall now pass on to Omar Khayyam, the Iranian poet
who lived during the latter half of the eleventh and the first
quarter of the twelfth century. His quatrains enjoy great
popularity in the western world to-day, thanks to FitzGerald's
inimitable rendering in English verse of over a hundred of them.
Omar Khayyam, who was also a great philosopher and mathemati-
cian, had such a disgust for the type of religion prevailing around
him that in one of bis most telling quatrains he shows the courage
of his convictions by proclaiming to the world at large his absolute
readiness to discard it and adept the Magian faith by tying the
sacred girdle around his waist. The quatrain in question runs
thus :—
cr^ uj'^Oi ->' o* ^ cr'.J^ ^v* l»
Tr anslation
" How long shall I continue to remain vain of my ignorance ?
My heart is afflicted at this distraction of mine. I would rather
put upon my waist the sacred Magian girdle. For the shame
of what ? (you would ask) of this Islamism of mine."
This quatrain clearly indicates that in spite of his very
deep and thorough understanding of tenets of his religion, Omar
Khayyam in the end preferred the Magian faith.
Khaquani '
Khaquani is another great poet of the twelfth century and one
of the most famcus of his age. In an cde he not only records bis
70
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
change of faith to Zoroastrianism, but also declares his willirgrcEs
to revive the religion of Zarathushtra among the masses. He says :
j aJl^i JTJ
Translation
" After fifty years, I find that Islam does not suit me, because
I feel like being a prisoner in it. (So) I leave it, and to escape its
oppression, I wear the sacred girdle and kiss the bell (of the
Magian temple). If the emperor thinks fit, I shall revive the
secret doctrine of Zarathushtra and the practices of the Zend
Avesta."
No stronger proof could be given than this to show that
Khaquani, had renounced his old faith and had embraced
ZoToastrianism.
Shabistary
A century later, Shabistary, a Sufi and a mystic of Tabriz,
was another person to echo similar sentiments. In one of his
best known works on mysticism of the Sufis called Gulshan-i-Raz
while explaining the esoteric meaning of certain Sufi doctrines,
he gives the reader an insight into the working of his mind and
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1940]
SOME GREAT POETS OF IRAN
71
the real nature of his Sufism by declaring that the sacred girdle
is the true and only symbol of service to humanity. He further
declares that at heart he was not a Muslim, openly advises his
followers to discard Islam and enjoins them to tie around their
waist the sacred girdle. These are his words :—
Translation
" I realised that the object of every action lies in the service
to humanity, and its symbol is the knot of the sacred girdle.
The depth of our soul is full of unbelief, and hence you should
not rest content with the religion of Islam. Leave off hypocrisy,
flattery and popularity. Throw off the cloak, and tie up the
sacred girdle.,"
Hafez
This brings me to Hafez, the greatest and the most famous
of all the poets of Iran. Any person who has read his odes can
testify to his deep spiritual attachment to the chief priest of the
Magians, the Pir-i-Mughan as he lovingly calls him. I quote here
only a few of his verses oub of scores to show how he found
solace in the words of the Magian priest alone and none in those
of the Sheikh, the Muslim theologian. This fact in the end made
him adopt the Magian faith of his spiritual guide. In one of his
odes he says:
3 y &is\ u*J f
Translation
"I am a disciple of the Magian priest, oh Sheikh, feel not
offended with me, for you only held out the promise, while he,
(the Magian priest) carried it out."
In another ode Hafez says that divine knowledge or spiritual
understanding was revealed to him only when he became an
72
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
[Jan.
inmate of the Magian temple:
T ranslation
" The gate of divine understanding was opened unto my
heart on that day when I became an inmate of the temple of the
priest of the Magians."
I may here add that in Magian temples only those who
formally belong to the Magian faith are allowed admission and
hence the fact that Hafez became a regular attendant at the
Magian temple clearly shows that he had adopted the Magian
faith in all its formalities. This fact of his adoption of the Magian
faith is further confirmed by the confession of his practice of tying
the sacred Magian girdle round his waist. He says :
Translation
"I had a holy cloak and it used to hide a hundred faults of
mine. It was pawned to wine and the minstrel and the sacred
girdle was all that was left."
Besides his own statements, an incident, recorded by his bio-
graphers, also would show that in private life Hafez was professing
the Magian religion. The incident was as follows :—
Mubariz-ud-Din Muhammad bin Muzaffar, who ruled over
Fars during the time of Hafez, had caused all taverns to be closed
because he was a stern and ascetic Musalman. Hafez refers to
this decree of the ruler in one of his poems wherein after depre-
cating self-righteousness of the zealot, he expresses his concern
that the ruler, in his bigotry, might even remove by force the
sacred girdle that he (Hafez) was putting on under his cloak.
1940]
SOME GREAT POETS OF IRAK
73
Translation
" Oh will it ever be that they will reopen the doors of the
taverns, and will loosen the knots from our tangled affairs ? If
they have closed them for the sake of the heart of the self-righteous
zealot, be of good heart, for they will reopen them for God's sake.
(Still) 0 Hafez I take care lest to-morrow by violence they
may make you untie your sacred girdle from underneath this
cloak that you wear."
Fortunately for Hafez Mubariz-ud-Din died soon, and his son
Shah Shuja, on becoming the ruler, relaxed the oppressive restric-
tions of his late father. Hafez celebrated the event in the
following verses saying that it was due to intervention of Sarush,
the Zoroastrian angel, that Shah Shuja got the inspiration to
remove the restriction.
Translation
" At early dawn good tidings reached my ear from the unseen
voice; it is the era of Shah Shuja, drink wine boldly ! Except for
the praise of His Majesty, do not make thy heart offer any other
prayer, for the ear of his heart is a confidant of the message
of Sarush."
From this we see that when Islamic fanaticism prevailed,
Hafez, like a true Zoroastrian, became anxious about preserving the
sacred girdle on his person and subsequently when freedom returned
he expressed his joy that it was Sarush, the Zoroastrian angel, that
inspired Shah Shuja to remove the ban of prohibition. Thus the
working of the mind of Hafez during this incident clearly indicates
his Zoroastrian propensity.
I shall conclude this notice of Hafez by quoting a verse of
his, wherein he expressly enjoins all his readers to revive the
Zoroastrian religion.
74
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
[Jan.
Translation
" Revive the Zoroastrian religion and creed in the garden,
now that the tulip has kindled the fire of Nimrod."
From these confessions of Daquiqui, Omar Khayyam,
Khaquani, Shabistary and Hafez it will be seen that the fire of
the love for Zoroastrianisin was burning in the hearts of great
Iranians throughout the tenth to the fourteenth centuries. It
has kept on burning during the subsequent centuries down to the
present time as I intend to show in a later article. Modern
Iranians are now definitely turning to Zoroastrianism as I have
shown in my last article published in this Quarterly*
* Vide Volume IX, Nob. 2 and 3, dated January and April 1999, pp. 191-193 and
179-186.
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[Courtesy Journal dc Teheran]
Guard of honour on the arrival of the new Soviet Ambaasador in Teheran.
[Courtesy Journal de Tehsran]
The Shah reviewing the Cadets at the Military Academy in Teheran,
Pheroze Behram High School Building at Taheran,
ZARATHUSHTRIAN STUDIES
Prop. Pour-e-Dawood
Translated from Persian
by Mr. Ponchaji Pherozeshah Bharuoha
[Prof. Pour-e-Dawood has added valuable notes to his celebrat-
ed translation of the Avesta. These are translated into English
by Mr. P. P. Bharucha and reproduced here.]
HORMAZD
Meaning of the Name
" His form is like Light and His soul like Truth '7
The only God recognised by Zoroaster is named Ahuramazda
in the Avesta.,
In the Achaemenian inscriptions the name appears in the
form " Auramazda". In the present day Persian it is
" Hormazd"Hormazd" or "Aurmazd."
Besides the usual meaning of God the name Hormazd and
its other forms have been shown in Persian dictionaries to signify
the Planet Jupiter.
Also the oldest poets of Iran have used the word in similar
sense. Amongst them Boushokur has said :— " Jupiter (Hormuzd)
appears lower than Saturn and it shines like the evergreen
Farzd."2
Hormazd has often been referred'to in.the sense of " Jupiter "
in Persian literature just in . the 1 same manner as " Zeus,"3
1. Porphyrius giving hid description.of Ormazes (Ahuramazda) in the language of
the Iranian Magi.
2. Asadi's dictionary informs us that " Earzd " iB an evergreen which is called
" Seil " in Arabic,
3. The Persian word Zaush or Zawash found in all the dictionaries and used by
old poets in the sense of the Planet Jupiter, appears to have been originally derived from
the Greek word Zeus just as the words Darham '(Drachm), Dinar, Abwas (diamond) and
Payhim (Diadem) hftTe been, Asadi's Dictionary.
76
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTEALY
[Jan.
the highest god of the Greeks and Jupiter of the Romans are
also sometimes intended to convey.
"We do not know why Hormazd came to be identified with
the Planet Jupiter. This writer* has not noticed any trace of
the implication either in the Avesta or in the Mazdayasnian
traditional literature. In fact the Iranian Aliuramazda is
altogether different from such nature-gods as Zeus of the Greeks
and Jupiter of the Eomans. Nay, the Iranian concept of the
Creator has nothing to do with the gods of ancient nations such
as the Accadians or the Sumerians, the Assyrians or the Baby-
lonians, the Phoenicians or the Egyptians. Nor has Ahuramazda
any resemblance to any of the Indian deities like Indra or
Varuna, whom the Irani Aryans themselves once worshipped.
The Zoroastrian concept of Ahuramazda can only be'cornpared
to the Mosaic concept of God among the Jews, in regard to His
absolute singleness, creative power and omnipotence. It is possible
that an idea of the greatness of Ahura has been sought to be
conveyed by comparing Him^with Jupiter which is the largest
planet in the sky. Or it may solely be due to the penetration
of Greek influence amongst the Iranians.
The Name's Original Form
The word Hormuzd, used frequently in Persian prose and
poems in the sense of God in general, appears to have assumed
the present form after a lapse of thousands of years. Ahura
and Mazda were originally two distinct Aryan words, and through
Zarathushtra they came to be regarded among the Iranians as the
names of the only one God. After centuries, and mainly through
the Gathas and the Avesta, the compound name appeared and
became familiar in the Achaemenian Persian whence it was trans-
ported into the Pahlavi and Persian languages. The antiquity and
corruption of the name are obvious from its present form, for,
centuries must have necessarily elapsed before the Avestan words
assumed the definite compound form of " A(h)uramazda " which
* Aga Pour-e-Dawood.
ZARA'THUSHTRIAN STUDIES
has been used in the Achaemenian inscriptions dating from about
5'20 B.C.
The Gathas which are the oldest portion of Avesta do not
contain this name in the compound form of the Achaemenian
language, but we find Ahura and Mazda used separately and
sometimes distinctly in them. For instance, Yasna 28, stanza
I, only mentions " Mazda " whereas the 8th paragraph contains
only the name " Ahura." Again in the 5th stanza of the same Ha
several words occur between Ahura and Mazda. In the sixth stanza
also we come across at first the word "Mazda" and then after
several sentences " Ahura."
Several passages of the Gathas however contain " Mazda
Ahura " together. For instance, in the 11th stanza of Yasna 28th,
the Prophet sings : "Instruct me, 0 Mazda Ahura! with Thy
wisdom and tell me by Thy Own voice how the Resurrection will
take place." In the other parts of the Avesta, the Gathic order
of the compound noun appears to have changed into " Ahura
Mazda," excepting in the Farvardin Yasht 146, Zamyad Yasht
92 and Vendidad, chapter XIX-34, where the old form, Mazda
Ahura, has been preserved.
Throughout the Achaemenian inscriptions: Ahura preceeds
Mazda and the name is in the compound form. There is only
one exception. In the inscription of Xerxes at Persepolis1 only
" Ahura " is found.
The Meaning the Name conveys in the Zabathustrian
Scripture
Now let us see the significance of the Zoroastrian name foi?
God—Ahura and Mazda as separate words and as compound noun.
The Avestan Ahura and Vedic Asura are derived from the identical
root Ahu or Asu which means chief or master. Asura has been
generally used by the Hindus as a general title for their great gods.
Especially the Vedas refer to this title of Varuna. In the Hindu
scriptures, only on four occasions does this title appear to have
1. Xarxes, Paw. C. 3. Sea "Die Keiluwcheiffcen der Achamaniden" Ton Weisabach.
78
THE IBAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
[Jan.
been applied to men.1 Similarly, in the Avesta also Ahura has
been applied to great Izats like Meher and Apam Napat.2 It has
also been applied to men to denote lord, master or chief in the
Gathas and other parts of the Avesta.3
Again, in the Gathas, Mazda in Yasna 50, 1, signifies:
" Retentive memory," and in Yasna the word means
committed to memory ' or ' remembered.' Its corresponding word
in Sanskrit is Medhas which means wisdom or intelligence.
Accordingly, when Mazda is used for God it is intended to
convey the idea of one who is intelligent, wise or omniscient.4
From the above it is clear that the name, Ahuramazda
signifies the Wise Lord. Through Zarathushtra Ahuramazda came
to be recognised as the name of the only God among the Iranians.
They rejected the old Aryan Pantheon which is still holding sway
in India. The word " Dev " which signifies gods to the Hindus
came to be interpreted by the Iranians as evil genii or misguiders
of men. From that date of the advent of Zarathushtra the
monotheists of Iran began to be known as Mazdayasnians and
their opponents as the worshippers of falsehood or Daevayasnianso
The Conception of That Meaning is a Rare
Aohievement in All Human History
Zarathushtra's teaching that Ahuramazda is the sole Creator
of the earth and the heavens, that He is without beginning
or end and that He is all-seeing and omniscient, constitutes the
greatest event in the history of the human race. For, up to the
great Prophet's time it was impossible for the Aryan race to
conceive that only one Power alone could make and manage
all the great things of the universe—the heavens of such a vast
expanse, the wide world with the high mountains and large oceans,
1. "Dyaua, Asura, Ahura, Maeda and die Asuras". S. 84-87 von Bradke and
"Eraniaohe Alter thumskunde " yon Fr. Spiegel, Bd. II S. 21-28.
2. Refer Meher Yasht, 25 and 69, Yasna IL5.
8, Yasna 53-9, Baharam Yanht 37, Aban Yasht 85, Tir Yasht 36 andFarvardin Ya«ht63,
i. Seethe word Mazdah in Altiranisches Worfcarbuch von Bartholomae. Dia Iranisoha
Religion von Jaokson 5, 632-633 (Grund. Iran, Philo.), Ormazd et Ahriman par Darmesteter
g. 26.
1940]
ZABATHUSTRIAN STUDIES
79
all the animal and vegetable kingdoms and last but not least
mankind.
The Aryan races of those remote times worshipped as gods
all that was of use or advantage to them, such as fire, water, etc.
All that appeared shining and magnificent such as the sun
and the moon were considered to be gods and they thanked the
forces of nature for what appeared to them as gracious gifts
of those deities. Likewise, they remained in great terror and
dread of the natural phenomena of various kinds such as thunder,
lightning, etc. and took them to be wrathful deities whose anger they
sought to appease by lamentations, entreaties and sacrifices.
Zarathushtra preaches to his people: Whatever that exists
either in the heavens or on the earth has but one Creator. Except
Him no one is worthy of worship. Fight against what is harmful
to you. Your lamentations and sacrifices will not turn the evil
doers and oppressors into good and beneficent beings. Do good
towards the good but fight the wicked. Act in such a way that evil
may vanish from the world and good may prevail everywhere.
Worship Him only with your prayers and piety,—Him who bears
the name Mazda Ahura.1 The man who fights evil either by his
thought or word or with the might of his arms, pleases Mazda
Ahura.2
This sort of preaching in those remote days was most certainly
novel and astonishing to his audience. Zarathushtra himself
declares that his prayers and praises are absolutely new and that
prior to him, none had sung such songs of praise3:
"Hearken unto me, 0 ye, who come from near and from
afar; Mazda is the guiding light of Truth. Never shall the
false teachers deceive you any more, nor shall they destroy your
future life."4
1. Yaws 45, stanza 10.
3. Yaana 83, stanza 2.
8. Yasna 28, stanza 3»
4. Yasna 45, stanza 1«
so'
the iran League quarterly
That Great Concept was thought to be Revolutionary
and brought Persecution upon Its Holy Author
To deliver with a clarion call a message of such a revolu-
tionary character in those remote days was to invite calamities
and dangers of no ordinary kind, and the great messenger was
pursued by fanatics. So much so that he himself had to address
God thus
" To what land shall I betake myself, 0 Mazda ! Where
shall I seek refuge ? Take me in Thy protection and help me, 0
Ahura ! as a friend abideth by a friend."1
According to the German scholar Prof. Bartholomae,
Zarathushtra, accompanied by a few followers, left his native
place and went to Seistan by an unfrequented route, in order to
avoid dangers to himself and his faithful adherents.
He went from place to place till at last in the cause of pure
monotheism and for preaching the unity of God, he made the
grand sacrifice by dying a martyr's death in Kabulistan, far away
from the land of his birth, during an invasion of the place by the
Daevayasnian Arjasp, a description in extenso of which appears
in Pahlavi books and in the Shahnameh.
Zarathushtra's Martyrdom However Spread the
True Idea of God in the Universe
During his career, Zarathushtra had come into collision with
and had incurred the wrath of powerful chiefs of Daevayasnian
1. Yasna 46, stanza 1 and 2.
| Can be had from ^
\ The Fort Printing Press, 23, Goa St., Ballard Estate, Bombay 0
f ...»
£ The book is brimful of the native wit and humour of the
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S its 332 pages. Ideal for presentation. Price Rs. 3 per copy,
WIT, HUiMOUR AND FANCY OF PERSIA
by M. N. KUKA
t
I
t
1940]
zarathustrian STUDIES
81
persuasion and consequently he has complained frequently of
them in his Gathas.1 His martyrdom was not in vain however
For, by the influence of his teachings a great portion of the
ancient civilized world adopted pure monotheism of the greatest
spiritual value. And so men learned to worship only that
God in all His glory and greatness besides Whom there is no
other cause of earthly and heavenly creations. That all that
exists is due to his Divine Power; that His residence is in
eternal light; and that whatever appears grand and beautiful to
the eye such as the splendour of the sun, the gleam of the
dawn and the bespangled firmament, are but particles of His
Divine glory,2 are some of his glorious teachings.
And Infused High-Mindedness into the Iranian Race
These teachings infused high-mindedness into the Iranians
and inspired them with great courage as a result of which they
attained to the zenith of power and authority. The Achaemenian
monarchs considered themselves the representatives on the face
of the earth of the divine majesty and power of Ahuramazda,
and the possessors of glory. Just as Ahuramazda was the sole
ruler of the spiritual world, they held that there could be no other
sharer in the kingdom of the earth. Darius the Great, in his
inscriptions, almost re-echoes the profound views regarding
Ahuramazda's greatness, which are to be found in Zarathushtra's
Gathas. The only difference is that Darius considered himself to
ha've been appointed by Ahuramazda to rule the world, just as in
the Gathas Zarathushtra had been commissioned to guide it.
Darius says :—
" Ahuramazda is the great God Who created this earth and
yonder heavens, Who created mankind, Who produced for man
gifts and favours, Who appointed Darius as king—one king of
many nations and one ruler of many lands."3
1.
a.
3,
Yasna 32, stanza 9, 46-11, and 490.
Yasna 50, stanza 10.
"Die KeilinBchrift der Achiatneniden " von Weisstoch N Bft § 1.
82 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [Jail.
Corroborating the above statement, is the information of
Herodotus who writes regarding Xerxes, the son of Darius, that
after quelling the insurrection of Egypt, Xerxes intended to
conquer Athens and with a view to holding a conference on the
subject, called the nobles and chiefs of Iran to his court. In the
course of a long speech, Herodotus puts the following in the
mouth of that Emperor :—
" After the conquest of Athens and the subjugation of the
surrounding provinces, nothing but the sky shall remain the
boundary of the Persian empire. The sun will not shine on any
place which shall remain outside our sway. I will subdue
all Europe and the whole of the earth shall be made into one
territory."1
(To be continued)
1, Herodotua VI-18,
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"THE GOSPEL OF ZOROASTER"1
By: Bhai Manilal C. Parekh, Rajkot
Review2 by: Mr. Sohrab Jambhedjee Bulsara, M.A.
A Lucid and Faithful Exposition
This serene and illumined picture of Zarathushtra and Hia
Holy Faith has been drawn by the outpouring of an adoring
Aryan heart deeply impressed by their glory. It is one of the
few lucid and faithful expositions of the noble religion of the
Parsees, which few outside their pale care to understand properly,
and about which they have many wrong and erroneous notions.
It is a pleasure to note that whenever any of our Hindu
brothers have taken upon themselves seriously to study our
history and religion, they have always succeeded in understanding
them with the deepest sympathy and admiration.
Mr. Manilal C. Parekh's Great Services to Theistio Science
Mr. Manilal C. Parekh is a profound student of religion
and has a number of valuable works to his credit. He is one of
those few men who rise above communal bounds into the pure
realms of Universal Truth and Righteousness, and can see
common grounds of these in their own and other people's true
faiths.
His Heart-felt Tribute to Righteous Zarathushtra and
His Holy Faith
Mr. Manilal Parekh has long since made a deep and compa-
rative study of the Hindu and Christian religions, but had not
read much of Parsiism till very recently. Naturally he found in
1. The work ia dedicated to late Khan Bahadur Dr. Naoroji K. Kalianiwalla in
memory of hia benevolent work in Kathiawar and Cutoh. Copies can be had from
Sri Bbagwat-Dharma Seriea Depot at " Harmony House," Rajkot, for Re, 4 and Ba. 3
Mob, according to bindinga.
3, Tfcia review haa alao appeared in the Jam-e-Jamahed of 9th January, 194Q,
60
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [J an.
our holy faith and in our history so much to appeal to him that
he studied them with great care and interest. He was intensely
impressed by their greatness and value and so wrote out this
beautiful account of them and has now published it in this neat
volume of 338 pages "as a humble and heart-felt tribute to the
great prophet Zarathushtra and his faith " which has struck him
" with wonder at its uniqueness in many respects, its great
originality, its moral and spiritual profundity and its fullness."
His Recognition of the Excellenoe and Unique Value
of the Holy Gathas
After dealing with the ever-interesting themes of the original
Home and Heritage of the Aryans, the Advent of Zarathushtra,
Indo-Iranian Migrations and Early Aryan Religion, Mr. Parekh
comes to his subject proper. With clear observation he notes the
unique character of the Gathas, the first and the best of the holy
scriptures of the Zarathushtrian Faith, and says : The singular
thing about the Gathas is that they are at the same time the
Old and the New Testament of the Zoroastrian religion." In
doing so he gives a smashing blow to the groundless assertion
ofben made by scholars that the religion of Zarathushtra was
only a reform in the old faith. We have already emphasised
this point in our last work,1 and may refer the reader to it for
further views on this great point. Mr. Parekh is absolutely right
when he says that what Zarathushtra taught was not only
unique, but was also new and full. It had no predecessor and no
successor. It was " the first and therefore the bestas the
Mazdaznans would rightly say.
They are the Purest and Full Efflorescence
of the Aryan Genius
Mr. Parekh takes the Gathas to be among the purest
prophetic utterances, and only a fraction of a larger body of
similar utterances, and yet having the full efilorescence of the
Aryan genius, and the crown and apex of that religious move-
ment which was typical of the Rig-Veda and the other three Vedas.
1, "TU« religion of ZarathuiUtra," pp, 4 fi,
. 1940]
" THE GOSPEL OF zoroaster"
85
These views speak for themselves, and it would take a long
dissertation to make them more explicit. They again mark and
emphasise the unique and lofty nature of the Gathic doctrine and
its profound expansions of the later ages.
Manifested in Incidents of Zarathushtra's
Glorious and Holt Life
In tracing the incidents in Zarathushtra's holy life Mr.
Parekh has made a free use of the Gathas and drawn judicious
inferences from these. In one referring to Zarathushtra having
called himself a friend of God, he observes: " That he should
think of himself to be a friend of the Supreme Being, the All-Wise
and the All-Powerful, is a real wonder and takes us into the
innermost secrets of his life." Referring to similar and correlated
texts he concludes by saying: " We might say that here we have
not only the seed but the sprouting of Jnana-Yoga, Karma-Yoga
and Bhakti-Yoga. These Yogas, however, are not so many
separate paths, each being sufficient in itself and suited to a
particular class of people. They are integral parts of but one
way meant for all to follow as it should be." " God vision'', he
continues, " and what we may call even the deification of the spirit
of man constitute spiritual life, and this is just what we find in
Zoroaster." "If we define mysticism as a first-hand experience of
God, then undoubtedly Zoroaster was one of the greatest Mystics
the world has known."
The Amazing Spiritual Content of
Zarathushtra's Holy Faith
Mr. Parekh then quotes a number of passages from the
Gathas to show how close Zarathushtra had come to God, and
supports that view with the observation of J. H. Denison,1 the
American writer, that Zoroaster " was teaching everywhere a
religion entirely new to the world, and so amazing in its spiritual
content that it is hard for us to-day to realize that it could have
actually existed."
I. In hii work •• Emotiom ai the ba»i« of Civilization,"
60
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [J an.
After noting some further facts of Zarathushtra's holy life
Mr. Parekh quotes at last these words of Dr. Mills " Zarathushtra
and his companions were struggling to establish a Kingdom under
the Sovereign Power of God whose first care was to relieve
suffering, and shelter the honest and industrious poor."
The Self-Consoiousness of His Divine Mission and
the Universality of His Holy Message
Referring to Zarathushtra's Divine Mission Mr. Parekh
observes: " The universality of Zarathushtra's Holy Message is
one of the most remarkable features not only of the Aryan but of
all Human history." Hence it is that he has had even among the
non-Aryans great and esteemed adherents.
To this glorifying view Mr. Parekh adds the noteworthy fact
that Zarathustra is always self-conscious of his divine mission. "He
knows that he has been called by God to establish an all-embracing
order of new life which prevails in His Kingdom." But "the
most arresting part of it lies in this that this self-consciousness is
dominated entirely by a humility which is deep and sublime."
Zarathushtra's Holy Work Is a Unique
Phenomenon in All Human History
Mr. Parekh goes on to say that the teaching which Zara-
thushtra gave was indeed the first revealed word of God. 11 His
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1940]
THE GOSPEL OF ZOROASTER
religion is quite a new system and is monotheistic in the strictest
sense of the term." " We cannot but be genuinely surprised," he
adds, " that Zoroaster arrived at his monotheism for the first time
and without any hesitation and halting." This is a " phenomenon
unique not only in Aryan history but in that of whole humanity,"
because Zarathushtra had not the spiritual ancestry which all other
Prophets had.
Mb. Parekh's Appealing Account of the Parsi Race
and His Happy Vision of Their Future
It would take us a long way to bring within the scope of this
review the chapters of Mr. Parekh's great book which follow and
deal with Ethics of Zoroaster, His Social Gospel, Immortality and
the Other World, and Zoroastrian Influence on Judaism,
Christianity and Islam. These are followed by very appealing
accounts of the Parsi Pilgrim Fathers and Their Children, Some
Parsi Practices and Traits, and the Future of Zoroastrianism.
The last brings out the nobility of Mr. Parekh's views at its
best, and all Parsis should read, digest and appreciate every
word of his sober remarks and wise admonitions on our national
life in relation especially to contact and dealings with our
Hindu brothers. It would do a great benefit to both the
communities to revive mutual confidence and brotherly feelings
by following ways Mr. Parekh wisely suggests in this chapter.
Every Parsi should bead This Ennobling Account
of His Race and Religion
Every Parsi will do a duty to his holy Faith and its heavenly
Founder by closely studying this great and valued work. The
Parsi community is grateful to Mr. Manilal Parekh for giving to
the world so excellent an exposition of their Holy Faith, and
adding more than friendly words of regard and goodwill to that
excellent exposition.
Jogeshwari, 7th December, 1939.
ANOWSHIRWAN DADGAR HIGH SCHOOL
IN TEHERAN
[The Teheran Zoroastrian Anjuman conveyed to the League
in the letter of its Chairman Arbab Kaikhosrow Shahrokh
dated 9th December 19391.
The School's Status and Progress
The School has got a very good name as a " Leading National
High School." It has 6 classes and at present 253 girls are
attending the School. There are 35 Zoroastrian and 218 non-
Zoroastrian pupils. These include His Imperial Majesty's daughter
and a good number belonging to the Royal Family and
families of Field Marshals, Generals and prominent families,
The number is increasing as time passes. The terminal examina-
tion results have been satisfactory and glowing reports have
been received by the School Superintendent from the Ministry
of Education ; and although this year has been the first year of
sports competition for the girls, it is a matter of great pride for the
community, that among all the teams in Teheran, Anowshirwan
Dadgar High School has won a silver cup and a Medal from His
Imperial Highness the Crown Prince.
In Scouting also this School has come the first and so the
First Rasad in the whole country is the Anowshirwan School's
Rasad.
Since the date this School has been opened, (20th Shahriver
1315—September 1986), 90 girls of the eleventh Terminal Class
have been examined by the Ministry of Education, and of these
78 candidates have succeeded in getting their Diplomas and of
the 9th class, 110 of the 112 candidates have passed and got their
Certificates.
1940]
ANOWSHIRWAN DADGAB HIGH SCHOOL
89
Its Inscription
As news was sent here formerly, two excellent pieces of
stone have been imported from Meshed for this purpose, but
according to the Government's general order, in Iran any
inscription can be made only in the Persian language, and even the
old Latin letters anywhere have all been changed into Persian.
Therefore the management in Teheran are obliged to follow
the same rule. They now want to know whether the School is to
be endowed or not as all other Zoroastrian Institutions in
Teheran are endowed, so that that fact may be expressed in the
inscription.
Although the members of the Teheran Zoroastrian Anjuman
and its Committee are very regretful for the loss of the well-wishing
and generous gentleman Sir Hormasji Adenwala, they are pleased
to kno^ of the election of Sir Cowasji Jehangir, Bart., as the new
President of the Iran League, and offer their hearty congratula-
tions to him and the League and Iran and hope that he may now
have better opportunities of working for the welfare of the com- 5
munity and Iran.
We regret to hear that one of the members of the Committee
in Teheran, Mrs. Ardeshirji Reporter, died on Saturday, 2nd
December, 1939.
The League's New President
Mrs. Reporter's Death
K. WADIA
9
DIAMOND MERCHANT,
QRANT ROAD, BOMBAY*
PROF. RASCHID YASSEMI'S WORK IN TEHERAN
[Prof. Easchid Yassemi wrote the following letter to the
League's Secretary some time back. As it has a general
interest for our readers we reproduce it here.]
Dear Mr. Fitter,
Your last letter is duly received by me. I thank you for
your appreciation of my paper on Zoroaster. To satisfy the
craving in the hearts of the youths of Iran for the moral teach-
ings of Lord Zoroaster, it is necessary to put these in their
minds. During the last few years, the name of Prophet
Zoroaster has appeared many times in books and in papers, and
the masses have now come to know that he is other than
Abraham and that he is the Prophet of the Iranian race, having
a revealed book and propounding the noblest of teachings; yet
they are much ignorant of the unique value of his teachings and
religion. Really it is a marvellous thing that while no one has
taught before him, the Prophets who came after him, have all
borrowed from him many matters of the highest spiritual value.
The undersigned with what little knowledge he has of these
things has tried, during these few years, his best to explain to the
people facts about those high and essential teachings of faith,
in popular language. Thus, for example, the undersigned spoke
last year in the University of Teheran on the lofty fundamental
teachings of Lord Zoroaster, and it was due to my suggestion, that
the history and philosophy of Lord Zoroaster are being taught in
the" Danishkada Maqool va Manqool, in Teheran." And for
the last two years, it has fallen to my good fortune to teach the
subjects. Again such valued Pahlavi books as Arda Viraf Nameh,
Anderz Aoshnar Danak, and Anderz Aderbad Marespend, have
been translated into modern Persian by me. The first two books
are already printed and published. It is my belief that the
revival of ancient teachings of Iran in the great Pahlavi Regime
the only way of making the nation strong.
I remain,
Yours sincerely,
RASCHID YASSEMI.
OUR SHIRAZ LETTER
(From Our Cor respondent in Shirans)
17th of Dae Mah is considered as an eventful day for the
women of Iran because in the year 1314 on that day, they came
out of the chaddars and the casting away of that black chaddar
removed the darkness from their lives and brought in its wake
many reforms, and equality of rights for them.
This year on the 17 th of Dae a Jashan was held by the
Educational Department here to commemorate the day, and a
very interesting programme was arranged. I am enclosing here-
with a cutting which gives you a general idea of the items gone
through.
In this programme you find that there was also included an
exhibition of hand-crafts by the girl students of different schools ;
and we were really pleased to see that the girls excelled in the
arts that are obviously needed by a good housewife including
stitching, tailoring, cutting, embroidery, lace-weaving, darning,
knitting, etc.
You find' further in the programme speeches made by
different girl students and by two Head Mistresses of two girls
schools. One of them Mrs. Parvin Rustom Marshall; of the
Pehlavi Girls School, has sent me a poem, composed and recited
by herself, requesting me to forward it for the Iran League
Quarterly, which I am enclosing herewith.
K. WADIA,
f*H. MO- 4243®'
DIAMOND MERCHANT,
GRANT ROAD. BOMBAY
LIST OF MOSLEM
GEOGRAPHERS
(Abstracted from G. Le Strange s " Eastern Galiphate ")
Kaikhosru A. Fitter
A.H. A.D.
Ibn Khurdadbih
Kudamah
Yaqubi
Ibn Serapion
Ibn Rustah
Ibn Fakih
Masadi
Istakhri
Ibn Hawkal
Mukaddasi
Nasir-i-Khusraw
Fars Namah
Idrisi
Ibn Jubayr
Yaqut
Kazvini
Marasid
Abu-i-Fida
Mustawfi
Ibn Batutah
Hafiz Abru
'Ali of Yazd
Jahan Numa
Abu-i-Ghazi
250
266
278
290
290
290
832
340
367
375
(864)
(880)
(891)
(903)
(903)
(903)
(943)
(951)
(978)
(985)
438 (1047)
500 (1107)
548 (1154)
580 (1184)
623 (1225)
674 (1275)
700 (1300)
721 (1321)
740 (1340)
756 (1355)
820 (1417)
828 (1425)
1010 (1600)
1014 (1604)
THE UNIVERSITY LIBRE OF TEHERAN
We had published in our last number some account of the
Universite Libre etc. of Teheran. That was contradicted by
a letter of the Iranian Consul in Bombay in a number of the
English edition of the " Kaiser-i-HindThe Secretary of the Iran
League therefore wrote to Prof. Benoy Sarkar of Calcutta to
write to us what he knew about the Universite; and the following
is his reply.
BANGIEA DHAN A- VIJN AN PARISH AT
(Bengali Institute of Economics)
Ebtablibhed Ooxobeb, 1928.
9, Panchanan Ghose Lane, Calcutta.
Prof. Benoy Sarkar, M.A., Director of Researches (Horiy.),
Hony. Doctor (Teheran), Vidya-vaibhava (Benares),
Editor, Arthik Unnati (Economic Progress) and
Samaj-Vijnan (Sociology)
6th January, 1940.
Bear Sir,
Thanks very much for your communication of December 28,
1939, as well as the enclosure. In reply I should say that
information about the University Libre of Teheran, the Academia
Asiatica and the Federation Internationale, etc., is to be had in
the Index Qeneralis for 1939 published by Masson et Cie., 120,
Boulevard St. Germain, Paris (1939), at pp. 751, 1855, 1856.
The Index Generalis is a Year-Book of the World's Universities
edited by S. de Montessus Ballore. The volume for 1939 is
complete in 2830 pages. Perhaps you may get this book in the
library of the Bombay University. I may add that the book con-
tains a Preface by Dr. H. S. Kran3> Iftrecto? of the American
University Union, Paris.
I am therefore surprised to read in the enclosure a statement
to the effect that the University Libre " is not in existence in Iran "
94
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
and that " there are no such institutions in Teheran or anywhere
else in Iran as Federation Internationale etc."
From the Index Generalis it appears that the Universite
Libre was established in 1925.
The Universite Libre of Teheran was invited by the Belgian
Government on May 1, 1939 to take part in the scientific
congresses held at Liege during May-November 1939. This fact
was communicated to me along with other things by President
Serebriakov of the Universite Libre in his letter of May 26,1939,
mailed from Teheran. A copy of the Belgian Government's
original letter addressed to the Universite Libre is in my posses-
sion. This indicates the scientific and academic importance of the
Universite Libre and points also to the fact that in May 1939 the
Universite Libre was in existence in Teheran. I have also with
me a copy of the reply (dated 17th May 1939) of the Universite
Libre addressed from Teheran to the authorities at Liege.
In case the Universite Libre and the institutions associated
with it have ceased to exist they must have done so between May
26 and December 9, 1939 (the date of the Iranian Consul's letter
published in the Kaiser-i-Rind). The circumstances under which
they may have ceased to function, should this happen to be a fact,
are in my judgment to be regarded as rather abnormal.
With best wishes and greetings,
I remain,
Cordially yours,
BBNOY BARKAR.
To,
K. A. Fitter, Esq.,
The Iran League,
Navsari Building,
BOMBAY.
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Edited by Sohrab Jamshedji Bulsara, UrA^-published by .KaAl^ahr6^'deshir Fitter'
Secretary, the Iran League,, at Navsari Buildimg, Hornby' Road, Fori^' Bombay, an;
y F, de Sousa, at"- the Fort Fririting'VBresss 23, Goa Sired
panted by Anthony
Ballard Estate, Bombay 1.
1939 MODEL DODGE &
CHRYSLER CARS
DODGE CARS:
The Silver Anniversary Dodge, with Dual Power Transmission,
Remote Control Gear Shifts, Independent Front Wheel Suspen-
sion. See this ear—designed to equal any car in appearance
and performance. It is more dependable again,
CHRYSLER CARS:
Chrysler introduces a new motoring experience—The Chrysler
Drive. Dual Power and the Steering Wheel Gear Shifts,
combined with engineering that has made Chrysler famous, and
a new type of beautiful body design, give you motoring for 1939
in the Chrysler Manner.
Also Distributors for the World Famous
DODGE TRUCKS
Known the World Over for Dependability, Durability and
Sound Yalue.
PRICES AND PARTICULARS FROM :
distributors:
BOMBAY CYCLE & MOTOR AGENCY, LTD.
/
Telegrams:
"CYCLOSTER5."
â– m-t SANDHURST BRIDGE,.
•BMibay,. 7. /.
• ■v :
Branch at SECONDER ABA®'. •
Telephone: j
4058W"''
Edited by Sohrab Jamshedji Bulsara, UrA^-published by .KaAl^ahr6*A&'deshir Fitter'
Secretary, the Iran League,, at Navsari Buildimg, Hornby' E'oad, Fori^' Bombay, an;
y F, de Sousa, at"- the Fort Fririting'VBresss 23, Goa Sired
panted by Anthony
Ballard Estate, Bombay 1.
|
| Full Text |
PAGE 1
I-~he :J-r;ttn tei1,gu &ual?'ttrtl~ OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE IRAN LEAGUE, Vol. X JANUARY, 1940 CONTENTS The Editor's Notes Prayer Husa:~n ibn Mansur Al Hallaj: The Sufi-Saint of Iran ••• Some Great Poets of Iran: Were They Zoroastrians? ... Zarathushtrian Studies "The Gogpel of Zoroaster '' Anowshirwan Dadgar High School in Teheran Prof. Rasohid Yassemi's Work in Teheran l Our Shiraz , Letter , Chronological List of Moslem Geographer~ The Universite Libre of Teheran :-utf~~(ct,{\ ~i\-.t ~l:llU! o.J.A.t1 \ 0 .).:--1 J ~;t .J.ij J 5.,.:j jl; o\. .. ..\!a .. 1 i J-~;je J ~:ii:~;\; i.,~ ..:..:-l:.~!(J .> .J.1~ et..~ c:., I_.,~ I ANNUAL SuBSORIPTION: In.AN Rials 50: FonEIGN sh. 9 :"IuotA Rs. 6
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I f. I \ .. •, }[HE IRAN/'L -~AGUE EST. 1 ' 922, .. \ ,, 1... : II'. I ,ij.;} l t : l ' . • ..... • •' • -' Aims'.'and Obje~ts. To renow ~ afi d continue' the "'c onn3ction ,,between=the @.Jd-laFJd., 0f-...Iran and India;t0 continue-, and, en p oiil.i;a _ ge . dev o tedJ\.s~ rit Hnent , to.'ifll,t,Q.S/ ~Q<;l;,intere~t and entliusiasm inthe' caus~ of Iran;; to confederate the Zoroastriafi'-1?-~pulation in Iran witha .-v.i ew . ti>.:5:r:i'!tease __ t]l\)jr _ l}Umbe _ r, to ameliorate their c ong;_itio n aIDd to strive ~(or-ti:ieir-u p ffft; to ma1re researches ,,,,itli . r er cfr~nc e fo~ thet:r reli:gi o n and ancient Parsi history ; -to s p illl ;l;!.late. c 0mie.qial.r~ l a'tiqns Vl'.i ,th 'Ira? ; . t \ > " e a~ . ourage Parsis to visit t,he old land; as husrnessmefr ~o,r > as travellers, for' cnange of cli mate .and.Lor health.; t o Obtain and Slrr!l...ad among Parsis a11d~ others , by ' me'.tnS of lit.erature, authentic information reg~rding tne . state 0Caf-fairs--in 1 rai1 ; to secure the sympathy. of the1Irripe1.1ial .Irania n G~vernment ,and -th:e Iranian subjects towards the cause_ of . Parsis in r elation to Ira n." , . ~ -;,riesiJ;;i : . ' ' ~. I,// . : Sir c ' e,wasji Jehangjr, IJ:art t ,K.c;'I.E.', o : ~;E. , M,.L.~ • ., _J.P • . '--:~; ~: :~' .:~ _' : J i~~:~re~tcl~~ts .. i : ' ., . Dr.F / . N':.Dad'acban;J1 , Sohc1t.o.r, ,D.'.C..., ~ ... : . re. p ; n. ~ta,;rfr0erf ~sq' t •{Nes~a~ : e } E}/rii): __ "_ f,.,_~ : •. \J --f ': 1 .• ,~~. r Sir H. M.'Menta;' K . t . . . I . ,.,. ..... , .. ,,v~ ... ;.. ~,(" ;.,,.!, .. , ... ;~ .lf. V. A . . 'firap. or,eya;~a:~iEsq: , F.R.I.B.A. "1 '" i v:; :1 • .r--:~; S . J C c t , ~"'t'etfi.Tl"i:t • . '< '.i 11,:t,.,.u.~ ~ . l 1.; ir . .. . . oy;cl:J.~ .. '1-~ . .,_ ' . . . . ,:~,;:;J-('\).; ... Pat'r~~~ : 1"-~<'< • •• ;;: •:':.~~ ... •,{'"1 .•. /:r -..: Sir: brphn usa, rk.G.,:; A 1P'.~niv.a : fa, ~--.,, •• :t•-. ~t . .,. ~. i. r,.. l Kt .. M • .v.o., o-1B J E ~ ~1 .. ~ Mrs. -Dhunmai F. ArjaQ.i. Peshotanji D. Marker, Esq. S . R. Bomonj.i, E 'sq.-1-.. ,Jo 1 .. Pirojshaw', R = -Va~haria, , , Esq. Ruttonji F. Gfavala, Esq. The Hon. Sir H. M. Mehta, Kt. Hon. Patron: H . H. Sir S. M. S. Aga, Khan, G.C.I.E., d-.c.s.r., G .c.v.o., K.C.I.E., &c. Sectetary: Kaikhosro A. Fitter, Esq. Jt. Hon. Treasurers: Minocher J. S. Khras, Esq. Phi roze S. Guzder, Esq. Hon. Auditors : Messrs. D. A. Dumasia & Co. Editor of the Quarterly: Sohrab J . Bulsara, Esq., M.A. Office : Navsari" Bldg., Hornby Road, Fort, Bombay. Tele. Iranleague.
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_;; ) , Dr.,. Faredun K.Dadachanjl, Solicitor; Vice-Chairman of the Iran League and a echolar : Iy .and public-spirited memter of the ' Par'1i community, ba s lately been endowed with a D0.9torate in Theological Science by the F eder~tion International de,1 Corp s Savants de Rec herches of ~ehei;an, and elect .eel . a Vice-Presid ent of the Acad em y , of Asia. '-~ <)1...,~l ~!.:...,.-:"~~ t>P ... ~~ . J,?, ,J~ f ' J I J "":" ... \~ ..,< \; t . ., ., J J:c .,~~ J• .,ts" 1 J~.:.: .:"" ";"~ ~-..:....... j .... . o .;..:. ...,~; .... u l~,) , i .,1~ c.S ~ ~s.: J;} jrt 1 ~: ,,t• ~;..(~~ . l:-1 [I', .I :\;. ~ .. 1 ,,
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[Courtesy Kaiser-i Hind} Khan Sahib ll>hanjlbhoy Franiil Bubash, G.B.V.C., a keen ~embe11" of the ban _ League and a passionata admirer of ancient ban. recently pass'ild aw;y in Bombay. ~\!.,., :~I} e,S\! l.5~i.) ~\.,.a;\;. .lf..\: ... H J '-~ 0 !.r.,1 ~1..c..;-~i _,~ t~I t' ;:_,\: ... \! 6l.;) [I..\ ... -,. ' .) ., .. ; .::.., .,; &-! J .) [Courtesy Kaiser-i Bind] Khan Bahadur Hormusji KhurshedjJ Bh abha, a very pl}i1anthropic Parsi gentle• man, passed a\\ay recent1y in Bombay. j I l: ~,:-.;_::, J _,;. ~'::,,. .J'• J .) \ t! 0l:. l.J:;.1 t' .., ... J\1,. 0 \ : ... ,, (J; J ,0l•L.,;.r. .) .,.; .::.., .i' J.~: J .) A Corner of the Park.in Ramsar, N orth Iran.' 01_,i_l Jl • .!. )-A) ).) 6)~ :..:_, _F '• l
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THE. fRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY Vol. XI] J.ANUARY, 1940 {No. 2 THE. EDITOR'S NOTES THE ,voRLD A GRAVE PHASE OF THE w AR As we saw in our last number, the great war entered upon a grave phase when German conquest of Poland The Oollap1e of Poland was completed within the short space of a month's time. Poland had been fully prepared for all eventualities and so had immediately mobilised over two million men and had another two million in reserve. With such huge army and the resources of over forty millions of her population and the help the allied powers had been giving here she was expected to make a better show in this struggle. It was therefore disappointing to her allies and friends that she collapsed so unexpectedly :and so, soon. HE.RR HITLER' s PEAOE TERMS Germany however did not make any show of elation on her phenomenal success. On 6th October Herr Hitler Friendly Ton e. towBrdl England made a speech iri a friendly tone towards England and France and France. He said that throughout his life he had worked for a friendly understanding with England, and had never entertained aims:: which might impinge on the national existence of England or France. He saw no reason therefore in their continuing the war against Germany. He however demanded adequate settlement of the German frotiers in ~c~ordance with ethnolo$ical and socia.l coditiope and
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36 THE IRAN LEA.GUE QUARTERLY [Jan. stressed the need to put in order the various races throughout German sovereign territory and south-eastern Europe. He added that he had always preferred peaceful settlements to resorting to arms, and it was Poland's own Blame on Poland f o r compelling fault that she had declined the former way and Invasion preferred the latter. He professed friendly intentions with Germany's other neighbours1 and suggested that if the great Powers wished to insure peace among the nations they should first proceed with disarmaments and then meet m a conference for settling it. REOEIVED COLDLY BY THE ALLIES Herr Hitler concluded by saying that while Germany was prepared for peace if the hand of friendship he Allie1' Re1ponsibi• d d lities to Poland thus exten e to the nations was grasped by them, she was equally resolute to continue the fight if they compelled her to do so. He also made it clear that Germany and Russia would not tolerate any interference in Poland, although it was rumoured that he intended to create an autonomous Polish state freed of all other foreign influence, and a similar Jewish state in Lublin province. The allies however had entered the war for the preservation of Poland's independence so they received the speech coldly. Italy too did not like Herr Hitler's suggestion that the conference of the great Powers should also put in order the various races in south-eastern Europe, for Italy is known to have private aims of her own in that direction. So the end of the war was nowhere in sight. Germany however needed some time to recuperate from the effects of her intensive effort against Poland, and winter was ahead to impede great movements, so these were not expected to develope till the spring set in. Russu's AIMs In JOtmng Germany Russia had apparently some aims of of her own to fulfil. These might be against the How far These Baltic States, in the Balkans, against Roumania, may go across the Caucasus or against Indi~.
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1940] 87 Germany would not allow her an entirely free hand in the Baltic States. Both Italy's and Germany's interests would not allow her a free action in the Balkans. If she crossed the Caucasus she would not only have to meet Turkish opposition but a further combined resistance from Britain, France, the Arab States, Iraq and Egypt. Iran too might find it very difficult to keep out of the affray ; and if she entered it it would not be against Turkey, The attitude of the great Kurdish nation would be indecisive for, though they have received much ill-treatment The Attitude of from the Turks, they would not take the risks the Kurd1 of facing such mighty combination, unless Iran and Afghanistan chose the remote possibility of joining Russia and Germany. RussIA's ONLY 0HANOES So Russia's only chances of action remain against Roumania and India. Rournania, again, she cannot attack Again1t Roumania without the consent and co-operation of Germany, and India The gravest danger from her side therefore is to India, and India therefore should be prepared for such even tuality, though by the time Russia forced her way across Afghanistan, powerful help would be rushed to her from the mighty camp the allies have prepared in the Near East for meeting developments in. any nearby area, beside that all Moslem populations on the way would offer a stubborn opposition, HER FmsT MovE To SEoURE HER WESTERN BOUNDARIES Whatever direct objective Russia might have, she could not move towards it without securing her western Boundarie• dangerboundaries The small states the Treaty of ou11ly oloi!e to Her • Versailles had created were dangerously close to those boundaries for falling in allied hands and becoming their bases of attack on Russia. Her old capital Leningrad is hardly twenty miles away from the boundaries of Finland and less than sixty miles away from north-east Esthonia. She appears to have received Germany's compliance with certain measures she thus intended to take against them,
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38 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [Jan. FINLAND'S OPPOSITION Accordingly Russia dictated certain te1ms to Lithuania, Latvia and Esthonia which they could not but Forcing Her Terms on LithrnrniR, Latvia, agree to. She expected a similar compliance and E11lhonia , from Fmland when she demanded the surrender of the whole Isthmus of Karelia and offered in exchange considera ble territory towards the north, Relying on her powerful defences of the Mannerheim Line, and also hoping to get help from the western RuHia compelled F to invade Finland Allied Powers inland refused to comply with in an Awkward h d d R dl 11 Sea,on t e eman • uss1a wae unexpecte y compe ed to invade her therefore in an awkward season, and met with stubborn resistance and heavy losses, Russia's initial failures should not however lead one into miscalculating her strength. She has had to meet tremendous natural difficulties beside the determined opposition of a brave and resolute people. She is bound to overcome both these eventually. But her being occupied here has enabled the Allies to complete their preparations for the defence of the Balkans and the Near and Middle East and of India. Russia's next plan will only start after she fully secures control of Finland. It is the strange incident of modern warfare that while Russia has participated in the partition of Poland and the Allies are freely helping Finland .against RussiR, Russia and the Allies are not at war one with the other ! TaE WESTERN FRONT Both the sides on the western front are waiting and watch ing what the other is doing. . Excep~ing , feeler wV:.t~~i~ign g an a skirmishes and further defence works no a'ctivity on proper scale appears there, Germany however has been declaring that she is getting ready for an attack on her enemies that would be unprecedented in the history of warfare. On the sea the comparative small German fleet cannot On the Sea possibly face the mighty Anglo-French combina tion, and is therefore compelled to remain beh.in.d
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J940] 7 T.EIE EDITOR S NOTES 39 protected lines or out of their reach in safe waters. She however has been carrying on a campaign of U-boat and aerial attacks on allied shipping and scattering dangerous mines in its way. The success of the campaign is not of the magnitude to cause real anxiety to the Allies but is apparently putting a strain on them. In the air too both sides are carrying on observation and In the Air feeler flights, each warning the other that any ierious attack on civil areas is likely to be retaliated, and would cause a grave harm to civilization, PEACE REMOTE Unless some great third power intervenes and the whole neutral world joins it in the effort, there is little Unleaa the Neutral . . . . w or 1 d unitedly hkehhood of peace commg m the near future. works for It O . n the other hand the venom of pubhc speech and press against the honoured heads of the enemy, is rendering it remoter than ever. * * * IRAN THE NEW CABINET The Iranian Cabinet resigned in the end of October according to parliamentary regulations, and Dr. A. MatinGovernment formed by Dr. Daftary, the former Minister of Justice, formed Matin•Daftary C the new abinet, and has himself become the Premier. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Iran is maintaining strict neutrality in the present great war, With Russia and accordingly has appointed Herr Otto Mauser, a German, Technical Director of the Parliament Press. Russia however is said to be seeking to gain political influence in north Iran through the medium of trade negotiations. It may be recalled that Iran had firmly resisted and almost elii;ninated Soviet influence in north Iran. Russia is also building a 70 mile railway between J ulfa in Iran and Minjevan on the Russo-Iranian frontier. It will link up the Caspian and the Black Seas along the Soviet frontier with Iran and Turkey.
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I , [C Kl of a 46 THE IBAN LEAGUE QUABTEBLY A treaty of friendship was signed on 19th October between Iran and Ja pan. Still Iran is not passing easy With Japan, Iraq d • l ff Sh f 1 and Turkey ays m mternat10na a airs. e IS ee mg anxious over the rumour that plans are circulated for creating a union of the Arab Emirates on the Persian Gulf under the auspices of the British Government. It is said that the union is intended to thwart Italian and Iranian interests in these Arab States, and also the expansionist policy of Emir Ibn Saud. Iran is naturally expected to object to any such arrangement. British statesmen however hope to pacify her by negotiations. As a token of friendsnip and regard the young King of Iraq presented the Iranian Crown Prince with a set of choice Arab horses in the close of October. In regard to recent catastrophes of earthquakes and floods in Turkey, the Shah and the Prime and Foreign Ministers had dispatched messages of friendship to the Turkish President and Prime and Foreign Ministers. PUBLIO CENSUS The Iranian Minister of the Interior has ordered a census to be taken throughout Iran, apparently with To help in Military formation• a view to know exactly the number of Iranian effectives who might be mobilised in case of necessity. BBOADOABTING Of the sixteen broadcasting stations ordered by the Iranian Government in October last, thirteen were to Sixteen New stations operate on medium wave and the remainder on short wave. Of these last three, two were to operate m Teheran. Am SERVIOE The youth of Iran, both male and female, are eagerly joining the aviation corps, which are being trained under Eager joining by the Youtb the able direction of General Khusrovani, the Commander of the Air Forces in Iran.
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1940] THE EDITOR'S NOTES 41 THE ARMY Army manoeuvres took place in early October under the observation of the Shah and the Crown Prince. Efficient Training The Shah had then also visited the Military Oentre1 Academy which is doing excellent work. The cadets presented a very smart appearance and the Iranian soldier of the future promises to emulate the heroic feats of his ancestors. It may be noted that Hormazdiar Zareh, a young Zoroastrian, had found admission to the Academy and has acquitted himself excellently there. C1v10 AND OTHER WoBKS The military occupation is not absorbing the sole attention of the Government. Civic and other work of Hoapitala, Parka, national benefit is unremittingly being pursued Avenue•, eto. by it. Large hospitals are being set up in Ispaban, Shiraz and Meshed. Grand A venues are being opened and laid out, for instance, in Damavand and Langarroud. National parks are under construction in the latter place, Shiraz and in other cities, Dredging operations have been started in Bandar Pahlavi for improving the port. A dam is being set up for protecting Ahwaz from the inundations of the Karun. AGBIOULTURE Agriculture receives equal attention of the Government. Model farms are to be opened near Ispahan. Progre11ive Work Superior cotton is being grown in Ali-Godarz. Beetroot cultivation is being encouraged in Ramadan. The sugar factory at Ah-Kuh near Meshed has started work. ABOHlEOLOGY The American archreological mission under Dr. Schmidt having terminated their work at Persepolis, the Work at Peraepoli• Government intend to continue it through the1r and Ni1he.pour own archreological department. A special grant was sanctioned for the purpose by the Parliament and work is ordered to proceed under the direction of M, Ravanbod1 the inspector of Archreological Services,.
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[4 11 1:1 0. !~ , I ~I 42 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUA-RTERLY [Jan. Another Amel'ican mission has unearthed valuable finds at Nisha pour. * * * THE ZOROASTRIANS IN IRAN It is noteworthy that Arbab Kaikhusro Shahrokh, the Zoroastrian member of the Iranian Parliament, Equality of Status was elected to the Treasury Board with the largest number of votes. That proves the equality of status all Iranians enjoy under the present benign regime of the Shah. * * RUSSIA THE FINNISH w AR As we have already noted in World Events, after settling her boundaries in the newly flcquired Polish Settlement with Baltic Sta.te11 regions, Russia, with the previous understanding with Germany, settled certain pacts, advantageous to herself for securing her western boundaries, with Lithuania, Latvia and Esthonia. Then she proceeded to impose certain terms on Finland whose lowest boundaries were hardly twenty miles away from her old capital Leningrad. Finland declined the terms and so Russia invaded that country. TREATY ARRANGEMENT WITH "PEOPLE'S GovERNMENT" In that initial campaign she acquired the frontier town of Terijoki, and there entered into treaty with Formation of Finni1b Democratio a newly formed Finnish Government out of Republio Finnish Left Wing parties and revolting Finnish soldiers. The Government was described as "The People's Government of the Democratic Republic of Finland.'' It was headed by M. Kussinen who became the Premier and Foreign Minister. It broadcasted a. proclamation calling upon the Finns to rise against the "tyrants and war-mongers,, of Helsinki, urging the Soviet forces to aid in this task, and announcing the creation of a Fin11ish "People's Party.''
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1940] THE EDITOR'S NOTES 43 The Soviet recognised this government in Finland and signT ed with it, on 2nd December, a treaty of mutual erm1 of the Treaty assistance. Under this treaty the Soviet undertook to hand over to Finland 70,000 square kiloi.netres of Soviet Karelia in exchange for 3,970 square kilometres in the Karelian Isthmus. The Soviet was also to pay it a compensation of 120,000,000 Finnish marks for this territory. The Soviet was also granted a 30-year lease of the Hangoe Peninsula and adjacent territorial waters, at the mouth of the Gulf of Finland which would be guarded by a Soviet naval base at Hangoe. A number of islands would also be ceded to Russia in the Gulf of Finland, including Hogland, for which the Soviet would pay as compensa tion 300,000,000 marks. The Soviet promised to supply the Finnish Democratic Republic, arms and war materials. The treaty was to run for 20 years and was signed in presence of M. Stalin and M, Voroshilov and M. Zdanov. IN OONTINUING THE w AR RussIA CLAIMS TO BE ONLY HELPING THE FINNISH '' PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT" Since then Russia has continued to regard M. Knssinen's as the only lawful government in Finland and Stubborn ResiB• h 1 ' b h If h tanoe of the Finns IS wagmg t e wat apparent y m its e a wit the old government at Helsinki. The stubborn resistance of this government along with natural difficulties and adverse season conditions have enabled the Finns to put up a great fight inflicting heavy losses on Russia and forcing on it a longer war than she intended to wage. It still continues with the same bitterness, and Russia is constantly reported to be suffering heavy ca~ualties. It would however be erroneous to entertain an exaggerated view of this matter. The Finns will have to come to terms with H.ussia or be totally conque1ed by her. THE LEAGUE CouNOIL's DECISION The Council of the League of Nations assembled on 13th Ru11i11 doe1 not participate December, to consider a resolution declaring the Soviet Government an aggressor against Finland ~nd inviting individual member states to give.
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44 THE m.AN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [Jan. their individual help to Finland. The Soviet Government refused to participate in the meeting of the Council saying that she was not at war with Finland ! The resolution was however subsequently adopted, and most member states, especially England and France, are rendering Finland every possible help. This how ever cannot avert the final defeat of the Finns if the unequal war continues. M. STALIN'S OONTINUED SUPPORT TO KussINEN GoVEBNMENT Russian viewpoint on the war in Finland is shown in the reply to the League's Council. It was repeated in .M. Stalin11 Mes1age . . acknowledging the congratulations of M. Kuss1nen to M. Stalin on his sixtieth birthday on December 25. M. Stalin wrote to him : '' I wish the Finnish people and the People's Government of Finland an early and complete victory over the oppressors of the Finnish peaple,-the Mannerheim-Tanner gang.'' Thus the Russian government. thinks it is fighting the war of the Finland's People's Party, and not her own I * * RussIA's CLEAR UNDERSTANDING WITH GEBMANY To Herr von .Ribbentrop M. Stalin wrote on the same occasion : " The friendship between the peoples Recent Utterancea of Germany and the Soviet has been cemented by blood and has every reason to be lasting and firm.'' Some two months before, M. Molotov had said : '' The motives of Britain and France do not lie in any ideology, but in their profoundly material interests as mighty coloriial powers. It is fear of Ger many's claims to colonial possessions that is at the bottom of the present war." Earlier still and a little before the war M. Stalin had delivered a four-hour speech before the huge Constitutional Congress of 2,500 delegates which had assembled in the blue and-gold Throne Room of the Kremlin. He had concluded it with the words : " Trespassers who push their hog-snouts over our Soviet potato-patch will get the devil's own thrashing I That is our foreign policy 1 ~' That attitude 1s entirely changed now ~s far as Germany is concerned,
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1940) 'l?BE EDITOB1 S NOTES 45 RESOUBOES OF RUSSIA Various things have been said about the resources of Russia, Immense GO 1 d, and her real ability to help Germany materially. Platinum and Other Mr. Ignatius Phayre had written in September Products last : '' Today M. Stalin's many '' Russias " are tapped for gold, and the mines now approach an output of 10,000,000 ounces and may soon exceed that of the South African Union. Then the Ural Mountains supply half the world's platinum. Is there any limit to the resources of such an empire ? " The output of 10,000,000 ounces of gold alone would now be valued at Rs. 1000,000,000 per annum, and is steadily increasing 1 And Russia's preparations for the last several years had been for the huge conflict she knew was coming. We do not therefore think there would be any strain on her when we read at the close of this month that Huge Supplie, to Russia has agreed to deliver to Germany the Germany following vast supplies : 1,000,000 tons of grain ; 500,000 tons soya beans ; 500,000 tons oil-seeds ; 100,000 tons high.grade cotton; 50,000 tons second grade cotton ; 900,000 tons oil; 483,000 oz. troy platinum ; about 250,GOO worth of hides and leather ; etc. RUSSIA AND JAPAN Russia's relations with Japan are vague and not clearly defined. Although a peace is patched up in Relation, not Olear Manchukuo, the feelings between the two coun tries have not been eased. The poignant speech of M. Stalin quoted above was openly aimed at Ja pan as at his enemies in the West. The new Japanese Premier, Admiral Yonai, however has shown the desire to make a determined effort to Japan'• Effort to h d'ff b h If d R pa.toh up Differences pate up 1 erences etween erse an ussia, The North Manchuria Railway affair is to be settled by Japan agreeing to pay Russia 7,000,000 yens less 1,000,000 yens due by Russia to Manchukuo, two-thirds of the amount will be paid in goods of Japanese and Manchukuo origin,
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I 46 .. THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY tJan . The fisheries dispute will be settled for the present by keeping phe Agreement of January 1928 valid until the end of 1940. No agreement however has been reached on the settlement of the border between Manchukuo and Outer Mongolia, although it was reported from Moscow on January 4, that a Japanese delegation headed by Mr. Matsushima, Minister in Stockholm, had arrived there to open trade negotiations with the Soviet. Russia's Relations with Roumania, Bulgaria and Turkey with Britain Turkey. RussIA AND OTHER STATES relations with Bulgaria are friendly, and though Houmania is constantly on the alert against her, Russia's relations with Turkey do not appear to be strained notwithstanding Turkey's recent pacts and France. Russia cannot afford to quarrel with The Ambassadors of Italy, Britain and France left Moscow Italy, Britain and France early in January. The last two may have reasons easy to understand whereas Italy has no sympathy with Russia, and the cause of the recall of her ambassador is due to Russia's protest against the anti-Soviet demonstrations in Italy. * * * TURKEY Tam ANKABA AoBEEMENT Intense diplomatic talks took place about the middle of October between the Allies and Turkey on the one hand and Diplomatic Talks with the Allies and Turkish and Soviet leaders on the other. Turkey the Soviet had immediate fear of Russia on one side hand and Italy on the othel'. HeL apprehensions of Italian aims in the Near East have been of long standing, and hence she had been watching with pleasure the precautions the Allies have been taking for the defence of these regions. She knew the Allies were interested in the preservation of her integrity so she has had no fear of aggression against herself on their part.
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1940] THE EDITOR j S NOTES 47 Turkey's relations with Russia however were different. She had been under debts to that power ever since To balance Her W S h } Relation, with Them the Great ar. o er position in re ation to that pmn'r became difficult when the Allies sought a pact with her. She entered into close conversations with both sides to clear up their attitude and to see her own position better. In her conversations with Russia, that power desired toenter Russia's Terms into a bilateral pact of mutual assistance limited to regions in the Black Sea and the Straits, and an engagement on the part of Tmkey not to allow warships of non-Black Sea Powers through the Bosphorus to the Black Sea, ITs TERMS Turkey could not agree to these terms. She knew her interests were tied up with the Allies to a large A voiding Hostile Attitude towards extent and so she could not sign a pact with RuBBia Russia disagreeable to them. Nevertheless she avoided any direct aim against Ru~sia in the pact she was contemplating to enter into with the Allies. Hence this pact known as the Ankara Agreement had the following terms : 1. Britain and France to assist Turkey in the event of the latter being a victim of aggression. 2. Turkey on the one hand and Britain and France on the other to assist each other in the event of either of the contracting sides being involved in war in the :Mediterranean as a result of an act of aggression. R. Turkey to assist Britain and France for maintaining Anglo-French guarantees to Greece and Roumania, 4. Turkey to enter into new consultations or to observe at least benevolent neutrality in hostilities between Britain and France and a European Power without the provisions of articles 2 and 3. 5. Consultations to take place between the contracting parties with a view to common action in the event of aggression against another European state which any of the contracting parties has undertaken to assist or, in the event of indirect aggression, which menaces the secmity of any of the contracting Powers, 6. The treaty not to be taken as directed against
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4s TBB. JBAN . tEAGUB QU.ABTEBLY [Jan. any country. 7. Bilateral obligations to hold between Turkey and each of the two other contracting parties. 8. Contracting Powers engaged in hostilities consequent on operation of the treaty, not to conclude a separate peace. 9. The treaty to be valid for 15 years with an option of extension for further five years. 10. The Protocol to exempt Turkey from obligations under the treaty which might compel her to enter an armed conflict with the Soviets. RUSSIAN ATTITUDE TO THEM The Pact was signed in Ankara on 21st October. It will be seen that articles 4, 6 and 10 were specially Turkey thought • • • to be drawn into framed to av01d an offence to Russia. Russia Ho1tile Orbit h h h h . . h. owever t oug t t at by s1gnmg t 1s Pact Turkey had definitely diecarded the cautious policy of neutrality and entered the orbit of the developing European war. " Whether Turkey will not come to regret it, we shall not try to guess " eaid M. Molotov in a statement. Germany also withdrew from Turkey her officers lent . to her for military instruction, and technicians engaged in important work. ALLIES' HUGE CBEDITB TO TUBKEY To implement the pact the Allies have advanced to Turkey in middle of January credits of ,000,000 for In Gold, Credit 1 f OOO OOO ld d Loan and Purchaae, armaments, a oan o , , m go an a trade loan of ,000,000. The Allied Govern ments have also agreed to buy from Turkey ,000,COO worth of raisins, figs and hazel-nuts yearly. N ATUBAL CALAMITIES While Turkey has been made politically secure Nature has visited her with devastating earthquakes Relief from the and floods. Britain and other nations have Nation• lavishly helped in giving relief to the suffering districts. • * •
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1940] THE EDITOR' 8 NOTES 49 IRAQ ADVANTAGES OF BBITISH PROTECTION The political state of Iraq continues insecure. Sayyid Rustam An Incident Haidar, the Finance Minister, was shot at on 18th January and died on 22nd. No serious develop ment took place; but incidents of that sort are not quite rare in this country and were it not for British protection the country would be torn by internal troubles or external aggressions. SATISFACTION AT THE ANKARA AGREEMENT The Prime Minister of Iraq had telegraphed to the Turkish Baadabad Pact Signatorie1 Premier satisfaction at the pact she entered into with the Allied Powers on 21st October. There has however taken place no meeting of the signatories to the Saadabad Pact of non-aggression which is holding between Turkey, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan, as was anticipated then. * • INDIA GOVERNMENT AND NATIONAL PARTIES '.fhe estranged relations between the Congress and the Imperial Government and the Congress and Relation, the Muslim League continue as before. The Viceroy has been making continuous attempts to pf1cif y the Congress and win its co-operation in the prosecution of the war. The Secretary of State for India, the British Premier and other British statesmen have repeatedly extended hand of friendship to this great national body, by giving all assurances about the offer of Dominion Status or independence within the orbit of the British Empire. But the Congress leaders insist on promise of complete independence, and express their disapproval of the Government having drawn India into what they call to .Qe tln imperialistic w~r 1Yitqo~t n.~tion's ex.pressed consent,
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50 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [J (J;rl,, The Muslim League and: the other minorities are disinclined to accept any position which would leave them Minorities oppose h being placed at tha at t e mercy of the majority party, whose ]ate Mercy of the 1\fa experimental rule over them has caused intense jority Party dissatisfaction against them. The Congress government has been accused 0 partisan spirit, and that accusation was not unfounded in the estimation of non-Congress people. The Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha party, the Harijans, and even minor communities such as the Parsis have found reasons to raise grave complaints against their ways and measures. The Muslim League has taken the lead an
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.1940] THE EDITOR' 8 NOTES 51 Parsi Punchayet desire to draw His Excellency's attention to the fact that the oft-repeated statement of the Congress, lately re iterated by Mr. Gandhi, that the Congress represents all castes and communities, including the minorities, is not correct. We are firmly convinced that the Congress does not represent the Parsi community, and that it has no right or authority to speak ori behalf of the Parsi community. We feel sure the community will be heard at the right time with regard to their rights and interests.'' Notwithstanding this, Sir Manekji Dadabhoy, the doyen of Parsi statesmanship, and the President of the Coun-Though They recogni11e Some cil of State, made the following statement at a din-Good done by It ner party he gave to the Viceroy at his residence early in January: '' I venture to suggest that by their hasty action in tendering resignations the Congress Ministers have not only re tarded the progress of Provincial Autonomy but also released certain forces which it will probably require some measurable time .to bring under control. .However, it is a matter of satisfaction that the Governors of the late Congress Provinces are adhering as far as possible to that part of the programme which is practi• cable and chalked out by the ex-ministries.'' PBESENT POSITION Political instability, continued falling back from enterprise, 1 T bi increasing unemployment, general deterioration Genera r o u e1 and National in the community's morale, effects of inter-comLeaderabip 1 d".re d } . h 11 b muna 111.erences an 10sti 1ties, ave a een troubling the Parsi community lately, and the future does not look to be bright as the communal leaders have not stirred them selves to take any serious measures for combatting and overcoming these evils and hardships. The community has been completely hustled out of national leadership in which they held honoured positions before and taught the rest of the Indians the ways of independent thinking and doing. This is attributed to the jealousy of present Congress leaders who have carefully picked ad tqrow Qut o~ th~ir ~ctive ranks all Pim~i leadipg m.embers
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THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [Jan. whom they had placed in the front ranks in the days of their war upon the rulers in the land, to bear the brunt of suppressive measures of the Government. 'rhe same spirit pervades other ranks. Even the institutes which rose on Parsi effort and Parsi charity have Deprived Sha.re f h p I h bl" io Publio Benefits o ten no room or t e ars1s, n t e pu 1c services _the cla~our of bigger communities often drowns their well00deserved claims. And wherever the major communities have the upper hand their rights and merits hardly meet with any recognition or fair treatment. FUTURE HoPEs We do not however despair of the future. The younger Mpiring Youth generation have been stirring themselves, and if the aspirations they voiced in the Youth's Conference they held in early December under the wise Chairmanship of Sir Cowasji Jehangir, are pursued even in small measures, they w-ould be doing some benefit to themselves and to the community in general. PARSI CHARITIES The current of Parsi charity is yet as strong as ever and Ever-flowing Current Parsi public charltieA in the year ended on 8th September amounted to the handsome sum of Rs. 35,00,000, a fairly large amount for a small community of a hundred thousand soul8 to give away. The only regret is that these charities are mostly devoted to relieving measures and not to re productive assistance. That Parsi charities are not al ways communal can be seen Non-Oom.muna.l from the facts that some leading Parsis and Parsi funds contributed Rs. ] ,00,000 to the Viceroy's Red Cross Fund, The Bhabha Hospital at Bandra got a farther donation of Rs. 21,00~ from Khan Bahadur H. K. Bhabha, Mr. Shavakshah Edulji Contractor gave an Ex-Ray Extension to Wilson Hospital in Devgadh Baria, and the Calcutta Parsi Dramatic Club gave away Rs. 2,002 to Cutch-Kathiawar Famine f ~. Sorn~ months before1 the co:qi~unity qad give_n away~ _
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1940} THE EDITOR7S NOTES among other catholic charities, Rs. 1,55,495 to Dr. Billimoria's Panchgani hospital for consumptives, and Rs. 27,954 to Children's Aid Society and to the Beggar Settlement, etc. SoME SoHEMEB There are launched two schemes of Agricultural and' Industrial Colonies which if properly conduct .A.grioultura,I and d ld 1 b I 1 f Indu,trial Colonies e wou not on y rmg materia re ie to a section of the community but would create breeding centres for a better, hardier and more enterprising race than what: circumstances of congested city life have reduced it to be. One is the Godrej Farm Scheme which has been handed over to the Trustees of the Parsi Punchayet of Bombay for conducting, and the other a similar scheme floated by Mrs. Bapsy Sabavala, Mr{ P. N. Mehta, Colonel Meherwan Irani and Mr. Jehangir H. Cama. Both ought to succeed if wisely conducted and persuasive and sympathetic methods are employed. PARSI INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTES The community maintains two large industrial institutes in Bombay. They are doing fair work, still we.,do Should produce f b f d d k Better Results not yet see a air num er o m epen ent wor ers turn~d out or handsome returns earned by the employees. The report of Sir Ratan Tata Industrial Institute for Parsi women shows that it has not only free handsome homes but it also got an annual grant of Rs. 27,760 last year. This, adde4 to the fairly high values they charge, ought to enable it .to realise better results. CULTURAL PROGRESS Mr. M. K. S. of Karachi gave some interesting statistics of Bombay University results and Parsis. In the Fair but 1hould h d be Better year 1938 some 500 Pars1s a passed the Matriculation whereas 357 graduated. These1 compare favourably to results by other Indian communities; still a bright compact community like the Parsis, with numerous facilities for higher education, should aspire to attain still better, resglts •.
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64 THE IBAN LE.AGUE QUABTEBLY [Jan. HONOURS TO THE DEAD In early October a meeting was convened at Sir Cowasji tl ehangir Hall, Bombay, to pass a condolence resolution on the passing away of Sir Hormusji Cowasji Dinshah Adenwala, when glowing tributes were paid to his memory. Oil paintings of Si1 Pheroze Sethna, Sir Dinshah Watcha and Mr. Sorabji Muncherji Desai, an eminent scholar of Navsari, were unveiled at the offices of New India Assurance Company and Millowners' Association in Bombay and at Navsari respectively. PARSI ACHIEVEMENT Sir Byramji Jijibhoy has been appointed Chaiiman of the Imperial Bank of -India since January 18, Sir Recent Honours Homi P. Modi is appointed a Director of the Heserve Bank of India and President of the Federated Group in Bombay Corporation. Mr. J. B. Wadia is appointed to the Board of Film Censors. Sir Ardeshir R. Dalal was elected President of the Indian Science Congress, and appointed Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Bombay Red Cross. Mr. Sorabji Rustomji was elected President of the Natal Indian Congress of South Africa. Sir Homi Mehta was elected President of the Bombay Flying Club. Mr. Rustam P. Masani has been nominated by the Bombay Government on the Permanent F~mine Relief Committee. Mr. Noshirvan P. Engineer, ex-Judge, bas been nominated to the Bar Council by the Bombay High Court. Mr. Naorozji M. Dumasia was nominated to the Indian Legislative Assembly. Mr. Behram N. Karanjia and Prof. Sohrab R. Daver were elected to the Bombay Legislative Council. Confidence of sister communities in Parsis. was found in the election of Mr. Ardeshir Tankaria and Mr. B. H. Taraporevala as Vice-Presidents respectively of Ahmedabad and Thana Municipalities. We had the pleasure of making note in a previous number . of the great ovation Mr. Sohrab Modi of the Oinema Ach1nement . . , . . Mmerva Talkies had been given m the PunJab. The communities in Hyderabad and Sikanderabad gave an address
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1940] THE EDITOR7S NOTES to him in Hyderabad in the middle of December, congratulating Mr. Sohrab Modi on the great success of his historical picture "Pukar ". Nawab Sir Amin Jang Bahadur, K.C.I.E., C.S.I., who had presided at the function complimented Mr. Modi on behalf of the public of Hyderabad and appreciated his signal services to the Indian cinema. Nawab Mehdi Yar Jang, Minister of Education, Nawab Salar Jang Bahadur, Nawab Mirza Yar Jang and N awab Asgar Yae Jang wete among the distinguished per sonages who had honoured the function with their presence. Mr. Modi also received ovation in Bangalore, Mysore and :Madras. In the last place, Mr. Satyamurti, the Congress leader, said at a gathering in Mr. Modi's honour: '' Mr. Sohrab Modi has found a way of approaching the problem of Hindu-Muslim unity, which is more appealing to the masses and therefore more effective." It is said that Mr. Sohrab Modi is now planning a film on Firda w si' s life. About the close of January the Governor of Bombay and Lady Lumley visited S. N. D. Thackersey Women's University and College which have been doing remarkably good work under the able guidance of Mias Dhun Ankl011a.ria.'s El'cel• lent Work at the Women'1 Univer sity its Principal Miss Dhun Behramgore Anklesaria, M.!A. Sit Roger Lumley expressed pleasure at what he and Lady Lumley had seen and wished the institution every success. A similar function took place at Nair Hospital Dental College, at which Dr. D. D. Gilder, ex-Minister Dr.Na. r i ma. n Vaid a.t Nair Den-of Bombay, extolled the work of the College tal Oollege under its acting Dean Dr. Nariman F. Vaid. Mr. Ardeshir F. Khabardar, the celebrated Parsi Gujarati poet, was elected to deliver Thakkar Vassonji Madhavji Mr. Khabarda.r on R C 1 B Gujarati Poetry Lectures at Raninarain uia o lege in ombay, on Gujarati Poetry, in the middle of December. Miss Bhikhaiji L. Palamcote, the celebrated Parsi. musician, lately celebrated the jubilee of her literary life, for, M i B I Bhikha.iji Palamoote'11 Literacy besides being a great musician -of European. Jubilee reputation, she is also a well-known literatrix like
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THE IBAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [Jan. her equally well-known sister Miss Baiai Palamcote, the able editor of the "Hiudi Graphic''. Dr. H.J. B. Bhabha was elected to deliver lectures on Physics Dr. H. J. Bhabha at the Indian Science Institute in Bangalore. and Mr. D. N. w.a di a' 1 Diatin Dr. Bhabha is a very able young physicist gu11hed Work • Mr. D. N. W adia, the Government mineralogist in Ceylon has discovered in the western province an area which is expected to yield rich plumbago ore, and promises to be its richest field in Ceylon. HoNouns WoN A Doctorate of Science has been be8 towed on Prof. Manek Pithawala by the Bombay U:niversity for his researches in Sindh geography. In the close of October an Address and Casket were present ed to Lady Ratan Tata by the Parsi inhabitants 0 Tardeo in Bombay, for the benefits she had bestowed upon them in providing them cheap tenements in memory of her husband Sir Ratan Tata. Scouter J. D. Surti, Honorary Treasurer of the Bombay Boy Scouts' Local Association, has been awarded the Medal of Merit for his services to the Association. APPOINTMENTS TO HIGHER PosTS Mr. A. D. Shroff was entertained at dinner by members of the Bombay Stock Exchange on joining Messrs. Tata Sons as their Financial Adviser. Mr. Dorab N. D. Khandalavala, ex-Chief Presidency Magistrate of Bombay, is appointed Head of Insurance Associa tions. Khan Bahadur A. S. Dalal has been appointed Extra Press Adviser in Bombay. Khan Sahib Aspandiarji C. Jasavala, I.S.O., has been appointed Administrative Officer in Military Engineering Department in Simla, a post hitherto held only by British officers. Mr. Framji Jehangir Karaka has been appointed Price Co~trol. Officer in Bombay. Khan Sahib H. D. Warden has be~n appointed Special Officer on duty in connection with price controt in Bombay. Khan Bahadur P. N. Pesikaka has been
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1-940] THE EDITOR'S NOTES appointed Inspector under Rule 100 of the Defence of India Act in Bombay. Khan Sahib N. N. Sadri is appointed an Assistant to the Inspector General of Police, Crime Branch, Bombay. Mr. B. P. Aderianwala has been appointed an Assistant to the Deputy Controller of Enemy Firms. Mr. S. S. Bhathena is appointed Personal Assistant to the Registrar of Co-operative Societies and Director of Rural Development. Mr. Nadirshah A. Vesuvala has been appointed First Assistant to the Official Assignee in Bombay. Mr. Dinshah S. Elavia has been appointed Chief Superintendent of the Office of the Prothonotary and Senior Master in the Bombay High Court. Mr. D. B. Katpitia has been appointed Additional District and Sessions Judge in Western India States Agency. Mr. Sohrab N anabhai Moos is to officiate as Director of Public Instruction, Bombay Province. Miss H. Nallaseth is appointed Lecturer in English at Elphinstone College in Bombay. Miss M. Dastur is to be Head Mistr~ss in Bombay Educational Service. Mrs. M. J. B. Wadia is to officiate as Medical Officer at Cama and Albless Hospital in Bombay. Dr. Nosherwan K. Sahiar has been appointed Tutor in Clinical Medicine at Grant Medical College and Honorary Physician of G. T. Hospital in Bombay. Mr. S. H. Oomrigar is to be Honorary Dental Surgeon at G. T. Hospital. Mr. S. N. Debu is reappointed Honorary Radiologist at St. George's Hospital in Bombay. Mr. M. M. A. Du bash has been appointed Refractionist at Sir Cowasji J ehangir Ophthalmic Hospital in Bombay. APPOINTMENTS IN His MAJESTY' s FoROEB Mr. Pesi Chichgar, a middle aged Parsi gentleman, who held commission in the Indian Army in the last world war, is admitted into the Veterans' Battalion of the Queen's Westminster Rifles. Cadet Soli Ardeshir Bharucha has been admitted as Apprentice in His Majesty's Indian Naval Dockyard. Cadet Gaptain P. M. Narielvala was one of the five candidates selected for the Viceroy's Medal, Mr. Keki B. Commissariat is appointed Pilot Officer of Risalpur R. A. }f, ___ , ....
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58 THE IRAN LEAGUE QARTERLY [Jan. FOREIGN AND OTHER APPOINTMENTS The Governor of Ceylon has selected Mr. Faredun Noshervan Jilla to be a Probationer Assistant Superintendent of Police. Mr. Royintan Noshirvan Mirza is appointed Temporary General Manager of the M_ysore State Railways. Mr. Ardeshir Jamshedji Soonavala has been appointed Joint Chief Judge in the Bhav nagar State. ACADEMICAL .AND OTHER DISTINCTIONS Dr. Manek H. Masina, who is a highly qualified young doctor, had the distinction of being invited to read a paper refore the Biological Research Society of Torcnto in America. Dr, Homi Ardeshir Choksey has passed the M. R.C.P. examination of the Edinburgh University. Mr. Rustom Hormusji Pastakia has returned to India after a practice of four years in an eminent firm of Architects in London. Mr. Behram S. Sidhwa has returned after higher studies in Banking and Stock Exchange in Europe and Amei ica. Mr. J amshed Ponchaji Munsiff, the Officer Candidate of the Associated Cement Companies, has ieturned after a practical training in England and Denmark. Mr. J. C. Patel has returned after a special training of three years in " Colour Process " in Photography in England and Europe, Mr. Minocheher Jamshedji Mistry has been appointed on Asso ciate of the Royal Institute of British Architects. Miss Piloo N osherwan Kohiyar has attained higher degrees in Medicine and Midwifery in London. Miss Mary A. N ariman has won the Ceylon .Coconut Board's Silver Cup in the desiccated coconut culinary competition. Miss Moti M. N anavaty has obtained with distinction the Professorate of the Paris University. PRIZES, TROPHIES AND MEDALS Mr. Rustomji Ardeshir Irani of Bhavnagar State Railways has gained the first prize for an essay on Coal Economy read before the Kathiawad Rail ways Traffic Audit Conference. Mr. Dadi Pestonji Bahmanji, a young Parsi artist, has won several prizes and distinctions at the Bombay Art Society's last exhibition. Mr. ltustom D, Sethna has won Lovji Cama Callenge Trophy iri
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1940] THE EDITOR'S NOTES 59 dramatic competition. Prof. Tehmuras Daruvalla, the Physicultur ist of Indore, has won Efficiency Certificate and Medal in the All .. India Physical Competition in Calcutta. Mr. K. H. Kapadia had the distinction of having won all his matches in the Inter-Provin cial and All-India Table Tennis Championship without conceding a game in Bombay in close of December last. RETIREMENT Khan Bahadur Darashah Dhunjishah Kothawala, Assistant to the Deputy Inspector General of Police in Bombay, retired after a long and meritoriou sservice of 30 years. REOENT LossEs " ... e regret to take note of the passing away of Sir Noherwanji Choksy, a prominent member of the medical profession and of the Council of State, Miss Shirin Manekji Cursetji, a highly cultured nonagenarian lady with a rare record of public service, M1s. Banubai H. D. Billimoria, a lady of singular charm, Mr. Homi F. Mulla, the Solicitor for the Government of Bombay, Mr. Nanabhai N. Saher, the most senor practising barrister in the magisterial courts, Mr. R. K. Dadachanji, one of the oldest advo cates of Bombay, Khan Bahadur H. K. Bhabha, a great philanthro pist, Mr. Fakirji Cowasji, a millionaire of Karachi, Mr. Ardeshir Khurshedji Irani, a philanthropist of Poona, Mr. Pestonji Dorabji Padamji, a leader in paper industry in Poona, Khan Bahadur Sohrabshah Hormusji of Broach. a retired ~udicial officer, Khan Saheb Pestonji W adia of Surat, and last but not least Khan Sahib Dhanjibhai Framji Dubash, an enthusiastic member of the Iran League and a worshipful admirer of ancient Iran and her great past, and Mrs. Ardeshir Reporter who was an esteemable lady in Teheran, K.. WAD I A, -,M,N0,42488, DIAMOND MERCHANT, GRANT ROAD. BOMBAYt
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PRAYER LATE Mrss SHIRIN MANEKJI CuRsETJI [The following were among the last lines this venerable lady wrote in a message of goodwill to Dastur Framroze A. Bode of the new Dini Temple.] A Prayer I often say my prayers But do I really '()ray? De the wishes of my heart Go with the words I say ? Doth my soul His presence own ? No ! Then I might as well go down And offer to the gods of stone A prayer of words alone ; For word without the heart The Lord will never hear, Nor will He to that child attend Whose prayers are not sincere. 0 Lord ! teach me how to pray To blend my thoughts with Thine So that every word I pray Be pure, pious and divine. What ie Prayer ? Prayer is the soul's sincere desire, Uttered or unexpressed; The motion of a hidden fire That trembles in the breast. Prayer is the burden of a sigh, The falling of a tear ; The upward glancing of an eye, When none but God is near. Prayer is the Good Man's vital breath The Good Man's native air; His watchword at the gates of death lie enters Heaven with prayer~
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19! 61 FBAYEB Prayer is the contrite sinner's voice; Returning from his ways ; While angels in their songs rejoice, And cry, " Behold he prays ! " Prayer is the healing soft balm Of God's own laboratory That brings comfort and soothing calm To hearts sad, sore and weary. Pray Without Ceasing Go when the morning shineth, Go when the noon is bright, Go when the eve declineth, Go in the hush of night ; In thy chamber kneeling, Dothou in the secret pray ; Go with pure mind and feeling, Fling earthly thoughts away, Remember all who love thee, All who are loved by thee; Pray, too, for those who hate thee, If any such there be : Then for thyself, in weakness, A blessing humbly claim : And link with each petition Thy great Zar'thushtra's name, Or if 'tis e'er denied thee In solitude do pray ; Should holy thoughts come o'er thee When friends are round thy way Ev'n then the silent breathing Thy Spirit lifts above, Will reach His throne of glory, Who is Mercy, Truth, and Love. K. WAD I A, DIAMOND MERCHANT, GRANT ROAD~ 80M.•AY, &t4.NO 4248$ 61
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HUSA YN IBN MANSUR AL HALLAJ : THE SUFI-SAINT OF IRAN NowBoz C. MEHTA, M.A. ,-;r, ,-• DIFFERENT OPINIONS ABOUT MANSUR Greater the man greater are his revilers. Fame is a bone of contention among mankind, and he who obtains it, has to fight for keeping it lest it be snatched. away from him. Such was the condition of poor Hallaj. Several of the great Sufis and prominent men have denounced Hallaj and refrained from accept ing him in their fold. In the Fihrist he is described as '' a wily fellow, expert in conjuring, affecting the doctrines of the Sufis, adorning his discourse with their expressions and claiming acquaintance with every science, though in fact devoid of all. He knew something of Alchemy, and was an ignorant, pushing, headstrong fellow, over-bold against authorities, meddling in high matters, eager to subvert governments claiming divinity amongst his disciples, preaching the doctrine of Incarnation, pretending to kings that he was of the Shi'a faith and to the common folk that he held the opinions of the Su:fis ...... ".1 The historian Suli, who met Hallaj personally, describes him as "an ignorant fellow who pretended to be clever, an unready speaker who would pass as eloquent, and a rogue who clothed himself in woollen raiment (siif) and made a parade of piety ."2 On the other band, great Sufis like Ibn Attar, Abdullah Khalif, Shibli, Abul Qasam Nasara badi and others are among his admirers. Some like Shaikh Abu Said Abulkhair, Shaikh Abul Qasam Gurgani, Shaikh Abu Ali Farmadi, and Imam Yusuf Hamadani have kept silence over this matter and have said that his life is enshrouded in mysteries. Some say ~hat Hus~yn Mansur Hallaj is a different person from Husayn Mansur Mulhad for Husayn Mulhad was a Bagda.di and 1. P. !1~8. Browne, Literary Hi1tory of Peni11, Vol. I, i, P. '90. Ibid.
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1940) HOSAiN IBN MANSUR AL liALL!J was the teaoher of Muhammad Zakaria and a companion of Abu Said Qarmuti and was a magician and was living in Wasate. Hazrat Abdullah Khafif said, '' Husaiyn Mansur was a Divine Teacher (J ~J fl.:.) " and Hazrat Shibli said, "I and Hallaj are the same; but the only difference is that I was relieved being thought of as a madman, whereas his wisdom launched him into difficulties and became the cause of his ruin." His LIFE He flourished in the beginning of the lOhh century. In the beginning of his life he wag a~ Tastar and for two years he was in company of Abdullah Tastari. Thence he intended on a travel to Bagdad. At the age of 18 he set out on his first journey to Basra and from there to Du Harafe and lived for 18 months in the company of Hazrat Omar b. Othman Maki. Abu Yakiib Al-Akteh gave his daughter to him in marriage. Thence he went to Bagdad and for a long time remained under Hazrat J unayd. From there he went to Hajaz and after a year's stay there, he returned to Bagdad. By this time, he gathered round him a large number of pupils. When he went before J unayd and asked him a problem, J unayd made no reply to it but simply said, '' In near future you will be on the gallows." Mansur said " I shall be on the gallows on the very day when you will put on the dress of an ordinary man (..iA~ .. J•I)." It so happened that when all big people decided upon Hallaj's execution, Hazrat Junayd was in the dress of Sufis. He refused to sign Hallaj's death-warrant, but the Khalifa Al Muqtadir insisted upon his signature. So J unayd rose from the monastery and went to the Madrasa and after putting on the dress of ordinary teacher, signed the document, and Hallaj's words fell true. When Hallaj did not get any reply to his query from J unayd, he went off with his wife to Tastar and remained there for a year, He became so popular there that people became jealous of him and Hazrat Omar b. Othman wrote a pamphlet against him in Khuzistan for lowering him in the estimit ion of otller3. ro.ij pofocai srNh a'l eftiot on Htllaj th1t ha disoa.rded
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11HE IBAN LEAGOill QtJABTEBLY (Jan. Sufi dress, and put on ordinary oloak and began mixing with wor Idly people. Hrs Wmm TRAVELS, AND SoME MIRACLES ATTRIBUTED TO HIM Then for 5 years he took to wandering and travelled far and wide visiting, Ahwaz, Khorasan, Basra and even India, lecturing and cailling people to tread on the path of God. He him:rnlf led a rig0rous Sufi life and performed 400 Rakat (geuuflexiom) of Nim1z per day. It is said that for 20 years he put on the sa.m) co:1t and when at last the people finding it too dirty, compelled. him to remove it from his body, it was full of bugs whose total weight came to be 3 Rattis. It is said that once he and his followers marched out and lost their way in a jungle. Some days after, their food supply was exhausted and they complained of hunger. He pacified them and asked them to stand in a line. Then taking his hands back he brought out a fresh loaf and a little water and this he repeated 400 times till he fed all his followers to the full. People asked him'' What is Patience?" to which he replied " Patience would be that when a man utters not even a sigh even if his hands and feet are severed and his head is separated from his body," and this proved to be exactly true in his case when a year later (in A.D. 922), he was put on the gallows. It is said that when he was thrown in prison, the very first night he disappeared and in spite of the gaoler's diligent search everywhere, he was not to be found. The next night when the jailer came he saw neither the prison nor Hallaj. The third night both Hallaj and the prison were in their place. People asked him about it and he replied, '' First night I was in God's presence, and so I was not here; second night the Almighty came to visit me and so both I and the jail became invisible to you ; and now when He sent me here, I was found in my usual 1 " p aoe. While he was in jail there were 300 jail-birds with him. One day he said to his companions, "I shall free you all if you wish." They said, "But why don't you free yourself first.'' He replied, ,c No, I can't do that, for I am a prisoner of God,
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1940] BUSAYN IBN MANSUR AL HALLAJ 65 and am required to act up to my faith, although I have the power to break open all the chains and fetters with a single movement of my finger." So saying he made a sign and all the prisoners found themselves f:ree and the walls of the jail became open windows. The prisoners escaped and the next day, the Khalif having heard this news, issued orders for Hallaj's execution. HALLAJ ON THE GALLOWS : His CRUEL END Prior to his execution, Hallaj was whipped and at every stroke he cried out," Anal Haqq (~1~1) I am God.)' The Divine Messenger cried out to him," Ibn Mansur, latakhaf, ~'J JJ..a~ i:.,~1 0 Mansur' s son, be not afraid." Then he was carried to the gallows. A hundred thousand people gathered to see the final scene. He turned his eyes to every one and cried out, ''Haqq, Haqq, AnalHaqq, ~1~1 J~ : God, God, I am God.'' At this time, a Dervish from the crowd darted at him and asked, '' 0, Hallaj, tell me, what is Love ? '' He replied calmly, "Brother, you wilJ see to-day, and to-morrow, and day after," which foretold his future fate, viz. to-day on gallows, to-morrow burnt and day after the ashes flown in the air ; such is the end of a True Lover. It is said that when he was carried to the gallows, he walked on with a laughing face and when questioned about this strange behaviour, replied, "I am going to my pavilion and no time is more pleasant for me than this." Then be recited these Arabic verses: " Nadimi gair mansub ala shai manal-haif, Sakani masal a mayasharab kefaal al-zaif bal zaif, Falamma darat ul-kas doa bal-nata wal-saif Keza man yasharab ar-rah me a.1-zin bal-zaif." Which verses means: '' My friend is not a bit oppressive : He gave me His wine such as a guest gives to a guest. When some time passed he sent for the sword and the leather ( which was spread on the ground at the time of execution). For such is the punishment of a ma.n who drinks wine in hot season with a Dragon."
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66 TBE IBA~ LEAGUE QUABTUL'I [Jan. When he reached the gallows he kissed the stairs and then placed his foot on the stairs. It is said that in his young age he had cast an evil glance at a young woman, and now when he was on the gallows the vision came before his eyes and he cried aloud, '' Ah, what is this th~t I am required to pay for?" People began throwing stones at him; Hazrat Shibli out of pity threw only a clod of earth ; immediately Hallaj heaved a deep sigh of pain, and being asked why he did not complain of injuries from stones, but felt hurt by mere clod of earth, he said, '' others are unawares of my condition and so are excusable but this man Shibli knows it and still does this evil act." Then his persecution began. His RABE ENDURANCE OF CRUEL MUTILATIONS His hands were out off; he smiled and being asked why he did so, replied, "It is easy to cut off external hands but not the real hands which have removed the cap of High-mindedness .:,../i .'}6 from the head of the Highest Heaven c.fi/." Then bis feet were cut off ; again he smiled and said, "I have travelled this world with these feet, but I have other feet also by which I can travel over both the worlds." Then he asked the executioner to pour handful of blood over his face; when asked why he wanted that, he THE NATIONAL STORES We stock only fresh stocks of High Class Provisions and Cold Store proaucts. It is the only place where you get the best value for your money. THE NATIONAL STORES. LEADING WINE & PROVISION MEROHANTS. SITA.RAM BUILDINGS, CRAWFORD MARKET, BOMBAY.
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1940] HOSAYN IBN MANBUB AL HALLAJ 67 said, "Perhaps, owing to loss of blood, my face may have gone pale and the people may think I am pale through fear, so I wish to maintain the colour of my face." Then bis eyes were put out, a great uproar was created, some people weeping and some still throwing stones at him. Then they wished to out off his tongue but he requested them to wait for a moment and prayed to God, "0 Lord, these misfortunes and tortures I am undergoing for your sake ; so let them not go unrewarded ; keep not away Thy favour from me." Then his ears and nose were cut off and the people continued throwing stones at him. At last his tongue was cut off. In the evening orders were issued by the Khalif to cut off his head. At the final scene, even in the moment of his head being cut off he laughed loudly and said, '' I am with Thee, 0 Lord." A FINAL MIRACLE It is said every limb of his body cried out" Anal Haqq." So his body was cut to pieces and nothing remained except the neck and a small piece of the back, and even from these two pieces came the voice of "Ana], Haqq '' (I am God). So the people burnt his body the next day, and from the ashes also came the sound of' 'Anal Haqq "; even the drops of blood spilt at the time of execution formed the letters ~I lil "Anal Haqq "and howmuch aoever they tried to remove the stains from the ground, the letters remained till the last day when the voice of " Anal Haqq " ceased coming from the 'rigris. The ashes were thrown in the river Tigris 4.~ and even from the waters came the voice of" Anal Haqq" and a big storm came in the Tigris and threatened to engulf the whole of Bagdad. Hallaj had predicted this to his servant and to prevent the havoc he had asked his servant to take his patched garment 4;.,;. to the shore of the Tigris and immediately the water would subside. rrhe servant remembering his late master's instructions, did as above and the waters subsided and the voice of " Anal Hagg '' came no more.
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SOME GREAT POETS OF IRAN WERE THEY ZOROASTRIANS ? SoHRAB H. BATLIVALA While studying Iranian literature of the last thousand years, one is struck by the conspicuous fact that most of it comes from Muslim authors and hardly anything from the Zoroastrians, excepting a few prose and poetical works and epistles on Zoro astrian religious and_ other allied subjects. Among these, we come across certain passages in the poems of some of the most famous Iranian poets commonly understood to be Muslims, which drive usto the conclusion that they had no particular predilection for Islam and in all probability were Zoroastrians in their private lives. Their own words speak for themselves, and we place before the readers a few of their statements to show that some of the greatest and most famous poets of Iran were Zoroastrians at heart and not Muslims as is generally supposed. DAQUIQUI Let us begin with the case of Daquiqui who flourished about a thousand years ago. He had a great ambition to compose an epic on ancient Zoroastrian monarchies in a style worthy of reflecting ~heir past glory. He even commenced to execute his grand project and as a true Zoroastrian began by composing a thousand couplets depicting the advent of Zarathushtra at the court of king Gushtasp and proclaiming there his faith which the king adopted as his own and made it his state religion. This work of Daqui qui was subsequently incorporated by Firdausi in bis immortal Shah N ameh. The following concluding verses of one of his odes show Daquiqui to have been a Zoroastrian : "=:., j J ,.i .f> 6-~ j\ 4.S=r j ..:.. .... 1 J.~ f .. J. ..:,..L,:>-)::;-,i:;) ~;. ) j ~? J '-t;.; j <.) J:: ':I "-(~ :) ~ J '-..(; J Jj I..J.
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1940] SOME GREAT POETS OF IRAN 69 Translation " Daquiqui has selected four specialities from all the good and bad things of the world : Ruby coloured lips, music of the lute, dark red wine, and the religion of Zarathushtra." This confession of his faith is recorded by Daquiqui himself, and so there can be no doubt that this poet, who was one of the greatest predecessors of Firdausi, was a Zoroastrian. OMAR KHAYYAM We shall now pass on to Omar Khayyam, the Iranian poet who lived during the latter half of tbe elevrnth aI1d the first quarter of the twelfth century. Bis quatrains enjoy great popularity in the western world to-day, thanks to FitzGerald's inimitable rendering in English verse of ovH a hunared of them. Omar Khayyam, who was also a great philosopher and mathemati cian, had such a disgust for tbe type of re]jgion prevailing around him that in one of bis most telling quatrains he shows the courage of his convictions by proclaiming to the world at large his absolute readiness 1.o discard it aDd adept t:t e M agian faith by tying the sacred girdle around bis waist.. The quatrain in question runs thus:cfu> :i~L .. "-.Gj\ 6.~ '-(;.:,I r\J'> .__:_.,t:--.i. 4.i\.ti.e J; Translation "How long shall I continue to remain vain of my ign01~anoe? My heart is afflicted at this distraction of mine. I would rather put upon my waist the sacred Magian girdle. Itor the shame of what ? (you would ask) of this Islamism of mine.'' This quatrain clearly indicates that in spite of his very deep and thorough understanding of tenets of his religion, Omar Khayyam in the end preferred the Magian faith. KBAQUANI Kbaquani is another great poet of the twelfth cmtury and one of the mcst fazuus of bis agE'. JIJ an cde be not only ncoras his
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70 . . THE JBA.N LFAGUE Qr.AB'lEl LY [Ja;, change of faith to Zoroastrianism, but also d c1arrn bis wirnq_ r: n s to revive the religion of Zarathushtra among the masses. He says: l, .J! 4-l.:.a r~~l.-~ ,~..,.\ Jl..-. 4.~;, ._\..u j\ 'v--" .. ; " L.~.; -..:..;.,; r--Y. 4-T J;~ rJJ • I) --1 r~.:.! )~) fJJ t;..., J\ w\ij \ J<11) o~ij ') (""'" .;...!,);j ); ~1 '-... ..;-a:' JJ Translation '' After fifty years, I find that Islam does not suit me, because I feel like being a prisoner in it. (So) I leave it, and to escape its oppression, I wear the sacred girdle and kiss the bell ( of the Magian temple). If the emperor thinks fit, I shall revive the secret doctrine of Zarathushtra and the practices of the Zend Avesta.'' No stronger proof could be given than this to show that Khaquani, had renounced his old faith and had embraced Zoroastrianism. 8BABISTARY A century later, Shabistary, a Sufi and a mystic of Tabriz, was another person to echo similar sentiments. In one of his best known works on mysticism of the Sufis called Gulshani-Raz while explaining the esoteric meaning of certain Sufi doctrines, he gives the reader an insight into the working of his mind and 24 MOURS AT YOUR SERVICE BLOCKS OF EVERY.,. FOR QUALITY DESCRIPTION
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1940] SOME onEAT POETS OF IBAN 71 the real nature of his Sufism by declaring that the sacred girdle is the true and only symbol of service to hmnanity. He further declares that at heart he was not a Muslim, openly advises his followers to discard Ielam and enjoins them to tie around their waist the sacred girdle. These are his words :-J j ~A'--'J ~ -'> wl!.i ;ti'"...,-. J~\ r...1~...\! r) .. J .)~; ~u; r~~\ u""'; J:... )'6 -:..--. uJ~ \ .. u-ai ~1,~ . }u j .J! J 49 .)> ~)..i:,~ ) i.}' ya ~. J I>..~ J 4,; Translation cc I realised that the object of every action lies in the service to humanity, and its symbol is the knot of the sacred girdle. The depth of our soul is full of unbelief~ and hence you should not rest content with the religion of Islam. Leave off hypocrisy, flattery and popularity. Throw off the cloak, and tie up the sacred girdle.," HAFEZ This brings me to Hafez, the greatest and the most famous of all the poets of Iran. Any person who has read bis odes can testify to his dep spiritual attachment to the chief priest of the Magians, the P-ir-i-M ughan as he lovingly calls him. I quote here only a few of his verses oub of scores to show how he found solace in the words of the Magian priest alone and none in those of the Sheikh, the Muslim theologian. This fact in the end made him adopt the Magian faith of his spiritual guide. In one of his odes he says: >; .,T lf. J \ ., tS) ...,, f .:, ..\c. J S I...,~ t:.!i tS I t_ ./ i.:,.-.:, r l..t. 11~ Translation "I am a disciple of the Magian priest, oh Sheikh, eel not offended with me, for you only held out the promise, while he, (the Magian priest) carried it out." In another ode Hafez says that divine knowledge or spiritual understanding was revealed to him only wbf:n be became an
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72 TBE IBAN LEAGUE QUABTEBLt [Jan. inmate of the Magian temple: r~!, wl .... .;'!! 4.(;.) u t;S\~ ;! Translation " The gate of divine understanding was Ofnd unto my heart on that day when I became an inmate of the h:mple of the priest of the Magians." I may here add that in Magian temples only those who formally belong to the Magian faith are allowed admission and hence the fact that Hafez became a regular attendant at the Magian temple clearly shows that he bad adoptd the M agian faith in all its formalities. This fact of bis adoption of the M agian faith is further confirmed by the confession of his practice of tying the sacred Magian girdle round his waist. He says: ~il .. !)~0 )J ~!, y .;Lu J 4),.) 4i.? ~:!, J! '=' \/ "':":~ ~--J ~) f'') Translation '' I had a holy cloak and it used to hide a hundnd faults of mine. It was pawned to wine and the minstrel and the rncred girdle was all that was left." Besides his own statements, an incident, recorded by his biographers, also would show that in private life Hafez was profeesing the Magian religion. The incident was as follows:-Mubariz-ud-Din Muhammad bin Muzaffar, who ruled over Fars during the time of Hafez, had caused all taverns to be closed because he was a stern and ascetic Musalman. Hafez refers to this decree of the ruler in one of his poems wherein after depre cating self-righteousness of the zealot, he expresses his concern that the ruler, in his bigotry, might even remove by force the sacred girdle that he (Hafez) was putting on under his cloak . .A;.,_~ l.. t:_! J) ;"6 .) \ 0 .• f J..:.,_ t.!.~ l~ .l\.. ) ) t l!.T ) Y. ~.:.~ \.!.~! \ ~;.. • .Jt! j \ t; b <.S J; J.) .l.:..:_! ~al j J ) J~ ,; l }~I ~.:tl.!.~ J, .,._; i ;~0j 4>. t I))~~ i4S;\)$ I .wt>
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1940] SOME GRBAT POETS OF IRAN 78 Translation " Oh will it ever be that they will reopen the doors of the taverns, and will loosen the knots from our tangled affairs? If they have closed them for the sake of the heart of the self-righteous zealot, be of good heart, for they will reopen them for God's sake. (Still) 0 Hafez 1 take care lest to-morrow by violence they may make you untie your sacred girdle from underneath this cloak that you wear." Fortunately for Hafez Mubariz-ud-Din died soon, and his son Shah Shuja, on becoming the ruler, relaxed the oppressive restric tions of his late father. Hafez celebrated the event in the following verses saying that it was due to intervention of Barash, the Z9roastrian angel, that Shah Shuja got the inspiration to remove the restriction. JJ:..! ~b .;,,.,,.. t~ •l!, ;J) t J.JC. o)j• ~---) u.i\. j ..,~ JJ.;--' ,l:! r? J,):, J, Jr ,:__. )JJ ;l-.. (.)l;.: ;f. Translation '' At early dawn good tidings reached my ear from the unseen voice; it is the era of Shah Shuja, drink wine boldly ! Except for the praise of His Majesty, do not make thy heart offer any other prayer, for the ear of his heart is a confidant of the message of Sarush." ;From this we see that when Islamic fanaticism prevailed, Hafez, like a true Zoroastrian, became anxious about preserving the sacred girdle on his person and subsequently when freedom returned he expressed his joy that it was Sarush, the Zoroastrian angel, that inspired Shah Shuja to remove the ban of prohibition. Thus the working of the mind of Hafez during this incident clearly indicates his Zoroastrian propensity. I shall conclude this notice of Hafez by quoting a verse of his, wherein he expressly enjoins an his readers to revive the Zoroastrian religion. )Jri. q!;r, .:,,.:;.,;1 41'14.)Ji) ~)J; ~,.:> ;r.T j . .:,~ e~
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74 THR IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [Ja.n. Translation "Revive the Zoroastrian religion and creed in the garden, now that the tulip has kindled the fire of Nimrod." From these con fess ions of Daqniqni, Omar Khayyam, Khaquani, Shabistary and Hafez it will be seen that the fire of the love for zoroastrianisrn was burning in the hearts of great Iranians throughout the tenth to the fourteenth centuries. It has kept on burning during the subsequent centuries down to the present time as I intend to show in a later article. Modern Iranians are now definitely turning to Zoroastrianism as I have shown in my last article published in this Quarterl,y. * • Vide Volume IX, Noa. 2 and 3, dated January and April 1989, pp. 181 and 179. USE t 1 g ; "REDZU6" ELECTRIC GEYSERS t , ( FOR INSTANTANEOUS Horr WATER SERVICE ( ; ABSOLUTELY SAFE I t i Yields h0t water at one pie a gallon Several hundreds now working in ' Prominent .. Palaces . and Buildings t Price from Ra. 75 to Rs. 125. t ' Sole Agents :-THE EASTERN ELECTRIC LIGHT & POWER Co. 24, Bruce Road, Fort, Bombay. J Telepbone 20595, . Telegram• u Eaatllght 11
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0 ...., o .c: l-0 (I) "' =-G) .. s:. t'G :E .. 0 a:
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[Oourtesu J oiirnal de :l'eheran] Gua.rd of honour on the arrival of the new Soviet Ambailsador in Tehera.n. i:Jl.,i J ..:..,,. , .. \..1.~ .J.~ ..1.;,.,. J J J J r g::• '->; \~::i I J; 1 [Coiirtesy Journal de Tthf1,:an] The Shah reviewing the Cadets at the Military Academy in Teheran. J.>}:,e I; i\~; ~l..6 .J~ j l! ~" \.:.:.\.!. .:.., ~:1'-1 Pheroze Behram High School 8uildlng ai Tahoran • .:,1.,.; ;~ ii .Jt~ :JJJ:.' w\:.... -1:? J ~;\.r
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ZARATHUSHTRIAN STUDIES PnoF. PouREDAwooD TRANSLATED FROM PERSIAN BY Mn. PoNCHAJI PHEBOZESHAH BHARUOBA [Prof. PoureDawood has added valuable notes to his celebrat ed translation of the Avesta. These are translated into English by Mr. P. P. Bharucha and reproduced here.] HORMAZD MEANING OF THE NAME '' His form is like Light and His soul like Truth ".1 The only God recognised by Zoroaster is named Ahuramazda in the A vesta .. In the Achaenienian inscriptions the name appears fa the form "Auramazda ". I# the present day Persian it is " Hormazd ", " Hormazd " or " Aurmazd." Besides the usual meaning of God the name Hormazd and its other forms have been shown in Persian dictionaries to signify the Planet Jupiter. Also: the oldest poets of Iran have used the word in simiJar sense. Amongst theta Boushokur has said :-'' J upit.er (Hormuzd) appears lower than Saturn and it shines like the evergreen Farzd.''2 Hormazd has :of ten been referred 'to in. the sense of" Jupiter" in Persian literature just in . the same manner. as c{ Zet1s,"3 1, Porpbyriua giving his de1cdp.tion .of Or.maze11 (Ahura.mazde.) in the language of the Iranian_ Magi. . 2, ~aadi'~ dictionary inf<>rma us that "Fa.rzd" is an evergreen which i11 called 11 Seil " in Arabic. _ _ 3. The Persian wora. Za.u1h or Zawa11h found in all the dictionaries and used by old poet11 in the.sense of the Pla.~et Jupiter, appears' to have been originally derived from the Greek word Ze11e just a1 the word11 Darham (Draohm), Dinar, Abwa• (diamond) a~d P111bim (Diadem) ban been, A11adi's Dictionary. -
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'76 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTEALY [Jan. the highest god of the Greeks and ,Jupiter of the Romrms a,re also sometimes intendQd to convey. We do not know why Hormazd came to be identified with the Planet Jupiter. This writer* has not noticed any trace of the implication either in the Avesta or in the l\fazdayasnian traditional literature. In fact the Iranian Ahuramazda is altogether different from such nature-gods as Zeus of the Greeks and Jupiter of the Romans. Nay, the Iranian concept of the Creator has nothing to do with the gods of ancient nations such as the Accadians or the Sumerians, the Assyrians or the Baby lonians, the Phoonicians or the Egyptians. Nor has Ahuramazda any resemblance to any of the Indian deities like Indra or Varuna, whom the Irani Aryans themselves once worshipped. The Zoroastrian concept of Ahuramazda can only be:compared to the Mosaic concept of God among the Jews, in regard to His absolute singleness, creative power and omnipotence. It is possible that an idea of the greatness of Ahura has been sought to be conveyed by comparing Him:,with Jupiter which is the largest planet in the sky. Or it may solely be due to the penetration of Greek influence amongst the Iranians. THE NAME's ORIGINAL FoRM The word Hormnzd, used. frequently in Persian prose and poems in the sense of God in general, appears to have assumed the present form after a lapse of thousands of years. Ahura and Mazda were originally two distinct Aryan words, and through Zarathushtra they came to be regarded among the Iranians as the names of the only one God. After centuries, and mainly through the Gathas and the Avesta, the compound name appeared and became familiar in the Achaemenian Persian whence it was trans ported into the Pahlavi and Persian languages. The antiquity and corruption of the name are obvious from its present form, for, centuries must have necessarily elapsed before the A vestan wordi assumed the definite compound form of " A(h)uramazda '' whiob Aga. Pour-a-Dawood.
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194 O] ZARATHUSH'rRIAN STUDIES 77 has been used in the Achaemenii:m inscriptions dating from about 520 B.C. The Gathas which are the oldest portion of Avesta do not contain this name in the compound form of the Achaemenian language, but we find Ahura and Mazda used separately and sometimes distinctly in them. For instance, Yasna 28, stanza I, only mentions " Mazda " whereas the 8th paragraph contains only the name "Ahura.'' Again in the 5th stanza of the same Ha sevGral words occur between Ahura and Mazda. In the sixth stanza also we come across at first the word " Mazda '' and then after several sentences '' Ahura." Several passages of the Gathas however contain "Mazda Ahura ''together. For instance, in the 11th stanza of Yasna 28th, the Prophet sings : '' Instruct me, 0 Mazda Ahura r with Thy wisdom and tell me by Thy Own voice how the Resurrection will take place." In the other parts of the A vesta, the Gathic order of the compound noun appears to have changed into "Ahura Mazda/' excepting in the Farvardin Yasht 146, Zamyad Yasht 9~ and Vendidad, chapter XIX-34, where the old form, Mazda Ahura, has been preserved. Throughout the Achaemenian inscriptions: Ahura preceeds Mazda and the name is in the compound form. There is only one exception. In the inscription of Xerxes at Persepolis 1 only " Ahura " is found. THE MEANING THE N AMlil OONVEYS IN THE ZABATHUSTBIAN SCRIPTURE Now let us see the significance of the Zoroastrian name or God-Ahura and Mazda as separate words and as compound noun. The Avestan Ahura and Vedic Asura are derived from the identical root Abu or Asu which means chief or master. Asura has been generally used by the Hindus as a general title for their great gods. Especially the Vedas refer to this title of Varuna. In the Hindu scriptures, only on four occasions does this title appear to have 1. Xerxe!, Pei:s. C. 3. Sea" Die Keilin1chi:if tan der AchamanidenJI Ton Weinbach,
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78 THE IBAN LEAGUE QU~RTEitLY [Jan. been applied to men.1 Similarly, in the Avesta also Ahura has been applied to great Izats like Meher and Apam Napat.2 It has also been applied to men to denote lord, master or chief in the Gathas and other parts of the A vesta.3 Again, in the Gathas, Mazda in Yasna 50, l, signifies : "Retentive memory," and in Yasna. ,J.5-1, the word means committed to memory ' or 'remembered.' Its corresponding word in Sanskrit is .Medhas which means wisdom or intelligence. Accordingly, when ]\fazda is used for God it is intended to convey the idea of one who is intelligent, wise or omniscient.1 From the above it is clear that the name, Ahuramazda signifies the Wise Lord. Through Zarathushtra Ahuramazda came to be recognised as the name of the only God among the Iranians. They rejected the old Aryan Pantheon which is still holding sway in India. The word'' Dev 1 ' which signifies gods to the Hindus came to be interpreted by the Iranians as evil genii or misguiders of men. From that date of the advent of Zarathushtra the monotheists of Iran began to be known as Mazdayasnians and their opponents as the worshippers of falsehood or Daevayasnians, THE CoNOEPTION OF THAT MEANING IS A RARE AemEVEMENT IN ALL HUMAN HISTORY Zarathushtra's teaching that Ahuramazda is the sole Creator of the earth and the heavens, that He is without beginning or end and that He is all-seeing and omniscient, constitutes the greatest event in the history of the human race. For, up to the great Prophet's time it was impossible for the Aryan race to conceive that only one Power alone could make and manage all the great things of the universe-the heavens of such a vast expanse, the wide world with the high mountains and large oceans, 1. "Dya.ua, Aaura., Ahura., Mazda lllld die Aauraa ". B. s,,87 von Bradke and "Era.ni1ohe Alterthumakunde '' von Fr. Spiegel, Bd, II S. 21-28. 2, Refer Maher Ya.ah\, 25 and 69, Ya1ma. II,5. a. Ya.sea 59-9, Ba.ha.ram Yaiht 37, A ban Ya.sht 85, Tir Yiuht 86 a.ndE'arvardin Ya1ht68, 4. See)he word Mazdiih in Altira.ni11che11 Wortarbuch von Bartholomae. Die Ira.ni1ol11 Religion von Ja.ok1on 5, 682 (Grund. Iran, Philo.), Orma.zd et Ahriman par Darmeateter l'• 26.
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1~40] ZABATHUSHTRIA.N STUDIES 79 all the animal and vegetable kingdoms and last but not least mankind. The Aryan races of those remote times worshipped as gods all that was of use or advantage to them, such as fire, water, etc. All that appeared shining and magnificent such as the sun and the moon were considered to be gods and they thanked the forces of nature for what appeared to them as gracious gifts of those deities. Likewise, they remained in great terror and dread of the natural phenomena of various kinds such as thunder, lightning, etc. and took them to be wrathful deities whose anger they sought to appease by lamentations, entreaties and sacrifices. Zarathushtra preaches to his people: Whatever that exists either in the heavens or on the earth has but one Creator. Except Him no one is worthy of worship. Fight against what is harmful to you. Your lamentations and sacrifices will not turn the evil doers and oppressors into good and beneficent beings. Do good towards the good but fight the wicked. Act in such a way that evil may vanish from the world and good may prevail everywhere. Worship Him only with your prayers and piety,-Him who bears the name Mazda Ahura.1 The man who fights evil either by his thought or word or with the might of his arms, pleases Mazda Ahura.2 This sort of preaching in those remote days was most certainly novel and astonishing to his audience. Zarathushtra himself declares that his prayers and praises are absolutely new and that prior to him, none had sung such songs of praise3 : "Hearken unto me, 0 ye, who come from near and from afar; Mazda. is the guiding light of Truth. Never shall the false teachers deceive you any more, nor shall they destroy your future life.'' 4 1. Ya1n1 45, atanza. 10. i, Yaana 88, 1tanza ~. 8, Yuna 28• stanza 81 &, Ya1n1 _45, 1tan1a la
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THE IRAN t.EAGUE QUARTERL t TaA;r GREAT CoNCEPT w As THOUGHT To BE REVOLUTIONARY AND BROUGHT PERSECUTION UPON !Ts HOLY AUTHOR To deliver with a clarion call a message of such a revolu tionary character in those remote days waJs to invite calamities and dangers of no ordinary kind, and the great messenger was pursued by fanatics. So much so that he himself had to address God thus:-,, To what land shall I betake myself, 0 Mazda ! Where shall I seek refuge? 'rake me in Thy protection and help me, 0 Ahura ! as a friend abideth by a friend."1 According to the German scholar Prof. Bartholomae, Zarathushtra, accompanied by a few followers, left his native place and went to Seistan by an unfrequented route, in order to avoid dangers to himself and his faithful adherents. He went from place to place till at last in the cause of pure monotheism and for preaching the unity of God, he made the grand sacrifice by dying a martyr's death in Kabulistan, far away from the land of his birth, during an invasion of the place by the Daevayasnian Arjasp, a description in extenso of which appears in Pahlavi books and in the Shahnarneh. Z1.RATHUSHTRA's MARTYRDOM HowEVER SPREAD THE TRUE !DEA OF Gon IN THE u NIVERSE During his career, Zarathushtra had come into collision with and had incurred the wrath of powerful chiefs of Daevayasnian 1, Yasna 46, stanza 1 and 2. ! " WIT, HUMOUR AND FANCY OF PERSIA " @ by ThI. H. KUKA The book is brimful of the native wit and humour of the g ) Persians that there is not a dull mon1ent throughout ( its 332 pages. Ideal or presentation. Price Rs. 3 per copy. Can be had {1rom g The Fort Printing Pre11, 23, Goa St., Ballard Estate, Bombay lilrl!.~~~:,q..~~~~;~~~~ ..... ~~,
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1940] ZAB.ATIIUSBTRIAN STUDIES 81 persuasion and consequently he has complained frequently of them in his Gatbas.1 His martyrdom was not in vain however. For, by the influence of his teachings a great portion of the ancient civilized world adopted pure monotheism of the greatest spiritual value. And so men learned to worship only that God in all His glory and greatness besides Whom there is no other cause of earthly and heavenly creations. That all that exists is due to his Divine Power; that His residence is in eternal light ; and that whatever appears grand and beautiful to the eye such as the splendour of the sun, the gleam of tbe dawn and the "bespangled :firmament, are but particles of His Divine glory,2 are some of his glorious teachings. AND INFUSED HmnMINDEDNESS INTO the IBANIAN , RAoE These teachings infused high-mindedness into the Iranians and inspired them with great courage as a result of which they attained to the zenith of power and authority. The Achaemenian monarchs considered themselves the representatives on the face of the earth of the divine majesty and power of Ahuramazda, and the possessors of glory. Just as Ahuramazda was the sole ruler of the spiritual world, they held that there could be no other sharer in the kingdom of the earth. Darius the Great, in his inscriptions, almost re-echoes the profound views regarding Ahuramazda's greatness, which are to be found in Zarathushtra's Gathas. The only difference is that Darius considered himself to have been appointed by Ahuramazda to rule the world, just as m the Gathas Zarathushtra had been commissioned to guide it. Darius says :" Ahuramazda is the great God Who created this earth and yonder heavens, Who created mankind, Who produced for man gifts and favours, Who appointed Darius as king-one king of f 1 d "3 many nations and one ruler o many an s. -----------------1. Ya1X1a 32, atanza 9, 46, aud 49.J, 2. Ya1na 5Q, stanza 10, 8, "Die Keilinscbrift der A.chia.meniden" von Weilllll:iacb N Ra l.
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82 THE IJAN LEAGUE QUABTBBLY [Jan. Corroborating the above statement, is the information of Herodotus who writes regarding Xerxes, the son of Darius, that after quelling the insurrection of Egypt, Xerxes intended to conquer Athens and with a view to holding a conference on the subject, called the nobles and chiefs of Iran to his court. In the course of a long speech, Herodotus puts the following in the mouth of that Emperor :-" After the conquest of Athens and the subjugation of the surrounding provinces, nothing but the sky shall remain the boundary of the Persian empire. The sun will not shine on any place which shall remain outside our sway. I will subdue all Europe and the whole of the earth shall be made into one territory." 1 (To be continuod) 1, Herodotu1 VI-18, j FOR HIGH CLASS JEWELLERY g ZV Please Consult ' I 1--! @ P. DUBASH & Co. _ : Jewellers & Diamond Merchants Dealersin ' Silver & Electro•Plated Wares. ) 68, Medow1 Street, Fort, BOMBAY. g
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"THE GOSPEL OF ZOROASTER "1 BY : BHAI MANILAL c. p AREKH, RAJ KOT REvmw2 BY: MR. SoHRAB JAMsHEDJEE BuLsARA, M.A. A Loom AND FAITHFUL ExPosrr10N This serene and illumined picture of Zarathushtra and His Holy Faith has been drawn by the outpouring of an adoring Aryan heart deeply impressed by their glory. It is one of the few lucid and faithful expositions of the noble religion of the Parsees, which few outside their pale care to understand properly, and about which they have many wrong and erroneous notions. It is a pleasure to note that whenever any of our Hindu brothers have taken upon themselves seriously to study our history and religion, they have always succeeded in understanding them with the deepest sympathy and admiration. MR. MANILAL C. PAREKe's GREAT SERVICES TO THEISTIO SorENOE Mr. Manilal C. Parekh is a profound student of religion and has a number. of valuable works to his credit. He is one of those few men who rise above communal bounds into the pure realms of Universal Truth and RighteousnesP, and can see common grounds of these in their own and other people's true faiths. His HEARTFELT TRIBUTE To RIGHTEous ZARATHUsHTBA AND HIS HOLY FAITH Mr. Manila! Parekh has long since made a deep and compa rative study of the Hindu and Christian religions, but had not read much 0 Parsiism till very recently. Naturally he found in 1. The work i1 dedicated to late Khan Bahadur Dr. Naoroji K. Kalianiwalla in memory of bi• benevolent work in Katbiawar and Cut oh. Copies can be had from Sri Bbagwat-Dharma Beriu Depot at "Harmony Houae,'1 Rajkot, for R1. 4 and R1, 8 eaob, according to bindings. ,. Tlt,i1 re,iew hu al10 appeared in tb.e ;r~m-~Jam11led of 9ti. January, 1940,
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84 THE mAN LEAGUE QUABTBJILY [Jan. our holy faith and in our history so much to appeal to him that he studied them with great care and interest. He was intensely impressed by their greatness and value and so wrote out this beantiful account of them and bas now published it in this neat volume of 338 pages "as a humble and heart-felt tribute to the great prophet Zarathushtl'a and his faith " which has struck him " with wonder at its uniqueness in many respects, its great originality, its moral and spiritual profundity and its fullness.'' H1s RECOGNITION OF THE EXCELLENOE A ND U NIQUB V ALOE OF THE HOLY GATHAS After dealing with the ever-interesting themes of the original Home and Heritage of the Aryans, the Advent of Zarathushtra, Indo-Iranian Migrations and Early Aryan Religion, Mr. Parekh comes to his subject proper. With clear observation he notes the unique character of the Gathas, the first and the best of the holy scriptures of the Zarathushtrian Faith, and sa.ys : '' The singular thing about the Gathas is that they are at the same time the Old and the New Testament of the Zoroastrian religion.'' In doing so he gives. a smashing blow to the groundless assertion often made by scholars that the religion of Zarathushtra was only a reform in the old faith. We have already emphasised this point in our last work,1 and may refer the reader to it for further views on this great point. Mr. Parekh is absolutely right when he says that what Zarathushtra taught was not only unique, but was also new and full. It had no predecessor and no successor. It was " the first and therefore the best '', as the Mazdaznans would rightly say. THEY ARE THE PUREST AND FULL EFFLORESOENOE OF THE ABYAN GENIUS Mr. Parekh takes the Gathas to be among the purest prophetic utterances, and only a fraction of a larger body of similar utteranoes, and yet having the full efflorescence of the Aryan genius, and the crown and apex of that religious move ment which was typical of the Rig-Veda and the other three Vedas. 1. " Tb.• relis~on of Z11r~tb.u1b.tr11, 11 pp, 4 ff.
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.. l9"40] 11 TBE GOSPEL OF ZOBOA STER " 85 These views speak for themselves, and it would take a long dissertation to make .them more explicit. They again mark and emphasise the unique and lofty nature of the Gatbio doctrine and its profound expansions of the later ages. MANIFESTED IN INCIDENTS OF ZARATBUSBTRA' S GLoBious AND HoLY L1FE In tracing the incidents in Zarathushtra's holy life Mr. Parekh has made a free use of the Gathas and drawn judicious inferences from these. In one referring to Zarathushtra having called himself a friend of God, he observes : " That he should think of himself to be a friend of the Supreme Being, the All-Wise and the All-Powerfu], is a real wonder and takes us into the innermost secrets of his life." Referring to similar and correlated texts he concludes by saying: '' We might say that here we have not only the seed but the sprouting of Jnana-Yoga, Karma-Yoga and Bhakti-Yoga. These Yogas, however, are not so many separate paths, each being sufficient in itself and suited to a particular class of people. They are integral parts of but one way meant for all to follow as it should be." '' God vision'', he continues, '' and what we may call even the deification of the spirit of man constitute spiritual life, and this is just what we find in Zoroaster.'' "If we define mysticism as a first-hand experience of God, then undoubtedly Zoroaster was one of the greatest Mystics the world has known." THE AMAZING SPIRITUAL CONTENT Oi' ZARATBUSHTBA's HoLY FAITH Mr. Parekh then quotes a number of passages from the Gathas to show how close Zarathushtra had come to God, and supports that view with the observation of J. H. Denison,1 the American writer, that Zoroaster '' was teaching everywhere a religion entirely new to the world, and so amazing in its spiritual content that it is hard for us to-day to realize that it could have actually existed." l. In Illa work 1 • Emotion• 11 tbe Ba1i1 of CivilizatioD,11
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86 THE dtAN LEAGUE QUARTEBLY After noting some further facts of Zarathushtra's holy life Mr. Parekh quotes at last these words of Dr. Mills" Zarathushtra and his companions were struggling to establish a Kingdom under the Sovereign Power of God whose first care was to relieve suffering, and shelter the honest and industrious poor." TeE SELFCoNsOIOUBNESB OF His D1v1NE M1ssI0N AND THE U NIVEBSALITY OF His HoLY MESSAGE Referring to Zarathushtra' s Divine Mission Mr. Parekh observes: "The universality of Zarathushtra's Holy Message is one of the most remarkable features not only of the Aryan but of all Human history." Hence it is that he has bad even among the non-Aryans great and esteemed adherents. To this glorifying view Mr. Parekh adds the noteworthy fact that Zarathustra is always self-conscious of bis divine mission. "He knows that be has been called by God to establish an all-em bracing order of new life which prevails in His Kingdom." But "the most arresting part of it lies in this that this self-consciousness is dominated entirely by a humility which is deep and sublime.'' ZARATHUSHTRA's HoLY WoRK Is A UNIQUE PHENOMENON IN ALL HuMAN H1sTORY Mr. Parekh goes on to say that the teaching which Zarathushtra gave was indeed the first revealed word of God. " His ' " Sukhanvaran-i Dauran-i Pahlavi " t f (Poets of the Pahlavi Regime) i @ By D. J. IRANI, SoLIOITOB Containing over 400 Persian Poems (200 translated into t English) 0 98 modern Persian Poets, with 50 illustrations; @ covering 766 -pages, and an Introduction to the Study of Persian Poetry from the.Avestan Times till To-day in English and Persian, t @ covering 235 pages. \., r, Very highly spoken of by the PreH and Public. An Ideal Gift. Price l\ Rs. 18/ par copy, plus Postage Rs. t/8. \ Tt be had enly Jr~tn :-HJSANO T. ANKLESAR.IA, @ 28, GoA STREET, BALLABD EsTATE, BOMBAY, 1-INDIA, .
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1940] u :TBJ!I GOSPEL OF ZOBOAB1 EB : ' religion is quite a new system and is monotheistic in the strictest sense of the term." '' We cannot but be genuinely surprised," he adds, "that Zoroaster arrived at his monotheism for the first time and without any hesitation and halting." This is a'' phenomenon unique not only in Aryan history but in that of whole humanity," because Zarathushtra had not the spiritual ancestry which all other Prophets had. MB. PABEKa's APPEALING AcaouN'l' OF THE P. ABBI RACE AND His HAPPY v 1s10N oF 'rHErn FuToBE It would take us a long way to bring within the scope of this review the o~apters of Mr. Parekh's great book which follow and deal with Ethics of Zoroaster, His Social Gospel, Immortality and the Other World, and Zoroastrian Influence on Judaism, Christianity and Islam. These are followed by very appealing accounts of the Parsi Pilgrim Fathers and Their Children, Some Parsi Practices and Traits, and the Future of Zoroastrianism. The last brings out the nobility of Mr. Parekh's views at its best, and all Parsis should read, digest and appreciate every word of his sober remarks and wise admonitions on our national life in relation especially to contact and dealings with our Hindu brothers. It would do a great benefit to both the communities to revive mutual confidence and brotherly feelings by following ways Mr. Parekh wisely suggests in this chapter. EVERY PARSI suouLD BE.AD 'THis ENNOBLING AcooUNT oF His RAOE AND RELIGION Every Parsi will do a duty to his holy Faith and its heavenly Founder by closely studying this great and valued work. The Parsi community is grateful to Mr. Manilal Parekh for giving to the world so excellent an exposition of their Holy Faith, and adding more than friendly words of regard and goodwill to that excellent exposition. Jogeshwari, 7th December, 1939.
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ANOWSHIRWAN DADGAR HIGH SCHOOL IN TEHERAN [The Teheran Zoroastrian Anjuman conveyed to the League in the letter of its Chairman Arbab Kaikhosrow Shahrokh dated 9th December 1939]. TeE ScaooL's STATUS AND PBoonEss 'rhe School has got a very good name as a " Leading National High School." It has 6 classes and at present 253 girls are attending the School. There are 35 Zoroastrian and 218 nonZoroastrian pupils. These include His Imperial Majesty's daughter and a good number belonging to the Royal Family and families of Field Marshals, Generals and prominent families. The number is increasing as time passes. The terminal examina tion results have been satisfactory and glowing reports have been received by the School Superintendent from the Ministry of Education ; and although this year has been the first year of sports competition for the girls, it is a matter of great pride for the community, that among all the teams in Teheran, Anowshirwan Dadgar High School has won a silver cup and a Medal from His Imperial Highne~s the Crown Prince. In Scouting also this School has come the first and so the First Rasad in the whole country is the Anowshi:rwan School's Rasad. Since the date this School has been opened, (20th Shahriver 1315-September 1936), 90 girls of the eleventh Terminal Class have been examined by the Ministry of Education, and of these 78 candidates have succeeded in getting their Diplomas and of the 9th class, 110 of the 112 candidates have passed andgot their Certificates.
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1940] ANOW8BIBWAN DADGAB HIGO SCHOOL ba ... INeonlfT-ION 89 As news was sent here formerly, two excellent pieces of stone have been imported from Meshed for this purpose, but according to the Government's general order, in Iran any inscription can be made only in the Persian language, and even the old Latin letters anywhere have all been changed into Persian. Therefore the management in Teheran are obliged to follow the same rule. They now want to know whether the School is to be endowed or _not as all other Zoroa.strian Institutions in Teheran are endowed, so that that fact may be expresaed in the inscription. THE LEA.GUE' s NEW PRESIDENT Although the members of the Teheran Zoroastrian Anjuman and its Committee are very regretful for the loss of the well-wishing . and generous gentleman Sir Hormasji Adenwala, they are pleased to knoi of the election of Sir Cowasji Jehangir, Bart., as the new President of the Iran League, and offer their hearty congratulations to him and the League and Iran and hope that he may no~ have better opportunities of working for the welfare of the com.:. ; munity and Iran. Mns. REPOBTEB's DEATH We regret to hear)hat one of. the members of:the: Committee .. in Teheran, Mrs. Ardeshirji Reporter, died on Saturday, 2nd.. December, 1939. K. WA Dl A, "" ''41: .. 24,,; DIAMOND MERCHANT, IRA"T 9'QAC,, 110111AY,
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PROF. RASCHID Y ASSEMl'S WORK IN TEHERAN lProf. Raschid Yassemi wrote the following letter to the League's Secretary some time back. As it has a general interest for our readers we reproduce it here,] Dear Mr. Fitter, Your last letter is duly received by me. I thank you for your appreciation of my paper on Zoroaster. To satisfy the craving in the hearts of the youths of Iran for the moral teach ings of Lord Zoroaster, it is necessary to put these in their minds. During the last few years, the name of Prophet Zoroaster has appeared many times in books and in papers, and the masses have now come to know that he is other than Abraham and that he is the Prophet of the Iranian race, having a revealed book and propounding the noblest of teachings ; yet they' are much ignorant of the unique value of his teachings and religion. Really it is a marvellous thing that while no one has taught before him, the Prophets who came after him, have all borrowed from him many matters of the highest spiritual value. The undersigned with what little knowledge he has of these things has tried, during these few years, his best to explain to the people facts about those high and essential teachings of faith, in popular language. Thus, for example, the undersigned spoke last year in the University of Teheran on the lofty fundamental teachings of Lord Zoroaster, and it was due to my suggestion, that the history and philosophy of Lord Zoroaster are being taught in the." Danishkada Maqool va Mangool, in Teheran." And for the last two years, it has fallen to my good fortune to teach the subjects. Again suoh valued Pahlavi books as Arda Viraf Nameh, Anderz Aoshnar Danak, and Anderz Ader bad Marespend, have been translated into modern Persian by me. The first two books are already printed and published. It is my belief that the revival of ancient teachings of Iran in the great Pahlavi Regime ie the only way of making the nation strong. I remain, Yours sincerely, l\ASCHID YASS~MI.
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. : OUR SHIRAZ LETTER (From Our (!orrespond,nt in Shirai) 17th of Dae Mah is considered as an eventful day for the women of Iran because in the year 1314 on that day, they came out of the chatldars and the casting away of that black chaddar removed the darkness from their lives and brought in its wake m!ny reforms, and equality of rights for them. This year on the .17 th of Dae a J ashan was held by the Educational Department herei . to commemorate the day, and a very interesting programme was arranged. I am e-~.closing here with a cutting which gives you , a gen~~~l idea of the items gone through. In this programme you fin.a that there was also included an exhibition of hand-crafts by the girl students of different schoo]s ; and we were really pleased to see that the girls excelled in the arts that are obviously needed by a good housewife including stitching, tailoring, mitting, embroidery, lace-weaving, darning, knitting, etc. You • find ; further in the programme speeches made by different girl students and by two Head Mistresses of two girls , schools. One of them Mrs. , Parvin Rustom Marshall; of the Pehlavi Girls School, has sent me a poem, composed and recited by herself, requesting me to forward it for the Iran League Quarterly, which I am enclosing herewith. tt. WAD I A, IIN, IIO, 42483, DIAMOND MERCHANT, .GRANT ROAD, BOMBA.'\f,
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TIHIE CHRONO~QGJCAL ~IST Of. MOSLEM GEOGRAPHERS . (.Abstracted from G. Le Strange' s '' Eastern Oaliphat6 ") KAIKHOSBU A. FITTEB A.H. A.D. Ibn Khurdadbih ... 260 (864) Kudamah ... 266 (880) Yaqubi 278 (891) lbn Serapion 290 (903) Ibn Rustah 290 (903) lbn Fakih ... 290 (903) Masudi 882 (943) Istakhri ... 340 {951) Ibn Hawkal ••• . .. 367 {978) Mukaddasi 375 (985) N asir-i-Khusraw 438 (1047) Fars Namah .... 500 (1107) Idrisi ... 548 (1154) Ibn Jubayr 580 (1184) Yaqut 623 (1225) Kazvini 674 (1275) Marasid 700 (1300) Abu-i-Fida 721 (1321) Mustawfi ... 740 {1340) lbn Batutah 766 (1355) Hafiz Abru 820 (1417) 'Ali of Yazd 828 (1425) Jahan Numa ••• IOI 1010 (1600) Abui-Ghazi .. . 1014 {1604)
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THE UNlVERSITE LIBRE OF TEHERAN We had published in our last number some account ot the Universite Libre etc. of Teheran. That was oontradicted by &' letter of the Iranian Consul in Bomba.y in a; number of the English edition of the" Kaiser-i-Hind." The Secretary of the Iran League therefore wrote to Prof. Benoy Sarkar of Calcutta. to write to us what he knew about the U niversite; and the following is his reply. BANGIYA DHANAVIJNAN PARISHA11 (Bengali Institute of Economics) EB'U.BLIBHED 00iODEB, 1928. 9, Panohanan Ghose Lane, Calcutta. PROF. BENOY. SARKAR, M.A., Director of Researches (Hony.), Hony. Doctor (Teheran), Vidya.~vaibhava (Benares), Faitor, Arthik. U nnati {Economic Progress) and SamajVijn.an (Sociology)' 6th January, 1940. Dear Sir, Thanks very much for your comIDunioation of December 28, 1939, as well as the enclosure. In reply I should say that information about theUniversite Libreof-TeheNtn, the Academia Asiatica and the Federation lnternationale, etc., is to be had in the Ind6x Gen6ralis for 1939 published by Masson et Cie., 120, Boulevard St. Germain, Paris (1939), at pp. 751, 1855, 1856. The Inde'x' Generali's'is a Year .. Book of the. World's Universities edited by S. de Montessus Ballore. rrhe volume for 1939 is complete in 2830 pag~s. Perhaps you may get thi~-book in the library of the Bombay University. I mayadd' that the book con~ tains a Preface by Dr. H. S. Krans{ Dtreotor of the American University Union, Paris. I am therefore surprised to read in the enclosure a statement to the effect that the Universite Libre" is not in existence in Iran"
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94 TRli IBH LBAGUB QUAB'tiBL-Y [Jan. and that ''there are no such institutions in Teheran or anywhere else in Iran as Federation. Interna~ionale eto.". From the Index Generalis it appears that the Universite Libre was established in 1925. The U niversite Libre of Teheran was invited by the Belgian Government on May 1, 1939 to take part in the scientific congresses held at Liege during May-November 1939. This fact was oommunicated to me along with other things by President Serebriakov of the Universite Libre in' his letter of May 26, 1939, mailed from Teheran. A copy of the Belgian Government's original letter addressed to the Universite Libre is in my posses sion. 11his indicates the scientific and academic importance of the Universite Libre and points also to the fact that in May 1939 the Universite Libre was in existence in Teheran. I have also with me a copy of the reply (dated 17th May 1939) of the Universite Libre addressed from Teheran to the autho_rities at L~ege. 1r:i. case the Universite Libre and the instit~tions associated with it have ceased to exist they .must have done so between May 26 and December 9, 1939 (the date of the Iranian Consul's letter published in the Kais6r-i-Hind). The circumstances under which they may have ceased to function, sho,uld th~~ happen to be a fact, a.re in my judgment to be regarded as rather -abnormal. 'l'o, With best wishes and. greetings, K. A. Fitter, Eeq. , The Iran League, Navsa.ri Building, BOMBAY. I remain, Cordia.Uy your8, BBNOY SABKAB.
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"lhl--it.~ 1Qq Jlt~, ~th. ~ltl--11>1tl1* lhln1tlt 11.a1h1~c t hlta: tl!:. 1e. ~ 1~ilc lJ:~ Plh:kl 1t1~ l,hic1P1m I!: felh. 1~ 1n1.a tftlQ-\p.)lt ,,1t lfGl~ t~ 1ftl~~1c !lt~ " lJ:~ ?-1':il"c eh~ 1tt1t l!:lhltJc Th~ fi~1h. 11.a 1Pln.1c h .. llt 1~1a, U,lhl~c ~l?. l,hna-1ta: &~ .. Qtc hl~t-c J-DHh> t~ l~"lc kilt~ tlJc 'll<'ft eh. "1.ar-1~ 1tRli'lct11t,, U,Pln:ln 11--1 t!: ~1h> .~tJr fel11t., @2~ 11':.cJr. felh. <.llt 1a-~1t 1\->i .. .. 1~eR:. n&~ ~h. ~. ~ lfl\};) l}:ilcJr ~c1~lt>1~ JtG~ u,1~ ~1h. 11.attl?_ lJ:rr fc.l1k13. eh.~ lQ'~tt 1\->lh .. 1@<~. t'kt 'lhl}:ir~ '1h .. ]lt1th1t ~lhlt)c lh~ .e~ 1t~ t1a-lJ:~ u1:i1t1fc ~1lt> u,~ n~1c 1--1t~; ~h.Rlt J1tra1~ 1\.>1ll1t!: -er-ut 1\.>11t1Q~1t 11->11.a lft~ w~ 1.a c! ~p tn1~P.11t 11R: tnc'lf 1~i} u,1a-~1t 11->1h .. 1@:c~ h>lt~ 'Wil ~1kt J-D~~11t R:\p t:.11t lJi3Yc -1-U,~ 'f\hlh. JI--~ ]\.>~ U,'-' .. .. l .t1~ !il};l. fi~ \)lf;~kt "?_)1--ll~ Rra \.>)h lt~,f; ]71"~ lci1h.Rll l}al\.>~ lfl~ Jhl ~llfi: p ]ltl}".)bl\.>lo Pltm~ 1i~cR: u,1t~h. u,~ u,'R: 1~ t @ ~c uc:1~ tlnltJc llt " Jhk Rm);. tl':11t"" .Aolt~ 1h1~c Jltlhh.ltc< 11i~ph-:> Jlt1~i1t 1..~eo . tta: n:icJr 'fo~1t 1i~ U,]'h>. ~h rt,lfi hl~ eJcb klt>k~ 1t1lt> 1-e:1Pt. 1t~1~1't!: t:1rc1tJc eh hl~ ~\l
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[r)JL. u'r.-J => J.ul~,) •.r . .A• ~i JL:. .)L. ~~.,.J! .,. \! J, JI J; ;1 r=--u\.:..,.\ '--J.;,~) ,;# v"'::; =>I~ cStiT ~l.:=:i,;.11 l! ~.k f'f' A .• \...~) \ V ;l::-:9\ ..1: ;J; DAE SEVENrrEEN THE DAY OF WOMEN'S LIBERATION Mns. PARVIN MARSHAL PIRGHAIBI, SHIRAZ WE OWE TO THE GREAT SHAH THE BLESSINGS OF THIS HAPPY DAY ul:...~ di.. ~-1 .r. .,,... j rk ,));! u \..~.5\:;;.. •.PJ l! t_J) .i J! j\ ul=:i-4...:i ,!U ... ~1.r. ~=>'-'~.ill c J; u l! J ; J! \:, J ,..,..,J'; jl .. ;H! <.SI ;\(,J.r. t. l.:. .i .)JJ ~ t~)~-. \," j <.S :>\ j\ I..> .)""" ,) \ i.)s. u bJl~ c!U .. J) .;i r~ e;l .... 1) l! cSh! '~ Jil .:,1 er~ c!l.l. ~l.. L.,.!,;,t!, l• t:.. ;t(;.,~ '-,t•l.!. .f ~:. ;JL:! u1 JJ) J,.i ..r.J~ -.:..;IJ~l~ i.).;\;-~.:_...~
PAGE 80
u \:..$ .:,,__. 'J;,:• J~ t J).; ') ~(•) .:) ; ) rt::--u .i. ) • L!. t! o ~; j ' .....:..;l.o\46:;;. ;:> ~.:r ;:> ~o; o\.f..1 ul!.~t'. \J :>) J Y.~ I J• c.s JJ u le-'\ j ~i \ ) ) J~.)! JW' iJ.-f) _,;... u \:, ..;,..j> Gll,. l! ~ .,:.:: u ;.h ._:. ... iir.~ r) l! i r ul:~ l~ ......:...,\.;~ I Ja. ;~!. 0 ~ \ ., .,! u l-:J lt=:-J~ ..l::> J .f C-~ L:. ..__:_.,~~ \'("\1\-,•-\'V ~:) ..A~ ., ul:-~ f t_.)t#J ~-.,:.i J f t.J"" i, .. T Ji J • .,;! ) ..).;. ~! _:_..,::-;•T r .,1 ,Lr.:.-.T b;. ., \f. I i_S ,tt! II L:, l~) 0 Le_.!, L~ ..I. i-:> .J! ;:; ,:,t . .\.., ( \ ., r uw Lrrr-1) Lei J ..) .... J !l '.>til J ~j \ J.Jt:-"' 4.; \ / \ , .. ~:_,, v.:.._j v lt.!, :>l! r"' ~__.\ ... J .l!..:.~ J Ii.).>~~\ ... ~\ '.> J~; 11~! U:, ) J '> .f.? t;,: J .;! ~~., . .>.~~ \) :> _p u ~) v;!; i.)(; ,:.; .;$ \! 4i J) .;;,.,;, l~ .;;,. .. "'
PAGE 81
LIFE . .AND HOPE K~IKHUSBU E~ AFSEBI BLESSINGS ABE Gon ... arvEN : SoBRows ARE MAN-MADE p .... \ ,)~..!, ~\JJ., ~i ~-ul~ ., J, .,;J) SL::! ~ 1 _,L_.\ L-1:-.. ,LttA. !,~~7 .. )~:~: ,: d~ '.J_ ,v.J:-~ I ; _ ~; l( ..Oj ~.,,., J -'-i j j I; j -. ' . . . . "" ) ~\ .) b J':> ~:-:~ t'~ \ -~~~,. J:J• J J.;~ { / .'-'. _) '. ! _._ ... :. ) "'~ij L;. . ) ) ~;r .) \j J~ -' ~>N \ ) -.:...,~ s l;A~f J ..\~ ~; _t, A , C:t ,.,, • .! L:eJ !l l~t _ J <\.,.,.....-; \;.)..., • ...:__ ,;!,.__fa '~-~ .• •• e ~-" 4..:..!,) ;S;, (, ! ._....::._J I J ,) _,.;. ~:-!.; L~ ..,_:.: .) ~-\ i..\:> ..:.. .... \ > \ J> ;:; I J 4.; L::.. -..:...,r.)) .:.,.-.Ii ,:_~., v.! ~v> J .. j .. .J ) I) \ ..\> J; J::io-_:_;~\ J u;~ \ v.> ~"'"\ )L:i\ o;\(' 4 ... ~i J 4::--l..., i ~j \j u-)T ;~ ~T ..... :_h) ,t ... ;
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., Y. u\J~., !l l;. -....:..,,J i I )l:t \ r} ~! I} • ..v_}f .; ./.".) ., .... \ J; "~-~;\ •) I.:, Jt~ ~\ ,)~} .,\j ~i..\11 j c.~• IJ J'" \ 4,..;j J J.-::! A Jr; "::-r(I 1!..-.\)lai • . ., ••• j J.) .,_ ...r:.
PAGE 83
Sj _). ' ~_;G \...-,! 11L. ~, \.r uJ~l.> ~..,~:l"' ).\! ~~L._. J JJ;.~~ .\~ J .. J J4 4! ul,;~\ ~1... ..:,. ... \ ;I l:~/" o J~ • l:.,:a l.!, "5)\~ Jo jl THE THIRD OF ASF AND THE NATION'S GRATITUDE TO THE LIBERATOR OF IRAN ALI JABBARI ) JI.I""\ J j., .J~.) 4! ($ fa YsaTEBDA.Y AND ToDAY lRAN's MosT FATAL DAY ,.;.; J :--..)J .. ) J'" u-t:t. J ~~.. u l:3 \ .1.\ ~: .. I iJ~.Ji\ .\i., l~ J ~;., ., \i J., ,}..1!\ i).~).) vJle. .)\:'.tl ~lt-9 .... u\:ilJ'..\ J~\ ..:., .. U..:,u-,_si~Jlf I) ~:;.,( J\J,)I <.r.H' ~_.,.\; t..,_J~ .,J> ,.,_!.~ ~:,_,; .)~ ~li; )., ~l.!, J v ) J> .i:~;\ J J ;} )\; ! );,;.. _;\ Ji/ yl:.:; _ )\ ~:-9 ($la f.\ ..:,_9J ~-' J).) J! "';l...l.-. .l:.;al!. u~ ilS' ~ U,J~ ,_r ./ ~-! \) v-! t::rT ulJ'.I uL...J ;) J,I J~;) y;. l~ J;r v-l~ J &!L_}: ,.A.1., r_JJ la ~.J Jo:! 1 l! t,J J., ) ,;:.. ,} ,r J.~ c..f; ul..,,J rdL.111 ,J ;\.,)I i)~ oJai '., _,. • .,./ CALAMITIES BROUGHT UPON IBAN BY MONGOLS AND TAB'fABS ~I.!.; ~) J,i.. ) ., ~J _)J_ l:, S
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.\.. -~I r,.., ' J.• I ., : !RAN' S LATER M1SFORTUN~S 4)~ .... p' i.:.,.(k c:,~\ u:.:~! .>.~ .,L .. J~, ., ;~:t\ J!. J.) \ _. :> / ~.:.kL.. c:,~.~ ; .) o t .. ~.P . ~~,I 0~ J.n; J-9 ~) ,.i '-: cS i\ .. Lo j ($\J! \) L.5;.!~! J <..'dJ~J )\J.5'\• e,S\J:i~~T.~::! t~J c.Sl.rb oJJ.) J~l..., )':)J(\ t" ~.:.~~ 4.LL, . \ 0 l(; .i! .S "" . .,_; \ o ., J\~ rlbJ) ~s::k I 0t .. .,~ l)J...\!.: .. 4;~:! l~ u~.;~\. J~.~~I J v~J.? c.SI...,!, 4.~!.~ j ~y ~: .. j ..;'"" .. ,.; .f;SA \) s:, J: 4.S:~ -l: C:,~..i 'J~!.J:> .t,~ t .s ~..-.~ '~~\J 4.=~ \ lBAN's GREATEST FALL UNDER THE KAJARs . . ~... . ' . ' ' c.Sla & IJ jL;.:;I ~., ul:..>) :i l::.~ ,~; 4.~)l~ t; ~.:.kL t. I,) I l~ .,.,jf ( <.f!.~L\:!) C..'J:.. ~s::~ tJ~\ j)=>)J c.Sl~ <-9~ J 4.:!.fl} ~:.,; u~\.,> J ~~--~J ~.J j~ J,)\ ~,:,..P 01.,J J if\~ u;\..1~1 Jib Jl,\;;. J=> u~\ S .,J! .i:(d ~;J Jb-i.r:."J':) J ;.,T , . .r\ t;J~;.~ ...,•.,It~,, JJ~ o\J~\ ~9J ):i-s;\ _:i;~ .. J:> .,_;)~ \J ci\J~\ Ll.i c.S.J9 :>_,~_, u J!.9 .) J~i.ca ~s:k Jl.:.)I i l .. ; ) .) ,.;~ t#IT ft;.; JS:k \ J u;\J~\ ;:> u;\J~\ JJ 4.kj-~) ~,Q., J-!. c..;,A;~ J:, ~;;_\,~\ ,li J jJ T .,~~\ _) cS t. ":"':::~ J~ ~~.) . ~i l~ I c.> lA O) li -;l_ .. J.:, .) _J> U .,~: .. c:.,\.J~\ 4.:~l_( ,.i~~J tSl~J_,., _;\ t!\::r:~ J:iJ!~_,i J>b yl~J} ~-;.~ J-' J> j \ LS .r! J JA"~~} ~I) :i _,. ., ~.!s ;l:, J,,, J~ ~! tS lA .:..J J J~ j .,~jb :i I ~.!.; ";l~ J. _,. _;~ \; .) .,> 0: .. j .)~ \ .:., )lS:!..e . ,.. 0,J~I j\ ~;l> J=> ~.().~~A ~...,.,~ 0k., ., ul.:.:::-i.:,t:i,_;J_\ ~:.ci L ., J .,~t.. Jl .... u\.;~I <.SJ ~).,! JJb;~\ L";J lj" _ .... \ r~ -o~i)~ Jt;,i ;) ~;_,;f ) ~.::.o.J) _ o ~:...i ~=,Lf a~ ) 1>..>-f) J..:, ) .) _:i.,~ Jt~ 0 ~ , , , , J...,,... o _;I dJl-:" ulJ~\ j\ .kAi ~.!.\->.;: :.,=:--_, c:.,l...,~l ;\ :,_,.:,,~JI
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. ~,n, 'l.k; 4!.ai u' ~;.;S r:"'} .. ~;) J~ ) ) ~:: ... } l:•~~ tSl• .. .:.a; t.s J) ) S' r) b &i J e) j '~:! ., l;. J,\ )\i.. ) J:t:-J ul,j.\ t .)J) ~...r ~\.r.\ }.:.~ ,L:.~) i.>.i);fo:• u\.;.\ J~ ~u j\ ..:.:.l..(Ulb .. l~ uj\..J. );\_p\ .r:iJ.1~ fJ>!/ r..;~ i!-.P u\..;~\ ~;\~\ 4.i~J '-:'"'-=="' .r. ~:...-J J,.,;.;.,. c.t\~ '"ilJ~\ .)) ,)) '-="-'li )l~l.:. ,~, r ;JI )l~ IJ -l• If.\ rt.; ....<.:~\ J; ~,J ( .l!. \J> :> l~ ,IJ:>I .J J:i 4! ~;\_r1 ..... J>I) ,;J\J~;li-J wb.i.) j~ ..:..>~-~;~\ iJ~•-l•..:..~~ ~\;t:;.:il 0~.!, .,~ Ju_,.!J;I U-~01.)..\..!.i o)J!-"'::ll .. .)J':"J r~'--,j.ij• ;) '->J-)J>-v~l~ ,)\)1 ;;f v~ ~: .. h~ J ,.Jo)~ Ju:...>.;, ~l..( 4il.~ ..}~~ )_Y. ~1 .. lJ> r!.::-~)) .;...!.! ;\ ~ J '''' AT L~ST A HAPPY DAY DAWNED ON lBAN AND HER GREAT SoN REZA CAME TO HEB RELIEF J t. J--" u1.1..\ Jl• \ ;:..T ~b-l! I; , ",, M ... I rj .... ;J; iS ,~ ll:• \ ~ ""y,, l.e J) l?. ~:i l .... ) '-:'"'; 4! t~ J'' \ _,.; ~:St .. _)Y. •)) ,J.-.. r" \; ~;.:!4 JI>\ la.:-?~ J\,ri\ LS\~ ~J_,\ u\..,~\ ci~ )) "'~ u\..rr= ul.c-"T ;) , " ~t.... jJjT _ >l:9 \ -.A'-l~ ) -~:. _; I ~; I ~1, d _; '-1::..S L.., ol,..:, J~) ";' i; J,vit:;T '-! I J ul::J\J~ \ v-~. _;I J! '-:' _,.\; J~.:. _,;.. '>l• ~G1 4.! rt i LPl; : j) vl!.ll r:~ ~n; :.s~ lhJ;J ";' i J. i ;) ,) ,,...;.;:-4.~ \) -.:..~k ~i;) 4,1' .. .i ;;~'y J (JwJ:f. ~Ar., • ~-) ~ti-.,
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•I. .u..,1 r r ~)l:t J ~\ 4iJ4 u~ , ubJ-"' ul.:.._-4 )ji. y\p-r~_,-'!, rj\ y~ J r\..J JI),;-• ._:_.H:i-l.;,J J,;,\ i:Ji4> .~~) ut~,r ~1.,..1 ;)., ul! )4 ,;,~ J~ J J~ \; 0\.r.\ ,.,:,y.;.,. -~f )~ ~l..S l! .. ;) I; ~k r1~ J .!J)\J> 0~l! ,,,y J;l:i\ PBAOE AND PROGBBSB HAVE BEEN BE-ENTERING !RAN BINOE THAT D.A.Y !l)... J .,..,, J .r ,;;l!->.J ) J' ,.).!, ~, l,. • ,) ,; ~.. '--r ,.).i, ;) cS i.lJ .. ) J t.S;b: ~:lr .. \ tbii 4.J1.i JJ) ; ) J. ;I ~\ J .. c.,;~\ }al\ S ~l.., , j. JT -~\l! '-:"i J J 0\.,=:-UJ.:.; JJ) 7 ~\}\ J rt: (S\ J! J J, ,:;l!,)})} y Jl; J)..., ~.e _ ol~ _ \.,\:> il.. c,Sl•o.;\J '->l~~ JJ .. )) J ~} ~--~ .;:!-~ ,Ji).&e ~J ~,J:> J ta~ • .c. 4Ju.) "'~' .:.,l:>~, :)}L!, r.,-.,. ,.;H .. .,.~ r ;~\ J J).l.ta ul::;~ ~.,) , J. ;~~, ) ?." J 4illl~ J J:i) <.5!JL.t )h-JJ'f uT yl,? J ~' ~ ol• olJ J) ;\~ t .uli $ ,.;fJ.t 4-f~ ~,,1 I' cJ.:r.') .J-:.f .t.: . .:.. l! '1 \ c.,.-;, 4'_ \.. ff l! ) J~ .. Le jl cS) \.:~) )lJ\ ~;\:,.) ~\~I o)J..,; J-" )J! cSJ; J) JiuJ S \; 0\,1.\ ubJ~ c!6" ,.s\.,;. \i"i\ ~pb 6~., .:.,~~, ;) ,:;\J-• ~,:;:,_,...; );\,, t ~\ ,;~ .J. ,$U.;'" j\ ~,J:> J b.&>;)~ :;bi J) r:~ ., )~.:.. .:.,l~l~ )~ ) ;;: , ;4 ~.,, ,.s\.1. _ ,.).i\... ..u.l_,;. ~, ;J) -=>;\-1: .. u~l '-''~ '"') \.ii ul~! l; ,J';:;, 0\J~' ) J":, :.,l-...-J~ <.SP\..1. J ,.;.-.,) ~) u)J..; ..:,\;) J .:.,\i\? J rt.J\ #.; ., J'(~ JJI.! ..,_f j~ .J'-S )~; 0t..-} ~L..,.lii , J.,M (!_; , ~(l..,. &.J.c/ _) ;\ .1:-9 JJ.;..,.. '-'\_,,_ I A:;;.\ u! AND THE MOTHERLAND OF !BAN APPEARS SMILING AFTER SUFFBBING OF CENTURIES 4 tJJ ,.l.M. j\;) tSYl~ ..;\ l.f'! .... u:. _,..t> 4";} ;I c.s.:T ~\.,l;;,;~ ~: .. \ ) t t.!)~t.. u~ ~:--;)Le..,. .>..-T ;) Ji-~ "";\J.,\
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.t. ..:....1 r ,. ;~ _;\ IJ ~...; ~\ c.:,H _ ~\ ~Jl ....... i ul.f ,Jj;; J,~JjJ 4i~., •.)J! l J•; ~ \.rr 5\ i.S \.,~I ; .) Y:h, c)~ .iT J d J J!..e ., .... .) J> ;\.~~( _).) f tJili 1-4,i,..:i ~") • J..!, ..,~~ S: .J"" ..\~ l:,; \ ..)~ \ i:..la ~1, c::1• J) THEIR GENUINE DEVOTION To THEIR RUDING FATHER AND His SoN ,:;\J. \ i:....1;..i=. ) ,Lii li t .... \ tJ~ ..\AA W 4..,. -c)t~ .. - • l!, \ ~.r rla~ .l!.~• l!, i/~,, ~,.,~, t d.,~, u~ ly~ -~__., ~.:(;,rJ!ti .,:c..~!, rV c)~;~ J' i:..~_; tS ~> \ J\ ",T ., .. J ) ll.; ;\ .>.: .. ,-~ .... -\i. 4~!; J I J) _p .lao-L.S\J! ,.,;\.J'_\ t .... \ ~:a.. 4:~I\ ~.:5'" .\(; '->J.-, Ja.:! ~1,J J J-.!ll..w ~;: .. ,.:,\,J~\ ..:..1. _ )J .... ~.\_,;.i .. L:.:t• J t_.J) )J> ;:~ ..... Jil! ,;I u1 .. 1.,>, J-.,.,) i!;\J==..:,\ ... t~~, ..\~ .,. J ~=:-~ ""!.:! ) ) t4 ., .. ;.. v~,~ J t • .,.,. ~;\.,~\ J.:.-1 J !l l! uJ.;,. _ i.:..1\ _.,~\ l! J Jt;.:;\ l! CJJ :~:~ L.i tJ.:,t~ ui.).:..; ~j JLlC '? \ 0 ) J-1),) r:~i ;$ .ft~ 0 l!.~ .. l!, J J~ t .,.. V J4:.}."1 J \..\~ \,u ) ~! \1\, ;'•\S'""'.)lj .l.:.~-.l!, ,.i .... .1! .., .... ~t <:?1~~1 0~y~ 0 ) 1.,) !) l! SL, .,'4;. ~;I • ) ;\l( '-'; 11,_I ,;;~\~ u l.1( ;) tJ ... ~k~..:...:.. ~1,.,,_1 O:,~ ~t•:) J u.1.:0> J,)J7:"J ..1t• J ~:-;b r:~c;l;.:,\ )J>~\..,: \J lt:;l..,~~~~i\,~~I ul.1!\ _ ) ..,;. l.l~ \ J> ,J' ~AA J 1.:!, I ) j; J~ d..!.:;> ) J> j":"' \ .:,1 J! c5l~ "':).; J,) I; Tam INDIAN IRANIANS JOIN IN THE NATIONAL REJOICINGS OF THm Tamn OF AsF AND -:,6:-; i J~ • l • ..\!a .... \ i .,w' .)J) ~; r="' .,;I ul= .... ., ..\;~ r:~-9 ol:il..,! I il~! J\Jf liT ":-' L:.~ ;\., 6.:i.( '--t~ ... ~; ul.,~I )) :) 1.;.. .:,1 J) l..1. r J ... : 1) ~1..,!1 ""!"~ .J! t r:: L ... , l" .,.: .... 1 J~ ... ! ; :, u \..,!I l!..:.lb l.!. ..:..l J) t -':::-g..._~ l .. i I) ul:.... J 1;:.,l:A.1. I ,uli ~l-, i:.,~.r.i J"" .,P jf-:~ J J..w .A o L!, ~4:j;., ~; J \ ., t~ ~.; '-> }r., l.o; ; J;A \.!, ~I..,!\ ;\s:' .. lS" ,!J ..,:ei> Y \., ,_,.. cJ.i.i .,:.:! '-:
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t _., t.l~ ""'U ul .f.. I cS;.:, ,:. • t. r .. hr.; IRAN NAMA, VOL1. II PBOF. M. A 8BU8HTEBY u~ o;)_J;) THE KAYANIAN DYNASTY1 ITS D1STINOT CHABAOTEBISTIOS r:-!~ J "i\:.... 4 u~ Lo ..1t9 J) t.S) IJ.!.:! ut.l:. ~t:--J'4> J r~ .,:......\ u\;.I JJ_;.~ J ""-'~ t.SL:!.: .... I 4.~ Lr:;lf ,.,.~Jl>' J., 6 ul J. I -'!' ... :! i.J~.r-)i). t 1 ~:,\,1.I u; \: .... 1.) ., u1 \ h! .,.J ~-.) J ~) .j~-u~ u~\J.\ J)., .:..:.r ~--'! J..!,l~ .;,.:.iJj uT ;1 .,J!.:• A;> 4 .... .:,\ 6 oy-5 ~-J ~, Jl:~ uTJ~I 6 ~\ o-W. ?4 J JJl:> cS~ J~ J) u\;.\ :,\ uJ.1~ ul~l J> l,..:.; 4; ~.1..1: ...> IJ .,, Jt.:i\ J J6:.:il u'\ 4! ";\.J!\ .S \J\) u.n-}: . .) ~;. r~., J.JI • .\!. c.i..~ t:.-..,1 J) ~;. '1\:~ ulal.:. ;\ ;\~ !l t:.~., ~:ia J.:~ t.S>I J.!.:! u t.l.:. )) r:~ ~j t: .... .,I ;) f .... ;, j\ t __,. ,iS.:( ,_.,. l:-li,:il:/ ~l:--J., ~., J ~t:., Jl .... J.~~ uJ ~) ., .)J:i Jl ..... t~ ., :,I )J! ..f:t. ut GuoMABT AND KAIKOBAD (;.~ j. J' J ~: " 4.1i.,. 4:( ,, l:., .,, J) cS.) \ 4.1'./ J[ -: U4"J)) ~>~c.sl:ru\J~;\ •J 4~ cS\~ u~ .1. U-./'~ S ~\ cS) j\ ••J:(,, .j\., $ i.)J;\ ..l.:~ u> ./. JJ ~I j\ J ~\:,I c.n ., .t:.J( .. }-;~ ".,f., .;1, 4JJ\ u\...,\.:.!, JJ \> JJ ~, "".J" ,:fr~ :r} S' .~:, • i:, f ~.).lj r, t w\ .:-1\, ( •):': 4ft' ~J-1t-J~) if jl \;
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~tt'l\ <.P La ,l ,).J j ,.,_ ln ~lj\) : :, ~:-"''::~ ... ~l:, j\ j~ u~ c:1.\ J < ~1 J~ ;li-T J) ""J" J[ J.,.1 .J .. J ~:i!C, } 4 :-..!.S 0~ y t:; T • j. ~.1. ..\.eT 1=t a.1 ..... .. :>j ~:s ulJ~ ~5 t •;. ~J. j ~l-;\ _; ~;..t .... ~\~u\J->-i1 •f '-! "'i--i-<.S\~i!S ult~ J? J'J'i,f • J()) j!i rJ' l~) 0 l.!i ~==-;., )t-:4f.) J~ • f )) (.]' J. ,; <):-:~ .J .. Jl~ j\)! J J ~J' J; J! t • .,.f"_;J;\\ ~-......:...,~j~ J;. ~;\ '--')) )) .,, ;> \! 4.:r: J,4,!.> i'; \ ) ""., \S" 4~ •J.r~ ul:,-o) l:J LSJ\j . -: ..\~I...}:--er'.,).) ...:-i_j IJ J\j .~;.} d r-') •J ("".... <.> ( .. ' < .r . ' . S' .r" ~.., u . .r c.>-,. \} s J,,.f.~ -: ~'--* ~Ju4; ~, ::.y.f <)• '-"-' J! r .1,w • .,S-j~I ,; r) Y/ .r':. ,Jr J';.!-t:' J ~.:~ .? l$=-! 41 j ulf.. \ 4! iJit (.$ ) J Jl:J rl..., ul:...i~! l .. <).;.~ c) S rt: J LS.),-.} ~~:r. c:r.\ I.; "'J u~ ;..\ii ,).il .,1 iJA .,S' ;;1 _; \) _:_.,,_;..()l~ ) J. ., ) i., 4 &\, _;.:J ., e.:.r 4 4.i ) • ~.:.~ J; .. Ja. 4J .f J Tam KA.YANIYANS AND THE AoaAEMENI.lNB: A CoMPABI80N I ~" J) J ~-.... ~-Jjl> J) 1.9w1J)} ~1r .J!l:~ '>),:~ ulal!, r~ ul~ ~!,~: "'!..:. l::.a uh~\.!, )J~> <)~\ J loll\ 4:iJ u \JJL. la .J r 0~ \ j\ J J r:! \~ <," i.:..a~!, 4i _,( Gl~ <,g.:..:.. \-a J '-P•l:5' ut.l.!. J ~ j J 41.JL .. ..;\ 5,t. ~:!,4: ... :,\_,;t> & .. ul~ ~, ul:' i ,:.;_, u \.,::..; "'~;\. ~--\ i..\.~l.. r r ",;u\ ~\ ir j).I • .,s J~ ,) J' J.JJ.~ Jlj ., ) .,.1 j )J.J! J:, .r. \ l.i -y &: \; J\j t' ~, ~J ...\.t.l::--~~jl::!,-1 -'r'>c~) J, )Ji J )lj u~ r J j,i)) J'JJJ! J u'Y. \J ":-.:.. t..,. a.:.:, l::-~.:, L. r• J,, "'. J
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~,u;] J11" J:} l,,.,. • .s~ KAYANIAN AND HAXHAMANI!N VISBTASPB _,. ;1 J V.-:_i#J) J\ t.SJ;:, ,.,,., J~) j\ \; (.f .. l!, ~'Jt' ~r .t.:,)4 '-'Jo!.),.,.,, ,syr re JaJJjl LS:..:.. t;. .. t:!.r ~:..r t ts tl~ 4! ) J> J .:;;.~ 1 J.S I J t::.~ Ja .J-! '! J>.,~ 4! ) J> J ..:.,; J. l!, '-! \J j J'.J \) 4f J-! ) J> Ur.>.; j ) ) u Le j ; ) J) u; l:S ":""'""' I .Jtl J u!.;.-la.• ~.-. \.:!.( ~:, \j u 1.-. \? w)}:.:~ S.:~u;IJi lS:\)l.-i 4 ul.,..JJJl:> ;) w.)J! ~;I./.\.\..!, i u\.!. l.J-! '-("~l:;, rlfl J 4::.r"'d;Ji I!.-.... '=9=-~) '-~=!" J) ~.,.,~ &tl J'J-! J ..:..iJ~J.~ I; ~iJ; J-::f ~.,.\:!...f 4~;L:~ r .. J r.,l... v;) J! J \ J: .... \ ui l: .... l! Jo::{ "5 J ; ) t I J u; lS J ,.;.:~ Jl uT ~JJ J > J \~ ..\;i__. \ J::~ii t:, J! r.J.!..f <:lb~;:; u:...: .. l::.a "':"' .... l.::.S J-! J, J~JI:, ..::..>\11;\ .i. iJY.' _u,or.~ .:;;t. t l!.wal~:! .jl~;\ JJ r:il~:M I,) u).JJ~ J Ju!.:' J ~I .... ;\ J! IJ .,I ul-.\J ... ,. JI;_,\ J, y))., >! ul.:.-.l! J-f J ~! J -: v.~J~: .. ~J=-i"i 8..-:-:.:S ;) ~l.:.~ ) _,..; ),= .... \ ul.)~I J) .,J.:• <>JJ!!., J;.. "A.yadana tya Gaumata hya magus " viyakan, adam niyathrarayam Karahya abicaris gaithamca, mrtniyamoa, with abaisca tyadis Gaumata hya magus ad1na adam Karam Gathava avastayam, Parsamca, madamca uta aniya dahyava" j r==>-l~ oJl!.P ,jA ) J! 0 ~s er' J~ r.:.>l.e J-( 4.).J lJb o\s i_r-l) ~! tif 6.~ :.i ,:_.i.)~ .:...:.S J 4.il> J 0~ (..5..., J~ ~l)' J.( l~T j\ 4S::.) .JA J.) ~)~Lo)) 4=;-J J,;l.o )) 4.~ ,.)., .. ; ,.f;! ..;..:.;l .. I) )J:.S •Jl!J.)) r)\.) ( .:...H~I ) ~\~:> ~.) J) ..,> ul. .. j ) :) ..:.,..!.b I J uil:> JJ "-i=!"' ;:; J, .,~;I.) r.J;lf .... ~:..( ~.:.sl .. t J, J~;\) ~j ~;.) _, .. ; ,j; ~;\Ji l~ ,}" l....4 J~ v> J ~.:, ~I., ur;l> c...S.~ u;li "':"'~l:!S U.J u~ r',. J ~!,\) ,~ 1..~ i J,., >,,. u\.,~\ ($Jl4 .\.!.~!, K!YANIAN AND liAKBAMANIAN ABDASHIBB )i .. JJ ..;.;\ .~:, u~l J) u:..:. .. l=--• r.~);I ); 4-.::.i Jli; u\ ..;..:.::-u..:..:... l=-• J:?) ;I }i ~.... .:., v.a .:.....,, ) _,I J) ( ,~rt~ ) Jf:; ;\
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i.N \ .::.:,_~ .J.i; J ) ,:;l~ •) .P J) u!.; .. l::.Jb J. JU I:, J~ "''"" D:;.~ r• J >) J,i '-';\ ~.:, J; y 1).) I J ""'~) J I; b. I) lt;\ j\ ;l:: .. \ ~IJ. S OuR CoNOLUSIONs: How DIFFERENT NATIONS HAVE SIMILAR ANECDOTES ~) ~-"':..:. f ; ) ~-:>) JA t .) r:• ,i( (.> ,_\.:.j l.. r• ti I .;\ 4. u>.;._;\.) J•; J.\ \; u T., u\ I) ~: I "':J j j ,;:..T J.::.-; \ .l.1 • .1:, 1J J~ ~\ o.l.!. }\ J ... I • ..\!.i l~ I!,. .... \ o"1!. u!, .r.J S .:;,i.) c:,f~ Jc.) ..I" 4 j\ J ,.,(_) )J!.) 4~ )J!.) d: j\ 4.il_;\ s 1..,~j ~1 c!L. ..:-.... 1 ~\.. i-• Ltd ,;1 •.Jf, ~, ..\, .,.:.:.o ~Ar 4.i ,\ .. \~ u )~ .,) ,.(:,_\ l~ ~, u\.!. )J:i-j\ (.J: •ft! J •-'.!, 6,';,i_( J(,_~ .;)!.S' ).) u:0.Jf. J ;\J><il:.-ib u.n w\ .;,J..,; ,./: J ->.ii 11.:iJ~ l~ .,.) ) \; 4iW\ '-';l:... 4 ;l:,-~ c.,> J! ~: c!l~ j\ lt;\ j\ il~.f v> S ( ,\I uJ\ ) ":"".:, ., Yi/ 4. u \ ,.,~ \ ; .) • ..\.:.-u; J~''*! ~~:> ;; u> ..;~ ., ,;S::.) ; .,:-.S ; I J cSl,;l:.-.b j\ ~l~:( Odyseus) J J-'.>JI u\: .... b 1i.l~ j\ ~;.)Y. ..J.,.f-.. >4~ c.s\Ja ;-;) ~!.~ ., A? c.St... ~1t_;1 ).) J ..:..""'I ul: .... t~ u~J~ \! ~;\ jl J ) J.J':'I 4,).) }..., 4! .)~ ,.l;.; l.o VJ-~.) J \ o.l.!. u,.{ Jv-P ;\ ,, ., ~,r ._:_; li ~; L~ .,I L:..-. I) l~;.) ~\vP J )~ c.SJ'.) 6:JI J) ..>.-r.9 ( Cyclopes) ~_,1;::f •.i~k '! cil! .:.il~; u-1:, (Polyphemus) J~ J~ ,1 r~ ..:...:.\) r.:.~ c!l~ t )y;.. i:>T J ._;S iJ j\ ..u ~; "..1~r.-'-! ~;I;\~ J cJ' J-~.)JI uJ~ J L.Ul.: .. c.S)~ J:> "'~ ~IJ> .~ .. T ;., JI~-.. ul;l~ ., JJ-~.)JI .)J~ ci; '"l~! J ~5J! J!_) l.::I ul;.) ..\.:.: .. J-.) .J( •,j.;~ ).) LJ\j\ '-'"'~ ., ., ) JJ }Ji,).~ t ~.) J ~).) ;l'-uJJi,ij\ C.!.1.lr ;li cjA.).f. ;) e,Sl~~ <...f~). tJJr.. VJ>. ..,~) ))) ) ) ;fo~ J .;; JI J ..,;.; J :h.\31 4;,w.!J l:::-;\ ) I~) T ,;I
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IJ .f'..) J ~r , .:~ J;_ \J )~ l)lb.) ul.:.~ r ... ~;_, I~\_,:. j\ r~•\ J) J J\aJ ~~11 ,)~..\.!..., ~;\ ... "'-'_,~.,-'' ))J> ~J ~\_r. J .,:.._.. j tl,:!' J1 J\ J )J~~ S) \) J~) ~! ~! \.) o\p l.t. ,) Y-.) r~ J>., .:if rJ' fi ;) \;~id~ d J-1_).,\ ~H> u'L~., JIJ:. ~) J. lt1\ .\; .J"" ;fr.!..=: ~.\.!., .,,_) J.,) J ... ; ..1l-,) J' ~' .!,w,~ ~J c.,• uJ~ u~.R '>I~ ;J; J? t l;-c.,!;\,-\~...,_,.( J ~-!.! JJ' ;~ ,A' j \ .,_~)., \ ill J.r. ; ) ~; \; \~ 4. '-' J-~., ..,, lt; \ ul:.o t_) ?' (:/ ~' J ~=-4. ":l,.J J'Jl J J~ jl J ~-! u \-\.:.i..-, rS-~ J~) ') J'> .~o~) ;~ ,=> r~t";.-;) )~-\.:...,., 4.;U\ 4! .... , ~;;t .. rib)~-! llil-il 4! .;\ S") Y. f.SJ' • .) (zaingao) '' J" ~j" u\J~ \ .,.;:• .LG c.,5 J! r!.=;-J 4! .., v!. \ ) r!.:: cl~ .,1 ) w~, J.) .I. ..:.!, l..) j:i .) ,!..:-w.f ,.,.!.:.o t Ji.l;.,,, u b ,;~I j\ ~)..~ L;w,\ ) _,.; .,, "J~.) ~,,, .r. ~;. ..:.,.Al1t ~l:--:.s~•l.-..:.. .... \ ~:.:=:-r• J ~;\;.,-~ I; Ji ., ir:) .u u' .., u~ -" u t .. Jt; .. .;~\.-> ,, u \_,;. • ~.:,'.,.) l~ • ., .., ;l~ .... , i ., ~\ C 0\.1.\ oU. .u WI.;) '-:'\J,.-. J,,.)Jj} J r=~) J .. ,J :,\ r! J • • •• • \ J 1• ,. • .. • ,.If"" ' IS"'J)j ~J1 J .I. •i~) \t J ~-,) '-!_,,.! J14-:.9 ...1;;,.:>-uJ~l.:.:> ; ~t=;T .:,\ ),:S cS.).!, ~,) t o..\!. ~J r )~ • ,:J \ j\ IJ•\j} e)J_;T J) ~j .~l.!. • '(, .I. ,:J J': ~J LS~ J \..JjJ ~-) &S ..\~ Jfjl r.S il!i \ "":! )~ 0~~;, I.}~ J .u~! > .f. .....:..,~ I c.:;\;) • Lo JI~~ ) .;~ <.S >1 , . .o~ uY.. t:S .>b c~.) b;~ (Toh continued: -,1.1 e.Ail..)
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Est. 1922, . Jl..-a1 u...\~ -~J}-~,..i::Ji~ ~:.; J .)\~JJI .wl:-J.1.:111 \!w1_,~1.>_,;.W"'-"';..Jwl5\: ~.:,..,... .:.,\~-\:.. .1.~.1.~,J~ .)f.) 1.) J wl.;~' c:,1:=:..:;;! wJI.) 0\::.1"! _.:.,1_,~1 .:..A .i.~ w\:-)~ ~; J <.S;.>1.,! J c.r-i , 4-~l.,A l,.il ,}; <.SI_,!,.;.:..,~, \t;T .:.,~I,.. (?\~1 '-""J•i J\~JJ\! .:.,\:..i.)J <....(\;. .:.,;\~Y. wl: ... ;\~ J~_,:.; , J d~...,s5 • .:.,1: ... )~ J wl: .... l: wl.1..I '":".ti.i.A w\:..;.;, e.;\~ .:.i.> J -'-~ ""'i , 1 ., .. J "="' r .,,jc,-<> , ..,. d.~~ l~!., \~ .J c ~... \~ ..r." li" t~ '":' .... is "~ w, .J~, d J' at=A '-S\ O ..J:iJ U ~-.)~ 0:! .::,. ... JU 1 .J~' ,J9J .::,.j;. f 0•..a:.,. (.>.)~;.1 J .:.,l:!,)1 ;\:..::1 .\jJJ.A .:,.,a~ -:.1 .:.,.!. , ; w T 1! 1A ,Jr.: ... : w~ ... ; \! ~! ~-; c!,l:: 1 _,~ 1 , ,J•t:..: .. \:. .:.I ,.) <>.) .J..> li. .... • ' p l , ' .. } -~:!" l!) .J-!. r .J.>..:s:i...-o L,'--:.''J _,:(;lt~ ,J'flf-'"" ,15" _, ... <.Sl;T ~lk:_. ':"1\:~ : J~l ...:)~~' i-.J.A.:s:'...c V"'~~ i.:J:!'jJl.1t~ ~J .J.'-J:f', , .. /1:e1,IJ . '--< wJ ..l!.) .;.SJ <.S\J ':"1\~ J)A ,A l ... J ,) ,J? .:_,; ,:..! " \:fA 'i • (t _,... ~,,) J!l.)l;' .I ,J~ lS:~, (.$~l~_,< ~•[ _, ... : J~l l!) ~: \ r-;::..:s:'...-o l!) l~..-o \>-' !.)!;. J •) QI\:. .) '?lii ":"'~ ~, J . ...J ~:; .) " l:tA •i , 0 _,.., ~,, w~" ,J'flf-... ,ls ,J~ .JA.;fl _, ... C?\;T ':"1\k:-A ~l:~ J~;I .~ '?~;.) i\;. d.A_p~l".)~ ..., ... _,S:,tA '?\! \..., J.) ,J~ d J!,! ':?lff ~l:~ ~:-r: . ) • U"' " : YJ \.sx:.,; \ <:(o t>w \;. \;\ o \ ; .d -'-:.., '? \ ;I ...J .,:. I .:., ..,..a> : YJ ~::.,; \ i.:J~J;.,::.1.-o : ( ,._;;3 },.,; ) . c.sJJ.,.:....-.1! '?)\ ... _,; : o;l .>J J~ : 'l
PAGE 96
j 1939 MODEL DODGE & CHRYSLER CARS DODGE CARS: The Silver Anniver~ary Dodge, with Dual Power Transmission9 Remote Control Gear Shifts, IndependN~t Front Wheel Suspension. See this car-designed to equal any car in appearance and performance. It is more dependable again. CHRYSLER CARS: Chrysler introduces a new motoring e:xperiencm-~rhe Chrys1e1 Drive. Dual Power and the Steering Wheel Gear Shifts, combined with engineering that has made Chrysler famous, and a new type of beautiful body design, give you motoring for 1939 in the Chrysler Manner. Also Distribittms (or the World FamfYUs DODGE rFRUCKS Known the \Vorld Over for Dependability, Durability and Hound Value, PRICES AND PARTICULARS FROM. Dist1ributors : BOMBAY CYCLE & MOTOR AGENCY, TelPg1ams: II 534, S,A.ND!{URST BRJ"QGE '. , II Te(w 'hon. t!: "CYCLOSTERS." 1HMBAY. 7. , --4058~ : ,., . ? . ~ ) I I Branch at SEQJUNDE~-AB~. t:~,;t/,1 .\ v , ', J ;( 11-: '' • l • • ' Edited by Sohrah Jamshedjj Bulsara, lVf/A_;;,.. published by Kar~ oshro 'it~el!lhir Fitte' Secretary, the Iran League, at Navsari Building, Hor~by!R'oad, Fortl,.Bombay, anl p1rinted b. nt,hony F. de Sousa., ait''" bhe Fort Printing' ' Bresli, 23, G na St, edl Ballsl'd Estate, Bomhf\y 1. f /
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j 1939 MODEL DODGE & CHRYSLER CARS DODGE CARS: The Silver Anniver~ary Dodge, with Dual Power Transmission9 Remote Control Gear Shifts, IndependN~t Front Wheel Suspension. See this car-designed to equal any car in appearance and performance. It is more dependable again. CHRYSLER CARS: Chrysler introduces a new motoring e:xperiencm-~rhe Chrys1e1 Drive. Dual Power and the Steering Wheel Gear Shifts, combined with engineering that has made Chrysler famous, and a new type of beautiful body design, give you motoring for 1939 in the Chrysler Manner. Also Distribittms (or the World FamfYUs DODGE rFRUCKS Known the \Vorld Over for Dependability, Durability and Hound Value, PRICES AND PARTICULARS FROM. Dist1ributors : BOMBAY CYCLE & MOTOR AGENCY, TelPg1ams: II 534, S,A.ND!{URST BRJ"QGE '. , II Te(w 'hon. t!: "CYCLOSTERS." 1HMBAY. 7. , --4058~ : ,., . ? . ~ ) I I Branch at SEQJUNDE~-AB~. t:~,;t/,1 .\ v , ', J ;( 11-: '' • l • • ' Edited by Sohrah Jamshedjj Bulsara, lVf/A_;;,.. published by Kar~ oshro 'it~el!lhir Fitte' Secretary, the Iran League, at Navsari Building, Hor~by!R'oad, Fortl,.Bombay, anl p1rinted b. nt,hony F. de Sousa., ait''" bhe Fort Printing' ' Bresli, 23, G na St, edl Ballsl'd Estate, Bomhf\y 1. f /
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