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Official Organ of the Iran League, Bombay
Vol. Ill APRIL 1933
etague
o\j\ oUL pi^
A
CONTENTS page
The Editor's Notes ... «... ... ... iSl
The Eich Fields in Persia ... ... ... ... 143
The Life Eternal ... ... ... 151
A Call to All Aryans to Unite in Zarathushtra ... ... 157
Nationalism in Persia ... ... ... ... 160
Advancement of Persia under H. L M. Eeza Shah Palilavi ... 165
41 Pahlavi Nama " or " Shah-Nam a-e-Naw-Bakht" ... ... 167
Dr. Babindranath Tagore's Birthday in Persia ... ... 169
Ancient Iran: Its Contribution to Human Progress ... ... 171
Our Baghdad Letter .... ... ... ... 181
Our Ahwaz Letter ... ... ... ... 183
Bales for Travel in Persia ... ... ... ... 185
Cultural Co-operation: Forging Golden Link between Persia
and India ... ... ... ... 187
The Persian Language ... ... ... ••• 191
A Literary Tableau : The Lion and the Sun ... ... 193
HOMEWARD
Spring Season 1934
Book Early— —Avoid Disappointment
CHEAP TOURIST CLASS PASSAGES
BY
LUXURIOUS LINERS
All Discounts and Rebates obtained
Through Tickets to the U. S, A. and Canada obtainable
Rail Tickets issued * * * Baggage insured
Full Particulars on application to :
JEENA & CO
Official Passenger Booking Agents
BOMBAY.
NOTE : We make no charge for arranging passages—
But secure the best available accommodation.
Handbook of fares issued free.
Just published: "The Iran-Iraq Traveller's Guide," price Bs. Ij4
League Quarterly
On the last Nawruz H- E. Aga Hasan Pir Nazar, '"'he Persian Consul in Bombay,
was At ITomo to leading Persians and others.
jli I Is I J>-I ZJj^Z" y ) 2
Ail tiyj J^il^i J oV'jl' O^JJ: 31 J;c- J* 1 j\
t
Despite their small number?, the Parsis oi India hava
taken to martial occupation whenever the chance has arisen
for doing so ; yet few Pareis have entered the ranks of re-
gular service in the Enipire at present. It is therefore pleas-
ing to find a manly Parsi youth, Lt- N- A-Hira-Mehta
chosen to join H. E. H. The Nizam's Cavaliy Forces.
^(s^-S^j^j 'A* J D^r-.A
af | o/l jj»Ui; oj\4, £ tSt^A
1 j x. I J"w^ol Ij a.* dill | ^IJsS
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY
Vol. Ill ] APRIL 1933 [ No. 3
THE EDITORS NOTES
LONG LIVE THE SHAH I
In behalf of the Parsis of India, the following telegram
Congratulations t > was sent by the Iran League to H. I. M. Keza
H- 1• M- Shah Pahlavi on his birthday which fell on
15th May :—
" Foreign Minister Foroughi
Teheran.
Please convey hearty congratulations of
Parsis of India to His Imperial Majesty Reza
Shah on His Imperial Majesty's auspicious
birthday, and cordial greetings and best wishes
for highest prosperity and peaceful progress
of Persia on happy Navroze.
IRAN LEAGUE."
We cordially subscribe to these felicitations for His
Imperial Majesty, and pray that the great work which is
inaugurated for the uplift of Iran, may go on for ever.
132 the iran league quarterly [April
Recent Parsi Losses
The Parsi Community had the misfortune of losing within
the short space of some recent weeks a few of her most illustri-
ous sons. Dr. Sir Jivanji Jamshedji Modi, Sir Dinshah Manekji
Petit, Baronet, Seth Sorabji Edulji Warden, Mr. Gr. K.
Nariman, and Mr. Pirozeshah Jehangir Marzban passed away
one after another in such rapid succession that the Com-
munity had not the time to mourn and recover from each
loss before another came.
Neither the Parsi Community nor the Bombay public will
forget soon the multifarious and beneficent activities of Shams-
ul-Ulama Dr. Sir Jivanji Modi. Born within the holy precincts
of a Zarathushtrian fane he inherited a religiousness and
piety rarely found in individuals of the present age. Univer-
sal goodwill and helpfulness, love of peace and pacification,
and of learning and public service rendered him loved and
esteemed by everyone who came in his personal touch. Not-
withstanding the unremitting hard work of his office of Secre-
taryship to the Bombay Parsi Punchayet Trust, there flowed
from his learned and capacious mind a constant stream of
sermons, addresses and writings. India has produced few such
prolific and useful writers as Sir Jivanji Modi. Little wonder
therefore that he acquired a world-wide reputation for his great
erudition and was honoured equally at home and abroad. He
had travelled far and wide, and to the last day possessed that
phenomenal and wonderful activity which was the marvel and
envy of many a youthful person. The Community will long
mourn the loss of this really useful and good man.
* * *
Sir Dinshah Manekji Petit, the Second Baronet, was one of
the richest men in India; and yet he passed all his life in varied
and useful activity. He had a thoughtful and determined
nature audnever flinched from what he believed to be his proper
1933]
THE EDITOR'S NOTES
133
duty in any private or public matter. Ever since his election
as a trustee of the Parsi Punchayet Funds and Properties he
became more intimately concerned with the affairs of the
Community, in which he took reasonable interest. He faithfully
administered the numerous charities founded by the First Sir
Dinshah and his brother Seth Nusserwanji, though his own
charities were not commensurate with his great wealth. He
however believed in works of practical helpfulness, and it is
most unfortunate that he suddenly passed away just when he
was projecting some. We believe he leaves behind, him a
worthy successor, aud hope he will shine brighter in the
honoured position in the Community to which Providence has
called him.
* * *
Mr. Sorabji Warden was an esteemed member of the
Community in whom he always evinced the most sincere inter-
est. He was intimately connected with some Parsi Institu-
tions and Associations working for the communal benefit. In
all of these he gave his proper share of active co-operation. He
had a clear mind and a very sympathetic disposition, which
will be long missed in all circles in which he so constantly
figured.
* * *
Mr. G. K. Nariman was quite intimately known to the
readers of the Quarterly which he had ably edited when it was
published in the form of a monthly bulletin. His journalistic
career was more wide and varied than of ah ordinary writer,
and his contributions were always read with general interest.
Unfortunately, a difference arose between him and the Iran
League, which drove him into a bitterness and unreasonable
attacks on religion and other matters, which hurt a section of
the Community quite deeply. This is most to be regretted,
because if he had not diverted his pen from the original
motives which had guided it before, he would have been secure
in the respect and affection of the Community. We however
134 the iran league quarterly [April
would rather look back with appreciation at what he did before
for the honour and edification of the Community.
* * *
No individual exercised such influence on the Parsi
Community as the Editor of the Jam-e-Jamshed did, for the
Jame has yet remained decidedly a Parsi paper. And during
all the long time that Mr. Pirozeshah J. Marzban was its
Editor, he generally exercised that influence with such judici-
ousness and sensibility, that people were disposed to overlook
any flaws that might have appeared in the tone and policy
of the paper sometimes. What was most creditable in Mr.
Pirozesnah Marzban's career as an Editor, was his having
spared enough energy for public service. This was not con-
fined to an assertive share in the deliberations of the City
Corporation or of the Legislative Council, but also appeared
in all public and communal movements -and in a section
of charity which the Jame has made entirely its own. May
those whom he leaves behind carry on the good work he
had nourished and keep his memory respected and fresh!
IRAN
Settlement of Anglo-Persian Oil Dispute
Every one has read with a sense of relief and satisfaction
the happy news of the settlement of the Anglo-
TeheJraD adman Persian Oil Dispute. We had seen last time
that it was intended that Sir John Cadman,
the Chairman of the Company, would proceed to Teheran to
see a way out for a settlement by personal touch with the
K. WADIA,
PH. NO 42483
DIAMOND MERCHANT,
GRANT ROAD, BOMBAY.
1933]
the editor's notes
135
Persian Government. He did so, and negotiations started on
April 18th. Within the short space of about ten days a settle-
ment was reached, mainly owing to the Shah assuming a
most reasonable and generous attitude.
The Company will now be paying the Persian Govern-
The Settlement menfc a r°yalty of f°ur §old shillings per ton of
oil extracted and one-fifth share in net profits.
The Company also agrees to extract sufficient oil annually to
bring up the minimum of royalty figure to a million pounds.
It is also agreed that the Company will pay two million pounds
plus tax in consideration of Persia's outstanding claims. The
Company will relinquish about half of the ground assigned
it formerly for operations. The Company will not have the
right to instal pipe-lines exclusively. And the new concession
will run for 60 years after which the whole concern will lapse
to the State.
Apparently the terms agreed to need not be the only
consideration, for, there should not be over-
tothe Comi°tryfitS looked the great benefit the country is deriving
from the Company by way of employment of
a great many Persian nationals on their varied works, besides
the good they have been doing by the construction of roads and
bridges and opening of ordinary and technical schools, hospitals,
etc. Let us hope this settlement opens a new era of mutual
benefit to Persia and the Company.
Sir John Cadman is a member of the Prime Minister's
sir j Cadman Economic Advisory Council, and a Director of
the Suez Canal Company and of the Great
Western Railway. He was recently awarded the Gold Medal
of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in recognition of his
work in the advancement of technical education and the deve-
lopment of the mineral industries. This was the highest
distinction the Institute could offer, and we have little doubt
that the happy termination of the negotiations with the Persian
136
the iran league quarterly
[April
Government was in a great measure due to his able conduct
of these.
Amir Husein Khan Khozeilgha Alam, the eldest son of
Amir Hassan-ud-Daula, the Governor of
PerHaCUltUre m Kain in Persia, has been touring India at
present. He went through a course in agricul-
ture at the Eoyal Agricultural College in England, and his
object in coming here is to study the agricultural conditions
in this country.
We had recently quoted a far-seeing writer suggesting a
definite course of developing agriculture in
Supply and WatB1 Persia. In respect of a considerable part of the
Iranian plateau the principal difficulty in the
way of agricultural progress is dearth of proper amount of
rainfall and of water-supply. The Iraq Government have
already been planning and working great schemes for canal
irrigation. That country has, in that respect, the advantage of
having two large rivers rolling huge volumes of the precious
fluid down some of the richest soils of the world.
Iran has not all this advantage, bit from times immemo
rial Iran has been deft in the use of underground
The IC^rcczcs
etc> ' irrigation maintained through large tracts of
soil, and the Government can do nothing better
than encouraging, in the first instance, the working of such
Kdreeses. Afforestation, and encroachments oa desert soils by
the planting of congenial growths, from the edge inwards,
would be achieved by steady and pafcieat endeavour, and would
not only narrow down the dry zones but would promote more
moisture in the dry atmosphere. It is extremely desirable that
the Persian Government paid more attention to agricultural
advancement than it has been doing up to now.
1933]
THE EDITOR's NOTES
137
The Air Mail to Persia had been suspended owing to the
diversion of the Imperial Airways from over
Persia Mm'S t0 the Persian territory. They have however been
resumed since March 1st last, owing to arrange-
ments having been completed with Dutch and French Air Mail
Services. They will land at Bushire and at Jask. Only un-
insured articles can be so conveyed from and to India. Articles
to be conveyed by the Dutch planes should reach Karachi early
in the morning on Tuesdays, and those that are to be conveyed
by the French planes should reach that place early in the
morning on Wednesdays. The Persian Government are to be
congratulated on having brought about these arrangements
so soon.
* * *
In our last number we had given an account of the open-
ing ceremony of Piroze Behram Middle School
iSrcdtmi"1 in Teheran. The founder Mr. Behram Bhicaji
has handed over to the Irani Zoroastrian An-
juman of Bombay the sum of Rs. 10000 for the purpose of
utilising its income in giving gold and silver medals to pupils
showing proficiency in the subject of Ancient Iranian Culture.
A people's past, especially when it is glorious and exemplary, is
the most inspiring agent for impelling them to efforts for simi-
lar endeavour worthy of such past. One is pleased to see that
the whole Persian nation is looking back to its past with pride
and inspiration, and Mr. Behram Bhicaji deserves to be con-
gratulated for helping them in the object in so practical a way.
* * *
Mr. Saif Az&d, the well-known Persian journalist, has
re-started his useful career by launching into a
B£staiiaaia 1 Ira"1 new journalistic venture. We have received
the excellent opening numbers of his " N&m i
Iran i Bastan" and find them all very decent and interesting.
The journal aims at supporting the policy of the Persian
Government to raise Iran to the glory of its ancient past,
and encouraging fraternal relations between the Persians
138
the iran league quarterly
[April
and the Parsis of India, and at stimulating commercial and
industrial enterprise of the Fartis in Fersia. The journal
became so popular at the very outset that the first edition
was sold out within four or five hours necessitating a new
issue immediately. Those of our readers who are inte-
rested in the Persian language will benefit themselves im-
mensely by subscribing for the journal, and making it a habit
to read its interesting and inspiring matter regularly.
* * *
On the occasion of the last auspicious Navruz Seth Pes-
tonji D. Marker gave all members of the League
An Interesting , ,
Portrait of the the handsome gift ot a beautiful multicolour
QL L
portrait of H. I. M. Reza Shah the original
of which had been painted by Mr. Pithawala and presented to
H. I. M. by a special Parsi delegation sometime back. It is a
very nice work and will be a striking addition to any home or
office decoration.
Learned Parsis of former generations were well-versed in
Persian, and a great many of them had been
cheher-Homji^m0" esteemed teachers in schools and colleges.
That learned circle has been constantly
narrowing down owing to circumstances and the disregard of
the authorities to Parsi claims in the matter. One of the last
to retire from their ranks is Prof. Nadirshah D. Minocheher-
Homji who has behind him a long and useful record of
service in the professorial line. Among the colleges he served
latterly were the Deccan, Elphinstone and Ismail colleges,
and he retired from the last at the end of March loaded with
encomiums from his pupils, his colleagues and his superiors.
Few Parsis have so masterful a command over the Persian
language, and we hope the community will not allow his great
talent to go unrecognised or unrewarded.
1933]
the editor's notes
139
Persia's Neighbours
Russia
Persian merchants are highly incensed against Russia
owing to her infringements of the Persian-Soviet
vi®0Goods0f So' Treaty. They allege that Russia is buying
only 50 per cent of the value of goods she
sells to Persia. Boycott of Soviet goods is everywhere
declared; and the merchants have petitioned the Shah to
insist on a new and clear agreement with the Soviet, for,
else, they threaten, they would break off all trade relations
with Russia.
A very delicate position arose between Russia and Britain
owing to the former having put under arrest
Russia"11 and some officers of the Metropolitan Vickers
Company that had been working in Russia as
representatives of that body. The serious charge of sabotage
was brought against them. After a short trial three of the
accused were deported, one discharged and two were given two
and three years' imprisonment each. This affair caused great
offence to Britain who thought the whole thing was got up
with the double purpose of annoying Britain and diverting the
minds of the Russian people to something unusual and exciting,
from the great wave of disaffection with which the Russian
people are seething. Retaliatory measures are announced
by both the countries which will harm mutual trade. We
think normal conditions will return as soon as feelings are
calmed down a little.
A huge project for linking up the Caspian and Black Seaa
through the Sea of Azov, was lately contem-
8ea Canaian B'aek plated. The canal would be about 400 miles
long. The intervening lakes and rivers of the
Manych Basin would greatly facilitate the work. The canal
would cost about 400 million roubles, which might ba well-
spent if the whole thing were really feasible. The principal
140
the iran league quarterly
[April
difficulty would arise out of the great difference in the levels
of the two seas, for this would render both the construction
and maintenance of the necessary locks and pumping stations
extremely costly.
Relations bet ween Russia and Japan are not at all
satisfactory owing to the Japanese operations in
Tension1 JapaneS6 Far East, and the natural Soviet anxiety at
the progress of that aggressive power towards
its far eastern borders. Russia has also some direct interest in
the Chinese Eastern Railway and Japanese officials in North
Manchuria have been planning to oust the Soviet side from the
administration and to seize the railway, against which the
Soviet has officially objected. Japan is not going to be
thwarted in her plans, unless somebody is going to stop her.
As words are not going to be heard, action must follow some
day with far and wide repercussions. Even if Russia is not
going to start the struggle, she is bound to be prepared as she
really is reported to be.
Iraq
The Intern ational Board of the Mosul Oil Fields is now
formed for taking over the shares of the British
FieldsM03Ul Development Co. The territory covered
by the license comprises 46000 square miles,
and includes some already successful fields. Reducing all
these to single control promises more profitable working.
The Iraq Petroleum Company's pipe line to the Mediter-
ranean is being steadily pushed on, though the
Companyetr0leUm lava country east of Mafrac is going to present
some difficulty in the way of operations.
The new Airport at Baghdad has been opened recently on
its eastern fringe and within the angle formed
New Airport ^ roa(jg leading to Mosul and Damascus.
Large waiting and retiring rooms and a restaurant adjoin the
the editor's notes
141
offices. These last; include passenger service offices for passports,
police, customs and posts and telegrams.
India
The Third Eound Table Conference having been conclud-
ed, a White Paper was issued on the projected
The white Paper reforms_ fpfje Federal Government in India
will be brought about by a federation between members elected
by 36,000,000 democratic voters and members nominated by
the autocratic governments of the Indian Princes. This
federation is to be brought about only when states represent-
ing half the Indian states population join in, and only when
a Reserve Bank has been set up and successfully working.
These and other reservations have evoked a universal
condemnation of the White Paper. But a Joint
Indian Opinion
Select Committee has been formed and is pre-
sently meeting in London for considering and formulating
the final forms of government. People foresee that these are
not going to satisfy a large number of Indian leaders. Prac-
tical heads however are recommending co-operation in what-
ever is granted and striving for further gains by constitutional
means and steady and united effort.
The Depressed Classes problem too, on the other hand, is
not properly solved and Mr. Gandhi is threaten-
Depressed Class- - >. , r -,., , .
ea Problem lng us with a new tast for speedily achieving
his aims in the matter. We are afraid this is
not going to bring us nearer the happy end.
* * *
The Pass is
We have already noted the losses which have dismayed
New Hopes ^e Parsi Community. Matters have not been
specially improving for the Community in any
Way, nor does there appear any comprehensive project for
142
the iran league quarterly
[Aprio
helping them. Oar hopes are however aroused by a state-
ment by Sir Shapoorji Billimoria at the time of his election as
Trustee of the Par^i Punchayet Funds and Properties. It is his
intention, he said, to place before his co-Trustees a scheme he
has long been maturing for the benefit of the Parsi Community.
Every Parsi prays that the great Parsi charities unite and
think out the lines along which the future of the Community
should be guided.
On the auspicious day of the last Jamshidi Nawroz Seth
, Merwanii Cama, the well-wisher and patron of all
A New lem^lc'
Athravans, fittingly laid the foundation-stone of
a new temple in Bombay. It is intended that the holy rituals
of the Mazdean Church should be performed in it so as to con-
form to the appearance of the seasonal bounties and glories
of the Universe for the celebration of whose advent they were
originally intended, as well as for offering up our grateful
obeisance to the Divine Father and for sending pious and loving
thoughts to our dear departed ones. We believe this is going
to be a common fane for all Zarathushtrians, and will not be
allowed to be made a fetich for forming a new sect, for, it would
be impious to shake the solidarity of the Holy Church of
Zarathushtra by any means.
B. H. READYMONEY & CO.,
OPPOSITE JUMMA MUSJID, 1st FLOOR,
18, Princess Street, BOMBAY 2.
Wholesale Importers of all kinds
of English Jewellery in 9 ct. and
18 ct. gold, silver, rolled gold and
white metal.
Real Pearl, Ruby, Emerald and
Diamond Jewellery locally made,
stocked and also made to order.
All kinds of Empty Jewellery Cases in velvet and
leatherette always available.
RICH FIELDS IN PERSIA
Phiroz D. Saklatvala
(Continued from p. 80, January, 1933.)
Industries
Oil :—The Anglo-Persian Oil Co. under a 60 year lease,
since 1901 has developed territory in the South-west around
Masjid-e Suliman and has production exceeding 4,000,000 gal-
lons per day. The wells are from 1000 to 5000 ft. deep. Oil
is conveyed through pipe lines a distance of about 135 miles
to the refinery. The Imperial Persian Govarnment has
received up-to-date, as its share of 16%, over £10,000,000.
Five Provinces in the North of Persia are not included in
this lease, and are available to the Imperial Persian Govern-
ment for development.
Minerals : — Governmeut has done research work all over
the country and has made several laboratory tests under com-
petent metallurgists trained in Germany. They have also
prepared geological maps, locating such minerals, and samples
and analyses of their findings are available. These include
coal, copper, load, iron, zinc, manganese, nickel, cobalt, gold
silver, tungstun, and chromium. Mines also have been found
to contain alum, asphalt, asbestos, orpiment, and turquois.
Quarries have produced rock salt, lime, gypsum, alabaster, and
soap stone.
Agrioultubal Products :—Wheat, barley, peas, beans,
lentils, maize, millet, and rice are produced in great quantities.
Rice is deserving of special mention as undoubtedly it is
the best rice in the world; thin and long grain, and void of
starch, when properly prepared and cooked. To rice procurable
here it can be oompared as shad roe is to caviar.
144
the iran league quarterly
Fruits:—Quinces, apricots, peaches, plums, figs, grapes,
pomegranates and melons are plentiful, and excepting last two
are dried for export.
Tobacco and Opium:—Government monopoly and are culti-
vated extensively.
Persian Tobacco is already famous and the large industry
is constantly developing. Much of this product is exported and
in recent years the Government has given more attention to
extending the trade, and to the develoment of the vast
tobacco plantations.
Fisheries:—Caspian Sea fishery is operated on profit
sharing basis with Russia. Caviar exported by the Russians,
is so well known, all over the world, that it does not require any
mention, excepting that it is not generally known as obtainable
from Persian waters.
. Animal Products:—Wool; lamb and other animal skins,
and hides are available in large quantities. Sheep entrails,
casings, are exported in large quantities.
Silk:—Owing to very suitable climate, cultivation of
mulberry trees is very productive and cocoons of excellent
quality are raised.
Manufacturing :—Very few establishments, known here as
factories, are in existence in Persia. Chief article of manufac-
ture is rugs, all woven by hand and mostly in snail e.sbablish.-
ments.
Rugs of exquisite quality and craftsmanship have been
made in Persia for centuries past and all principal museums
of the world carry many an example of this art.
Unfortunately for the past few years' export demand has
been for cheaper grades of rugs which has encouraged, if not
enforced, manufacturing of poor quality commercial rugs, dyed
with chemicals and hardly of Persian desig n.
The Imperial Persian Government is very much opposed
to this change and has taken all possible steps to discour-
1933]
rich fields in persia
145
age such practices. The Government has also started educa-
tional schools for rug weaving, to teach weavers how to select
good wool, how to mix and use pure vegetable dyes and also to
inspire them with original Persian designs.
Bazaars of Persia are full of hand embroideries; hand
wrought silver and brass wares ; lacquered papier-mache goods
and cotton prints; as well as hand illumined pictures (mini-
atures) and hand written scrolls; but very little of modern
Persian art ware is known here.
Pearls :—Best quality pearls have been obtained from the
Persian Gulf. Small pearls are used in embroideries and even
in carpet weaving for Eoyal use.
Revenues : —Receipts of the Imperial Persian Government
are constantly increasing with expenditure always below
receipts.
Persian Year Year Receipts in Rrans
1304 1925-26 247,675,940
1305 1926-27 256,471,940
1306 1927-28 258,025,800
1307 1928-29 276,857,297
1308 1929-30 311,124,040
Dividends received from Anglo-Persian Oil Co. are allowed
to be accumulated in London as a basis of issuing Pahlavi coins
against such deposits. At present, such has accumulated to
£7,000,000 Sterling. Revenue from tea and sugar monopoly is
segregated and is used towards construction of railroad from
North to South.
Including 1931, such sugar and tea monopoly revenue
amounted to 475,742,923 Ryals (Krans) and out of this
255,163,351 Ryals have been spent towards completion of about
350 miles of railroad.
Budget :—Approved Budget for :
1311 1932-1933 Receipts: 421,400,000 Ryals and
£784,000
Expenditures: 421,399,670 Ryals
and £407,176
146
the iran league quarterly
[April
Exports and Imports in Krans :—
Year Imports Exports Excess
1926-27 787,396,720 1,104,115,298 316,718,578
1927-28 807,433,373 1,060,411,054 252,977,681
1928-29 819,865,455 1,517,601,192 697,735,737
1929-30 919,853,685 1,574,837,712 654,984,027
1930-31 180,528,742 1,463,819,961 653,291,219
Of 1930-31 Imports 200,838,363 was undutiable.
„ „ „ 609,690,379 was dutiable.
Of 1930-31 Exports oil amounted to 1,004,974,800.
„ „ „ other merchandise 458,845,161.
As oil money is allowed to be accumulated in London, for
basis of Pahlavi gold coins issuance, the Government feels the
necessity of controlling balance of trade and is encouraging a
system of barter.
During 1930-31 total imports amounted to 810,528,742
Eyals of which only 25,091,555 was from the U.S.A., and of
total exports of 1,463,819,961 Eyals, there was only 66,261,561
to the U.S.A. Principal items of 1930-31 Imports and Exports
in which U.S.A. had not participated at all are :—(in Ryals)
Merchandise Imports Exports
Cotton goods 142,820,000
Sugar 104,917,000
Machinery & parts 88,078,000
Rice 31,252,040
Wool 23,264,000
Arms & Munitions 21,503,000
Iron, bars, plates &
structural iron 20,323,000
Cotton thread 19,109,000
Woolens 11,775,000
Cotton & Rayon goods 8,367,000
Cotton & Wool goods 8,064,000
Nautical supplies 5,840,000
Cement 5,667,000
1933]
HIGH FIELDS IN PERSIA
147
Merchandise Imports Exports
Galoshes 5,556,000
Galvanised iron 4,718,000
Glassware 4,670,000
Hides 4,309,000
Lamb & pony skins 4,107,000
Metal ingots & sheets 3,449,000
Matches 3,105,000
Mining implements 2,501,000
Tobacco 2,220,000
Copper & nickel bars 1,067,000
Artificial silk 1,066,000
Debts :—Both internal and external debts are so insigni-
ficant as to really require no mention.
Summary
The economic situation of Persia, though limited to small
figures, is really unique and ideal, for examination of details
show that the Government budget consistently shows a surplus.
Trade balance is uniformly in favour of Persia and, it is almost
the only country of its size that is free from burden of debts.
This envious position of Persia, ought to attract American
capitalists, and industrialists to this practically virgin field,
without any fear of financial risks, and with chance of hand-
some reward.
Persia does not need credit for commercial and industrial
development, but requires foreign co-operation as regards expe-
rience and capital, both of whioh can be very easily supplied
by the Americans to mutual advantage.
Suggestions
The following may serve as a few suggestions in which
American talent and capital could be advantageously employed:
148
ththe iran league quarterly
[April
Oil Development :—Northern five Provinces are available
to the Persian Government and are geologised by American
experts.
Hydro-Electric Project :—Possibility of damming Jajerut
river about 25 miles from Teheran already surveyed for this
purpose by German engineers.
Mineral Developments :—Already geologised, sampled and
analyzed by the Persian Government.
Cotton and Textile Mills :—Eaw cotton available, and
large demand for finished products exists.
Sugar Refinery :—Beetroot easily cultivated and is avail-
able, large amount of sugar if locally consumed.
Silk Sericulture and Reeling :—Mulberry trees are easily
cultivated; cocoons are already raised and cheap labour is
plentiful.
| HIGH CLASS CATERING s
H FOR ALL*COMMUNITIES g
(Parsee, Hindu, Mahomedan, etc.)
1
Weddings, Dances, Socials, Tea Parties, etc.
PLEASE CONSULT-.
1 K. N. RABADI & SONS,
tS
Caterers and Furniture Suppliers,
19, Ropa Lane, Chandan Wadi, BOMBAY 2.
%
*
1933]
rich fields in persia
149
Rug Factories :—The Government has already been, for
past few years, educating people to better weaving, dyeing,
and designing methods, and such help is now available. Rugs
manufactured under proper supervision and according to
American requirements will increase already existing trade
between the two countries.
Tea Plantations :—Northern Persia and especially pro-
vinces of Gilan and Mazandran are ideal locations for growing
tea. At present a special aromatic variety of some fame is
grown there. A few years ago the Persian Government engaged
the services of several Chinese experts to develop the cultiva-
tion of tea and since that time the trade has improved greatly
and becomes more and more successful.
Persians are great tea drinkers and an enormous quantity
is consumed yearly.
Paper Matches and Tobacco Factories :—Raw materials
available and products required and consumed in the country.
Woolen Factories :—Wool available. Large consump-
tion on spot of finished goods.
Canning Factories :—Plenty of excellent fruits and vege-
tables obtainable at next to nothing.
Morphine Abstracting Plants:—Very large quantiy of
opium grown and now exported.
Curing, Tanning, Dyeing, Hides and Fobs :—Plenty of
raw material procurable at very low cost.
Bus and Truck Service :—Good roads; no railway com-
petition. Donky's capacity is limited.
Please consider me always at your disposal for further
information or discussions about Persia and its economic and
industrial conditions.
(Concluded).
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THE LIFE ETERNAL*
AS EXPOUNDED BY THE RELIGION OF
ZARATHUSHTRA
Sohrab Jamshedjee Bulsaea, M.A.
The Human Spirit, and its Aim and Pursuit
The Zarathushtrian Revelation declares the imperfection
of the Human Spirit, but also its infinite capacity for progress
towards the Excellence of the Supreme Being. While there-
fore it is of the same kind with the Deity, it is not the same
as He. To believe this would be to understand God as liable
to being degraded into a condition of forgetting of Himself
and of ignorance and error and helplessness, which Mazdean
wisdom is great enough not to find in Him.
So, while the Human Spirit is of the same kind with the
Divine, it is distinct from It, and infinitely inferior in the
Excellence and Perfection of the Spirit. To that state of
Excellence however it slowly and steadily progresses,1 and in
that progress it is essentially helped by the providential and
material aid of the Divine Being. God assumes and keeps
going the Glorious and Radiant Universe and the Beauties
and Delights of Nature for making possible and for guiding
the life of Man, and for providing joys for the righteous liver.3
The Supreme Goodness of God draws out the innate goodness
of the Human Spirit, and notwithstanding errors and pitfalls
and wrongdoings this comes closer to the warm and loving
care of God, and rises triumphant out of every experience of
life, being the wiser for it by the entry of a ray of divine light
into its awakened conscience.3
* Also contributed to Dastur Khurshedjee Pavri Memorial Volume.
1 Yasna XXX, 9 ; XLIII, 5, 6 ; LI, 6.
2 Yasna XLIII, 4. 3 Yasua XXX, I.
152
the iran league quarterly
[April
Its ever Increasing Progress
The incompetence and feebleness of the rising Spirit of
Man, render pitf ills, errors and wrongdoings inevitable during
thi3 progress; still any degradation from the particular state
of progress to which it has risen is quite impossible, as it
cannot possibly act below the level of that particular state of
progress, for to do so would be against its acquired nature.
Hence the Zarathushtrian revelation holds out increasing vistas
of Hope and Happiness for every soul, the sooner to be
approached and achieved by the Soul pursuing Righteousness,
and treading in the ways of Good Thought, Good Word
and Good Deed.1 But while the Divine Being provides the
possibilities of life and His appointed Saviour points out the
ways of Righteousness, every the smallest step in that
progress must be taken of his own free will and choice3 by the
striving Soul if it is to achieve anything for him.
Appanages of the Human Spirit
Hence Human Spirit is capable of independent action
through an innate nature, though guided by the Divine Being,
and the Helper of Humanity that is the Righteous One.3 This
capacity arises through the appanages of the Spirit indicated
in the Zarathushtrian Revelation to be: (1) Sensation, (2)
Nervous System, (3) Sinewy System, (4) Animate Existence,
(5) Ethereal Embodiment, (6) Formed Nature, (7) Consciousness,
(8) Realized Self, and (9) Eternal Evolving Spirit.4
Of these the last or Fravashi constitutes the real Self. It
is eternal, and therefore has no beginning and no end.5 It is
a Spirit of the same kind with the Divine Being, but all the
qualities which constitute the Divine Being are potential in
it or only partially developed. The actual developed condition
1 Yasiia XXXI, 21. 2 YaBna XXX, 2. 3 YasnaXXXI,3.
4 Yasna LV, 1; Gaetha, Tanu, Azdi, U-jtan, Kehrp, Tevishi, Baodhani/h, Uruvan,
and Fravashi. Mana?igh and Dafiua being variants of Baodbaiiyh are not distinguished
in this classification here. 5 See the next note.
1933]
THE LIFE ETERNAL
153
constitutes the Realized Self or Uriwan. The active condition
of the Realized Self is Consciousness or Baodhan^h along
with Formed and Persisting Nature of Tevishi and has
Ethereal Embodiment or Kehrp. The Ethereal Body takes its
formation from the active condition of the Eealized Self and
its Formed and Persisting Nature owing to the susceptibility
of the ethereal matter of which it is constituted to assume
shapes corresponding to every thought that occurs in the Self.
It therefore becomes distinct in every individual, and assumes
illumination in case of highly righteous souls. This illumina-
tion is distinguished into Rae or Radiance and Khvarrnawgh
or Glory.
The Life Etebnal and Its Stages
The Self may manifest itself in Matter, but being infinite
has no material limitations, and so is Unlimited in Space and
Infinite in Time.1 It is accordingly expected to approach
Haurvatat and AmrrrtiW or Bliss of Universal and Eternal
Consciousness by persistent and progressive righteous living,2
alongside other Divine Perfections/' This eternal progress
is distinguished into five stages of Gathas or G&hs; and the
progress is so difficult, slow and vast that notwithstanding
the human spirit having had a life of infinite past it has not
yet reached even the middle stage, but is simply at the second
of the five stages.
The First Stage: The Awakening of Consciousness
The4 greatest of the Mazdean rituals is symbolical of the
growth of the Self through eternity. The Avestan texts of
1 It is " Inconceivable'1 (Annmalhwa) and " All pervading '' (Uruuinaitis,).
It reaches beyond the extremities of the Heavens (Yasht XIII, 42) and existed before
all creation (Yt. XIII, 76;,
2 See Yt. I, 25 and Yas. XLV, 5. 3 See Yas. XXIX, U, and Yt. I, 25.
4 See Introduction to the English translation of the Aerpatastfin and Niranga-
stan, pp. xli-xliii. It is seen that a vein of symbolism permeates Zarathushtrian science
as it does Sufeeism.
154
the iran league quarterly
[April
the GAhs e xplain this growth. The first stage of the growth
is the Ushahina.1 In it arises Consciousness2 without strife
or struggle, when the Voice of Heaven3 is first heard by the
Spirit and facts of Eternal Truth4 are first felt by it. As the
Soul is just able to receive and perceive these facts but not
able to distinguish, the moral and intellectual strife has not
yet commenced in it therefore it remains calm." It however
aspires to knowledge and illumination."
The Second Stage: Intellectual and Moral Strife
The next stage is the H&vani. In it the Soul is confront-
ed with the strain and strife of moral and intellectual
consciousness.7 Besides being able to hear Heaven's Voice3,
it now also perceives the Justice3 and Friendship of the God of
Heaven,8 and commences to put itself Questions9 on Existence
and on the Government of Life's Things and of the Universe."
Moral and intellectual struggle arises out of these, and still
every strife in experience and every step in progress lift the
Soul into higher knowledge. It therefore feels itself benefitted10
and advanced11 at that experience and growing consciousness.
The Third Stage: Spiritual Illumination
The third and middle stage is the Rapithwina. Owing
to the experience of DivinelJ Love and Justice13 from the
earlier stage, it would now become lifted into the Warmth13 and
Ardour of the True Devotee,13 and would begin to discover the
Prospering11 Holy Word of Meditation14 which calms the strain
of spiritual strife and establishes a rhythm between the Soul and
I See Nirangastao, Bk. II, Chap. V, note 1. 2 Uahanjh in Ushahina.
3 Sraosha; Qah V. U. It is always heard in the conscience.
4 Raahnu: Gah V, 2. 5 Nmanya : Gall V, 1. 6 Bnrjya : Qah V, 1.
7 See NirangaBtftn, p. xxxv. 8 Mithra: Gfih I, 2.
9 Ahuirya Praehna : G&h I, 5. 10 Saya?<
II Visya: Gah I, 1 ; Nir. p. xxxiv. 12 Mithra: Gah II, 2.
18 A tar : Gah II, 1. 14 Felmeha Mathra: Gah II, 6.
1933]
the life eternal
155
Nature, and promotes1 Prosperity in Life and in the World.1
Hence in this stage the Soul would find itself Enlightened2
and Illumined in a marked degree.'2 All Saviours would there-
fore belong to this or some higher stage, coming down here
to guide the erring souls in H&vani by a divinely appointed
mission entrusted to them owing to their high spiritual worth.
The Fourth Stage : Glory and Delights of Truer Knowledge
and Higher Devotion
The fourth stage is the Uzay6irina. In this the Warmth
and ardour of the True Devotee grown from the previous
stage would become so overflowing that the Currents3 of
Holy Lustre3 would begin now to flow from it to all about, and
fill everything with life, animation and brightness. And the
higher questions and holier meditations experienced in the
earlier* stages would fetch it the Delights4 of Knowledge and
the Joys of True Experience4 which always must accompany
the Enlightened Ones. And both by example and by precept
the Soul would promote here in itself and outside, a Nobler5
and Truly Illustrious Type of Humanity,5 and would find
itself in the Beatific0 State of Absolute Devotion.8 It would
then be full of the supreme felicity which is the peculiar lot
of nobler and higher souls.
The Fifth Stage: Beatific Consciousness of Highest Self-
illumination and Beneficent Effioiency
The final stage is the Aiwisrufchrema. It represents
supreme spiritual illumination and perfect concord with God
and Nature. That harmony would be so complete that the soul
would now experience, the divine Music7 of Higher Voices and
Sublime Intonations/ and the beatific3 consciousness and the
divine apperception of the Realized Self.3 The Expansion of
1 Fradat-Fshu: Gah IT, 1, 2 Zantuma: Gah it, i, Nir. p. xixiv.
3 Apam Naptar: G&h III, 2; and cf. Per- ~-l = lustre.
4 AfrasanjASm Khvathra: G&h III, 6.
5 Fr&da<-Vira; Gah III, 1. 6 Dakhyuma: G&h III, 1; Nir. p. zxxiv.
7 Radical aenee of Aiwi-sru. 8 FravaBhi in full realization: Gfth IV, 2.
156
the iran league quarterly
[April
the Soul would reach here the highest growth and gladness,
and attain supreme peace and usefulness.1 It therefore would
become promoter2 of all Grood States in Being through the high
efficiency of its beneficence and holy power. And through
that sublime state of itself it would shine with the Grolden Glory
of the most magnificent Self-illumination and Holy Lustre.3
As we all have in us the germs of what would possibly
be the best in the Spirit, we do feel the truth of this analysis as
too real to be proved in any other way than by the testimony
of our own conscience. Ever growing Illumination, Efficiency
and Beneficence of the Soul are the ends of Life's pursuits,
and they are here clearly and excellently explained, but in as
terse a language as possible. Its value to spiritual knowledge
is vast and profound, and should be deeply beneficial. All
Aryans are elevated at the thought'that their race had realized
Religion so beautifully in so great a past.
1 AourvutSm urune: Gah [V, 5. 2 Fradat-VispSin-Hujyaiti: G&h IV, 1.
3 Zarathushtrotema: Gah IV, 1 ; aud Nir. p. xxxiv. Of course the reference
is to the highest perfection of qualities which distinguished Righteous Spitama
Zarathushtra.
SWADESHI
& BEST
A CALL TO ALL ARYANS TO UNITE IN
ZARATHUSHTRA
N. G. suntoke
Mr. Sraosha A. Kaul, a Civil Engineer, residing in California,
U.S.A., became interested in the religion of Zarathushtra some 25
years ago and is now engaged in spreading it in that far off land.
So far he has succeeded in converting about 30 persons to Zoroastrian-
ism and expects to increase the number at a not very distant date.
In 1916 he met a Parsi Art dealer at San Diego Exhibition who
presented him with a robe of purple and gold and invested him with
the sacred ' Sudra' and ' Kusti.' "While the Parsis are getting
lukewarm about their religion, it is gratifying to note the efforts of
men like Mr. Kaul in spreading its noble teachings. He is gathering
books on ' Zoroastrianism ' to form a library and if any of the readers
wishes to help him in that direction he is requested to send books to
me for despatch to him. In his last communication to me he writes:—
In the Name of Ormazd, Greetings to all Zarathushtrians
and Arians.
I, Sraosha A. Kaul, of my own free will and accord, in the
presence of the Creator Ormazd and His Holy ones, do
confess myself a Mazda-Yasnian Zarathushtrian, for the aim
and object and purpose to spread far and wide the pure reli-
gion, which Ormazd imparted to Zarathushtra, to unite ALL
Arians and restore to them the original state of old called
Paradise.
That the Parsees have preserved the essential faith
of Ormazd and Zarathushtra during the long night of thirteen
centuries, is all to the good, for behind this lieth a great glory,
which in Orrnazd's Own time will be manifested to all His
faithful. How He in a most mysterious way moves His
wonders to perform 1 Let us rejoice thereat my brethren—
you have remained the salt of the Earth—a new era is a
hand and in the words of Mazda to Zarathushtra: Know, 0
158
the iran league quarterly
[April
Zarathushtra, as it was at the beginning of the world; so also
its end shall be. Hail to each, whoever he may be, to go
forward as a valiant uniter of all Arians through the medium
of the spreading abroad of the Zarathushtrian religion and
make it current throughout this world as of yore, to the end,
that there be left in it no trace of Ahriman and his brood.
Therein lies great joy for every Parsi heart.
That H. I. M. Reza Shah Pahlavi is a champion of reli-
gious tolerance is a great blessing. May Ormazd grant him
great majesty, wisdom and power, peace and happiness
and a long life to the end, to awaken the slumbering Arians
and restore them their birth-right.
May the Souls and Fravashis of the pure Zoroastrians
rise, together with all pure Souls and Fravashis of the Arians,
seen and unseen 1 May the existing, having been, about to be,
the born and unborn, those belonging to the Parsi community,
those belonging to other Arian religions arise, in unity and
harmony, that the Iranian movement may gain momentum to
fulfil beyond expectation that great trust which has been
placed upon us.
Here I recite a portion of the Gatha Ustavaiti:—
Yasna 46 :
What land shall I praise, whither shall I go praying
After that I have imparted individuality and obedience ?
Those do not make me contented who act after their
own pleasures.
Nor do so again the evil oppressors of the religion.
How shall I satisfy Thee Mazda Lord?
I know that I, 0 Mazda, am without concupiscence,
I have little of wealth and few men,
I appeal to Thee, mayest Thou hear it, Lord I
Affording joy as friend giveth unto friend;
Instructions, and the pure good things of Vohu-mano,
0 Purest One!
1938]
A CALL TO ALL ARYANS TO UNITE
159
When, 0 Mazda, come the increasers of the days,
Who step forwards to the maintenance of the pure world,
To whom comes profit through Vohu-mano ?
For me I desire Thy instruction thereon, 0 Ormazd
Lord!
A robe of purple and gold was presented to me by a Parsi
brother by the name of Jamshedji Madan, a dealer in objects of
oriental art at the San Diego Exposition in 1916; this brother
invested me with the Sudra and Kusti in token of friendship
and brotherly love. He was happy to find some one on these
Western shores interested and zealous to spread the Zarathush-
trian teachings. I enclose the form of rites which I have used
here to solemnise public lectures on Zarathushtrianism. I have
made innumerable others to suit conditions prevailing here.
A picture of the members of our community here will be made
at the next September Gahambar, when all will be called to-
gether for celebration. Yes, we can increase our membership to
thousands in America, although this requires all of my time and
also an outlay of ways and means which will require more time
to accomplish, as I am now active at my vocation as a Civil
Engineer.
In the foregoing you can imagine how I becamea Zara-
thushtrian during long years of study and investigation of all
religions, The pure religion of Ormazd and Zarathushtra
has become flesh and blood with me during the past 25 years :
it is the call of Arian blood within me.
May this conscious call come to all Zarathushtrians is
the sincere wish of one who labours beyond measure that the
Light of Ormazd grow apace in every Parsi heart, to the end
that all might rise.
Yours for ever, until time is no more, in the great bonds
of Love, Light and Life.
Sbaosha A. Kaul.
NATIONALISM IN PERSIA
The following interesting review appeared in the London Times
of 3rd January last. It clearly depicts the difficulty the Shah's
Government are encountering in Soviet aggression and in preparing
the nation to repel it by infusing in their bosom the spirit of true
nationalism. Other observations of the thoughtful writer are equally
instructive. His observations regarding the benefits the country is
going to derive from the Trans-Persian railway are equally far-seeing,
and the Persian patriots will do well to study his views on the growth
of the principle of Nationalism in Persia, and to plan their activities
accordingly.
FEAR OF SOVIET PENETRATION
There are clear indications that Persia is attempting to
limit Soviet influences, both social and commercial. Russian
policy towards Persia has scarcely changed with the passing
of the RomanoSs, whatever the powers of Moscow may say to
the contrary. Under the Kajar dynasty in the nineteenth cen-
tury Persia lost vast tracts of country to Russia on the East
and West'of the Caspian Sea. Now the Soviet have substituted
peaceful penetration for war-like operations, but this policy is
no less insidious.
Some Persian Traitors
Not only by commercial means has Russia endeavoured
to gain ascendancy in Persia. Last June 40 Persians, the
chief of whom was in charge of all Government codes and
ciphers, were tried and convicted of selling State secrets to the
Soviet Government. Four of these men were condemned to
death and executed; the remainder are serving various terms
of imprisonment.
The Shah's Hardest Task
Russia practically controls all trade in Persian Azerbaijan
and the Caspian provinces. Most of the Bhops selling supplies
1983]
nationalism in persia
161
and textiles in the capital are run by Russians. To combat
Soviet influence in Northern Persia and to instil a feeling of
nationalism into his subjects are by far the hardest task the
Shah is facing at present.
Inferior Russian Stuff Dumped to the Country
The Russians dump inferior goods into Persia in return
for such useful exports as wheat and rice. The bazars of every
big Persian town are stacked with indifferent cotton materials
in place of the home products, which, though rough in its
cheaper qualities, was at least durable and gave work to many
Persian artisans.
Extending Penetration
The penetration has even reached Shiraz, 800 miles from
the Caspian Sea, where, until recently, British piece-goods were
without rivals in the bazaar. To-day there are none to be seen,
and the familiar patterns of Russian cottons are on view on
every stall. Imports of sugar, matches, soap and cloth from
Russia will be curtailed in the near future owing to the new
match factory at Tabriz and to the opening of factories near
Teheran, where the other commodities will be made.
Steps Towards Freedom
Until the edict regarding education was issued earlier in
the year, forbidding Persian pupils to attend any but state
primary schools, large numbers of children received their first
education from Russiaa teachers, who did not fail to instil
Soviet principles into their pupils. This was the first step in
the removal of Russian influence. The Trans-Persian railway,
if it is completed, will be another and even greater step to-
wards complete emancipation. Exports from Persia have only
one easy way . out of the country and that is the Caspian sea.
When the railway is finished and trains are run from Mazan-
deran through the capital to the Persian Gulf, all goods will
162
the iran league quarterly
[April
be able to reach the new port, Bandar Shapur, in a very short
time.
Benefits to accrue from the Trans-Persian Railway
From the Gulf Persian exports will be able to reach India
and beyond without serious difficulty. The present cost of
transport to the south is great, if it is to be speedy, and so far
Persia possesses no merchant fleet. So far Persian exports
leaving the country by way of Khuzistan have to pass through
Mohammerah at Sha^t-al-Arab. This waterway belongs to the
new independent kingdom of Iraq, and dues are levied on all
Persian freight by the port of Basra, which may suffer later
from the completion of the quays and warehouses at Bandar
Shapur.
Armed Forces
So long as Russian attention is taken up with her own
internal consolidation Persian territory is safe from outside
aggression, but if the U. S. S. R. should decide to extend its
influence the only direction where easy conquest could be un-
dertaken is in North Persia. Until 1920 Persia had no regular
army, and it is only since 1925 that the new army, organized
under the personal supervision of the Shah and composed of
48000 troops, has been equipped with modern rifles and
ammunition. Every male Persian has to serve two years with
the colours, thereby forming a reserve of man power in the
event of war.
Naval and Air Forges
The Shah has also embarked upon the formation of a
small navy, to guard his coasts in the Gulf of Oman and the
Persian Gulf. Six gunboats have been purchased from Italy.
A training ship has been installed for over a year in the Karun
river at Mohommerah. The Persian Air Force is small but
efficient, and Persians take naturally to flying. An order has
been placed with a British firm for 20 Tiger Moth aeroplanes,
1933]
nationalism in persia
163
Ten of these aeroplanes are said to be for instructional purposes
and the remainder are to be equipped as fighters and bombers.
Nationalism yet not Deep
The principle of nationalism, which the Shah has tried to
drill into his subjects, is as yet the fashion rather than the
habit of the people. It is practised by the upper and profes-
sional classes and the army, almost exclusively. It has scarce-
ly penetrated to the working man. The troublous times of
the past, between the assassination of Nasir-u-din Shah and
the accession of the present Euler, gave Persia no stable
government, and the country was rarely at peace internally,
to say nothing of the war-like operations carried on over her
territory by various Great Powers. With such an unsettled
past to look back on it is small wonder that many Persians do
not feel the urge to-day to be creative in their social, commer-
cial or political life.
Much depends yet on Individuals in Power
As the country is divided into several provinces progress
depends to a large extent on the initiative of the various gover-
nors. These men, who are responsible to Teheran alone, are
in a very powerful position and can do more than anyone else
for the prosperity of their provinces. A good example is the
province of Azerbaijan with its capital at Tabriz. For the
last 100 miles travelling north from the capital can be seen
fields of wheat as far as the eye can reach. The town is the
cleanest in Persia and is, like every other town in the country,
being modernized with new wide streets. Almost any day the
governor can be seen personally supervising public works. In
many other cases there are leaders who do their best to render
Persia able to take her place with Western nations, but there
are also those who wish to leave things as they were and who
only see disaster for themselves should the methods of procedure
change. There is no more than a veneer of Western culture
in Persia to-day, and many years are likely to pass before there
can be any hope of its extension to the working man, whether
he be Government employee, tribesmen or shop-keeper.
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ADVANCEMENT OF PERSIA UNDER H. I. M. REZA
SHAH PAHLAVI
Jamshed K. Irani, B.A.
(A short resume from Nama-e-Iran-e-Bastan)
A Wonderful Metamorphosis
August 31st is recorded as a very important date in the
annals of modern Persian history as it was on this day that
the Persian throne was newly acquired and a new chapter was
opened for the land. Daring these 12 years that have elapsed
since then, Persia has been completely metamorphosed and the
nation once dead has again been throbbing with a new and
youthful life.
Teheran changed beyond Recognition
The old city of Teheran with its narrow and dirty streets
has given way to a new town with avenues rivalling the Broad-
way Street of U. S. A., and having all the amenities of life.
It would be quite difficult for a man to recognise all the streets
and sites if he has been away from them for a couple of years.
Everything seems to have been so completely altered that
the old order of things has quite gone out of recognition. It
is difficult to believe one's eyes when one sees things in
Teheran after a few years. All seems to us as if " We dreamt
and awoke to find, it was a city." Shops and stores have
sprung up where, there was nothing before; so that the city
appears to have grown as if quite new.
Safety of Life and Property
Complete safety of life and property prevails throughout
Persia. A few years ago nobody in Persia could dream
of such changed happy condition. To bring the country
to this state of full safety from an anarchic condition where
166
the iran league quarterly
[April
might was right, is considered as one of the most wonderful
achievements of H. I. M. Reza Shah's regime. Besides this,
there are countless other reforms both economic and political
introduced into the country.
Other Great Reforms
The army has been brought to the stage of perfection
attained by other great powers of the world. The navy and the
air services have been progressing satisfactorily. Courts of
Justice have been established and sound justice is being dis-
pensed in the land now. Municipalities, hospitals and other
charitable institutions have sprung up and bestow benefits to
countless people. The laying of railway lines has shortened
the distance from the western countries.
Wise Economic Measures
Long strides have also been takeu in matters concerning
the economic situation inthe country. Cotton mills, for spinning
and weaving, and sugar mills, and other industrial works have
been erected in various places. National banks to patronize
national trade, agriculture and art have been opened. Trade
has been brought under the monopoly of the Government,
so as to equalise the imports and exports of the country. The
cancellation of Auglo-Persian oil agreement and the annulling
of the rights of the Imperial Bank of Persia to issue notes
are the two outstanding features which reflect the national
movement in the country. In spite of the trade depression
the world over, Persia is enjoying perfect prosperity and the
question of unemployment is not in the least affecting her.
Dr; riASANl'S "Dermine."
Best for skin diseasesi sure cure
for Ring-worm, Eczema, Dry itchi
&c. Sold at leading chemists and
provision merchants.
Popular Dental Rooms.
71, Kalbadevi Road, and
Princess Street Junction,
BOMBAY S.
PAHLAVI NAMAM
or
" SHAH-NAMA-E-NAW-BAKHT "
Jamshed Eustam Iraki, B.A.
[The following is an abstract from an article which appeared in
the issue of Ncima-e-Iran-e-Bastan of Teheran of the 4th February
1933:-]
A Bright Day has dawned on Iran
Under the auspicious regime of His Imperial Majesty Reza
Shah Pahlavi, a new chapter of happiness and good Iuok has
been opened to the Persians. Under the guidance of His
Imperial Majesty the Persian nation has gathered greater
strength with new spirit grafted in their bodies. Their thoughts
have been revolutionised and the dark curtain of ignorance has
been torn away opening to them the blessings of education.
The days of misfortune have been brought to an end and the
star of sunshine with all its glory and greatness has begun to
dawn on the Persian horizon. The Persians who in the past
had no value of their time, have now begun to realize the harm
done by them to their country by wasting their valuable time;
and under the guidance of His Imperial Majesty they have
begun to make their existence felt by the other nations. The
effulgence of the mighty sun of His Imperial Majesty has
begun to shine on the eastern hemisphere, and the western
countries too have begun to realize the growing rise of Persia.
And Poets have arisen to sing Its Glob?
Learning and education which are the ohief causes of
national development are spread throughout the land with the
noble idea of bringing Persia to that state which she enjoyed
168
the iran league quarterly
[April
under the ancient Zoroasfcrian sovereigns. Civil and military
schools are everywhere brought into existence. And learning
has spread so much that in quite a short time Iran has produced
a number of good poets. Naw-Bakht is one of them and has
compiled the history of the reign of His Pahlavi Majesty in
beautiful verses and named it the Pahlavi Nama.
The following are some of the specimens of his verses:
" A man with a heavenly halo has appeared ;
" He has torn asunder the curtain of darkness
" And become a source of strength to the jaded
kingdom.
" All the world have wonderingly turned their gaze
on him.
" My desire has been refreshed and
" My soul has been entranced by hia power."
" I will bear witness that these pomp and splendour
" Are from none but from His Majesty's heaven-
born nature.
" That he is just like a aun and I am but a straw,
" That he can turn what is sown,
" Like a resplendent sun, into a paradise.
" Oh, you the King that is all victorious
" Old kingdoms by you are soon restored and revived."
This new Shah Nama commences from where the old
Shah Nama of Firdousi has ended, viz., from the close of
the reign of Yazdezerd Shahariar to the beginning of the
present reign, and contains more than one hundred thousand
couplets.
K. WADIA
DIAMOND MERCHANT,
OR ANT ROAD, BOMBAY.
PH. NO 42483
DR. RABIN DRANATH TAGORE'S BIRTH-DAY IN
PERSIA*
Rustom B. Paymaster, B.A., LL.B.
The following is a metrical version in English of a
Persian poem specially composed and presented to Dr. Tagore
in Persia on the occasion of the poet's birth-day that fell during
his visit to Persia in May last.
How radiant doth this tree of life
Here add its blossom new
A peerless pearl in priceless string
-Of life so blest and true.
Fresh tree it is in garden bright,
So full of life and hope,
To tell a secret unrevealed,
Each bud its lip doth ope.
The secret of Eternal Love,
Enlivens the heart of man,
Defying death when once it's sown,
In dear soil of Iran !
How sweet at dawn the nightingale
With thousand songs so blest
Greets with his plaintive melody
Our loved long looked-for guest !
Welcome, welcome to gardens ours,
And may thy life's New Year
Entered on our grateful shores
Bring thee fame, health and cheer !
* These verses were also published in the Kaisar-i-Hind,
[II]
DR. TAGORE'S RESPONSE IN MUSICAL PROSE.
All roses in thy garden bright
And all their lover birds,
Proclaimed my birth-day, 0 Iran!
In warmest, choicest words.
A poet of a far-'way shore
Now hails thy magic land,
At this old age with youthfulzeal, %
To meet a hopeful band!
Thou'st mingled voices in a paean
Of praise so kindly given,
It has touched my heart in every cord
To faith in thee enliven
How gracious thy brave sons have poured
Love's priceless gifts by score
On this the birth-day of a poet
Come from such distant shore I
How soon they've known him as their own
And cherished in their hearts,
As brother to a brother lov'd
His native joy imparts.
The birth-day of a poet crown'd
With glory fresh and new,
By honour from thy loving hand
Finds its fruition true !
And in return he binds this wreath
Of verse6 round thy brow
And prays that God, 0 dear Iran,
With victory thee endow I
Dr. TagOl'e's Villa decorated for reoeption of Prof. Poure»DavOUd at the
Nawruz celebration.
Among the beauties of Ispahan, the river Zayendeh Kud has always occupied
a leading role.
f/' an League Quarterly
A splendid avenue in Teheran, starting from H I- M. the Shah's New Palace-
ZjL.a jUT-U^- •liolt ciL ojl" j| ol^f" I; uV-^
The KMaban-i Shaiipur Circle in Teheran is newly laid out, and is fast
growing in importance.
J, j' « I J J • A—
.ijjil ly- J
ANCIENT IRAN : ITS CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN
PROGRESS
P. P. Balsaba, M.A., LL.B.
[Young Mr. Pestonji Phirozeshah Balsara needs no introduction to
our readers as he ha9 already made some mark in the realm of litera-
ture. The study he presents in the following pages will be found in-
teresting and a worthy endeavour of a young scholar. The whole matter
is treated in a fair and lucid way; and though acute critics may not
agree with every detail, they are bound to applaud his earnest endeav-
our to correctly represent every interest dealt with by him.—Editor.]
INTRODUCTION
0£the f ew fields of human learning, history is one that has made
a very rapid progress during the past half a century. Fifty years
ago the contents of historical works were chiefly political materials
dealing with wars and conquests, dynastic changes and diplomatic
entanglements. Much space was devoted to these materials, but no
attention was paid to facts of vital importance in understanding the
past. Whereas, the historical works of today pay an equal amount of
attention also to art, oulture, education, manners and customs of
nations, because without these factors the history of a nation is incom-
plete. It is on account of this that the following lines are written
dealing with the influence which ancient Iran exercised over her
neighbours.
To begin with, the title needs explanation, because to an ordinary
man Iran, modern Persia, stands only as the kingdom of the Shah—a
land, which after the Great War, together with other nations, threw
off the old Government and set up a new one under the new king
Reza Shah Pahlavi. Persia, since it became Mahomedan, after the
Arab conquest in the seventh century A.D., had lost all its ancient
prestige and splendour.1 Prior to the defeat of the Persians—the. fore-
fathers of modern Parsis—at Kadesia2 and Nehavand in 636 A.D. and.
641 A.D. respectively at the hands of the Arabs, Iran was different
1 Bat happily for the country it has at its head today aa enlightened and strong
ruler in the person of King Reza Shah who is trying to put Persia once more in the
rank of the leading nations of the world.
2 At Eadesia the Persians lost their celebrated Kaveani banner said to have
been originated in the reign of Zohak. The banner originally was the leathern apron
of the blacksmith Kareh who rose against Zohak.
172
the iran league quarterly
[April
from what it is today. Modern Iran stands for the kingdom of a
Mahomedan emperor; uptil a few years ago tKere was no security of
life on many of its highways; till recently knowledge and culture were
not so high as in the other countries of the world. " Today the
country is off the great roads of the world ; once it was the connect-
ing link between the far East and the "West ;...it was a highway and
crossroads of the peoples, where civilizations met."1
It is natural, therefore, that the state of Iran today and its un-
interesting history during the Mahomedan period after the seventh
century A.D. may lead one to think that Iran has from the beginning
been an unimportant country. It is natural, further, for anybody
to hesitate to believe if he is told that ancient Iran was not like the
Iran of today, or that in the history of the world Persia is a factor
of real importance, both because it has contributed towards the fusion
of peoples, and because it has added something of value, which I shall
disouss, to the logical development of mankind."2 ♦
In other words, ancient Iran was not a country to be neglected
as unimportant or uninteresting. It was the one country of the
ancient world which had under its authority such distant and powerful
countries as India, Egypt, Babylon, Lydia, Scythia and Arabia. The
period of its great activity and power lasted for nearly 230 years—
from 560 B.C. when Cyrus founded the world-famous Achtemenian
Empire of Persia to 330 B.C. when Persia was defeated by Alexander.
The Achsemenian Empire " was a huger realm than ever in the hands
of one single man ".3 It was " the vastest empire which had ever
appeared in A.sia and which lasted two centuries, an immense period
if we take into consideration the diverse elements of race, religion
and language which had to be controlled and the thirty Satraps
deputed to distant lands ".4 But the triumph of Alexander did not
destroy the ancient Persian monarchy from its very roots. Before
Alexander's conquest the Iranians conquered India, Babylon, Egypt,
and other surrounding territories. After Alexander's conquest, the
activity continued and the authority of Iran extended even as far as
Roman possessions in later times, an event which was largely respon-
sible, as we shall havo occasion to see later, for the rise of Mithraism
in the Roman dominion—a cult that was pagan still, but was tinged
with Zoroastrian ideas and which threatened to be a serious rival of
Christianity.
1 Huart, Ancient Persia and Iranian Civilization, p, x,
2 Huart, Ancient Persia and Iranian Civilization, pp. xii-xiii.
3 The Cambridge History of India, Vol. I, p. 346.
4 Darmesleter, Persia, in Persia and Parsis, ed, by Nariman, p, 4;
193 3] ancient Iran: its contribution to human progress 173
It follows, therefore, that ancient Iran had under its power the
different countries which had separate civilizations of their own.
Egypt, Babylon and India had each its own distinct civilization and
therefore it is possible that there might have been a great interchange
of ideas and practices among these powerful and civilized nations
of Egypt, Babylon, India and Iran. There is no doubt that Iran did
borrow several things from such civilized nations as the Egyptians,
the Assyrians, the Babylonians and the Indians. As Herodotus
says " There is no nation which so readily adopts foreign customs
as the Persians.........As soon as they hear of any luxury, they
instantly make it their own."1 None can deny that the practice
of Darius and of his three successors of having their tombs set in
mountain rocks is Egyptian in origin. The tombs of Darius, Xerxes,
Artaxerxes and Darius II at Nakshi Kustam, set in desert rocks, 30
feet above ground, is a clear indication of Egyptian mode of disposal
of the dead kings. These kings were masters of Egypt and there is
every reason to believe that this practice was influenced by Egypt.
It is said that the hypogsea of Beni-Hassan must have impressed the
Persian kings. As for the game of chess which was taken by the
Arabs from the conquered country of Persia to Spain, and which
from Spain became international, we learn that it was India which
was the home of that game, and Persia got it from India.2
One day a messenger of the king of India came to the court
of Khusru I of Persia and presented him with rich presents.
Among the presents was a chess-board and' the king was asked
to let the wise men of his court find out the method of
playing the game. The messenger further said that if they could
find out how the game was to be played, the Indian king would
acknowledge the suzerainty of the Persian monarch and therefore
pay him the tribute which the Persian king demanded from him.
But if the wise men could not discover the method of playing the game,
then, as intellectually the Indians were superior to Iranians, the tribute
must not be asked for. Nay, in that case, Iran should pay tribute
to India instead, because of all things knowledge is supreme. At first
all the courtiers found it hard to find the method of playing the
game. But, as Sykes3 says, when Buzargmeher, the celebrated Vazier
1 Herodotus I, 135 i Rawlinson, History of Herodotus, Vol. I, pp. 220-221. This
method of copying other people's customs has come down to the modern Parsis too.
2 Cf. IA Col. F. E. Wliitton, Chess in History and Fiction, the Nineteenth
Century and After, July 1927, P- 80.
3 Sykes, A History of Persia, Vol. I, p. 498.
174
the iran league quarterly
[April
and chief adviser of the king, "who was responsible for many wise
acts and reforms, studied it for one day and one night he discovered
the method of playing the game, and in this way the game of chess
passed from India to Persia and after the Arab conquest passed
on from Persia to Spain and other countries. Nay, further, Persia was
influenced in her architecture too by the powerful kingdoms of
Babylon in Assyria. The device of the winged-bulls1 with human
head, so common in Persepolitan architecture, is a clear example of
Persia, borrowing from Assyria; the wiuged-genii in the Iranian archi-
tecture are Babylonian in origin.
Hence, although it must be admitted that ancient Iran did
borrow many things from her neighbours, we must leave aside this
question as it is not in our province to deal, but merely try to see ho w
far ancient Iran on her side influenced the nations with whom she
came in contact. As we have seen, hers was a mighty empire and
therefore she exercised her influence on nearly all the countries of the
then known world. In India she had her influence both on architecture
and society ; her rule in Egypt enabled her to advance the economic
welfare of that country by digging the Suez Canal and increasing the
trade of Egypt; as regards Rome she was indirectly helpful in modi-
fying the existing pagan religion of the Roman world by additions
of Zoroastrian ideas to that cult and finally giving rise to Mithraism
which challenged the growth of Christianity for the first few years;
by enabling the Jews to return to Jerusalem from their captivity
in Babylon and coming in close contact with them, Persia had her
hand in the formation of the Christian religion ; and finally Mahom e-
danism too had to acknowledge the help it received from the religion
of Zoroaster. All these influences we shall show as we go along and
then prove that old Iran's place in history is worth studying. Hers
was the first world-empire—the largest empire of the old world—and it
shall be our task to show that the subject of Iran's contribution to
human progress does not in any way sacrifice historic truth at the
expense of national vanity, for the subject is based on true facte—
indeed facts supported by soholars of the front rank, and in no case is
fiction made to appear as real history;
It is a misfortune of old Iran that several of her writings were
destroyed by her conquerors who out of spite, as is often the case
with all other countries, destroyed the literature of their conquered
nation. Iran suffered such fate at the hands of Alexander and to a
1 Such an example of winged-bulls with human head ia found in Bombay too
at Maneckji Seth'e Fire Temple in the Fort t
1935] ancient iran'. its contribution to human progress 176
less degree at the hands of the Arabs. But though the material for
determining Iran's influence is scanty and still not much brought
to light, we shall try to show it by referring to old inscriptions on
rocks, pillars, and palaces, religious books of the Hindus, Mahomedans,
Christians, and Parsis, and by seeing what the old classical historians
have to say to us.
It is not possible for an ordinary man to fathom the immense
influence which the mighty empire of old Iran exercised on her
subjects. By her tolerant rule Persia had become practically the
mistress of the world and if it had been victorious in Greece there is
no doubt that her influence would have spread throughout the whole
world. Prof. Max Muller rightly says, " There were periods in the
history of the world, when the worship of Ormuzd threatened to rise
triumphant on the ruins of the temples of all other Gods. If the
battles of Marathon and Sal amis had been lost and Greece succumbed
to Persia, the State religion of the empire of Cyrus, which was the
worship of Ormuzd, might have become the religion of the whole
civilized world. Persia had absorbed the Assyrian and Babylonian
empires; the Jews were either in Persian captivity or under Persian
sway at home; the sacred monuments of Egypt had been mutilated
by the hands of Persian soldiers. The edicts of the great King—the
king of kings—were sent to India, to Greece, to Scythia and to Egypt;
and if ' by the Grace of Ahura MazdaDarius had crushed the
liberty of Greece, the purer faith of Zoroaster might easily have
superseded the Olympian fabl es."1
The question might naturally be asked, ' Why was it that Iran
alone exercised so much influence on the old world and not Greece
whose Alexander was no less a conqueror than Cyrus the Great or
Darius of Persia ?' To such a question our only answer is that Greece
always was a material conqueror—her conquests were never intellectual
like those of Persia. All she cared for while oonquering other
territories was to get fortune and material comfort. Far from it,
the Iranians never conquered a country without the idea of advancing
mutual culture and knowledge, and without trying to give to the
conquered country what was best of theirs and to take in return what
was best of the conquered nation. "When we consider the conquests
of Alexander, and of Cyrus or Darius, we notice that while Alexander
failed to influence either Iran or India in spite of conquering them,
1 Max Muller, Chips from a German Workshop, Vol. I, p. 162. Cf. Carter—" Had
it not been for Marathon, Salatnis and Plataei tlu wjrahijj of A'mra Slwla might
bare extended into Eurjpe" : Garter, Zoroastriaoism an! Juiiism, p. 27 •
176
the iran league quarterly
[April
the last two always influenced the intellect and the civilization of
their conquered territories like Egypt, Babylonia and India. Nay,
Iran had the tendency to influence not only her conquered nations,
but even when she was defeated she never failed to influence her
conquerors in many a way. Such a thing we see when Persia was de-
feated by Alexander. Instead of taking any Greek ideas to herself she,
on the contrary, gave her own ideas to Greek philosophy and theology.1
Or to put it as Darmesteter said, " It is that in her wars of vengeance
Greece was not sufficiently victorious, we mean that her victory over
Persia was merely a material triumph which cost herself more than
her victim. Alexander dreamed of fusing together the East and the
"West. He succeeded but half. He persianised Greece; he could not
hellenise Persia."2 Darmesteter further says that Count Gobineau, the
celebrated French writer of Persian history, also regrets that Persia
which was capable of exercising such beneficial intellectual influence
should have been defeated at Marathon.3 That the Greeks were
not capable of influencing intellectually can be seen from India too
which they did not influence. Another instance of defeated Iran
influencing her conqueror is found in the case of the Mahomedans, who,
as we shall see, had to rely upon Zoroastrian ideas in their theology.4
Hence, we see that in treating of ancient Iran's influence on other
countries—of influence which constituted real contributions to the pro-
gress of mankind, we are treating with a country, "which has the
most to teach to the historian, in as much as the country has lived
for throughout all its various periods in touch with several great
civilizations from which it has borrowed or to which it has lent
and which refer us to it or to which Persia refers us."5 "With these
introductory remarks on the capacity and extent of ancient Iran's
influence on her neighbours we pass on to deal with the subject in
reference to various countries in order of time.
1 Vide Benn, The Greek Philosophers, p. 521.
2 Darmesteter, Persia, in Persia and Parsis, ed. by Nariman, p. 6.
3 Ibid., pp. 5-6.
4 Vide Macdonald, Development of Muslim Theology, Jurisprudence, and
Constitutional Theory, p. 1-33.
5 Darmesteter, Persia, in Persia and Parsia, ed. by Nariman, p. 36,
K. WAD I A*
DIAMOND MERCHANT,
GRANT ROAD. BOMBAY'
3
1933] ancient iran : its contbibution to btjman PBOGBE8S 1-77
IRAN AND INDIA: EARLY ASSOCIATIONS
OF A COMMON HOME.
We have seen that ancient Iran was capable of exercising great
influence on the countries which she conquered. We have also seen
that Egypt, India, Rome, Babylonia and Arabia were the countries
that were influenced by Iran. Hence, dealing chronologically, we
propose to take up first the influence which Iran exercised over India
—a land which was conquered by the Parsis in ths sixth century B.C.
and which was destined to shelter the followers of the same conquerors
when in the seventh century A.D. they were obliged to seek shelter
in a foreign land to escape the destruction of their faith at the hands
of the Arab conquerors in their native land of Iran.
Before we deal with the truly historical period in question, when
Iran influenced India after Darius conquered it in 516 B.C., it would
be profitable to see that there was a longer connection between the
Iranians and the Indians, extending to some thousands of years.
Anthropologists will tell you that at one time the ancestors of the
modern Germans, Parsis, Greeks, Romans and Indians were living
under one roof in the Pamir plateau, in Central Asia. There might
be some who may not hold this view and say like Dr. Robert Gordon
Latham, that since the Aryan-speaking races are greater in number
in Europe than in Asia, it was Europe and not Asia that was the
cradle of the Aryans. Some like Cannon Isaac Taylor may assign
the Central or Alpine Europe as the home of the Aryans ; others may,
like Prof. Rendel], take Scandinavia to be the first abode of the
Aryans ; others still may, following Poesche, say that since the
Lithuanic language resembles the Sanskrit very closely it was Lithuania
and no other place that was the cradle of the Aryans. The late Mr.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak assigned the polar regions as the cradle of the
Aryans.1 In any case, whatever may be the place of the first abode
of the Aryans, there is no doubt that at least the Indians and Iranians
lived together in one place as brothers for a long time, because the
Indians and the Iranians were more closely connected by language
and religion than any other families of the Indo-European race, until
a schism, based on religious and economic grounds, separated the
two peoples, the Iranians then settling themselves in Iran and the
Indians descending on the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is an established
fact, as we shall see, that the connection between the Iranians and the
Indians dates from the time when they lived together as one of the
I Mpdi, Anthropological Papers, Part II, pp. 172-173,
178
the iran league quarterly
[April
branches of the Indo-European stock,1 having the same language,
the same religious beliefs, the same ceremonies, the same mythology,
the same manners and the same customs.2
Although certainty is impossible in such a case, scholars have
oome to the conclusion that the fifteenth century B.C. was the period
when the Aryans from the North-West invaded India after their
separation from the Iranians. But Smith brings the period much
nearer and says that somewhere in the middle of the seventh century
B.C. several Aryan races speaking Aryan tongue poured down from
the mountains of Hindukush and settled in the Punjab and the upper
basin of the Ganges.3 But whatever may be the time of the schism
there can be no questioning of the fact that at one time the Iranians
and the Indians had the same language, same religion and same
customs.
Scholars agree that the Ahura of the Avesta is the Asura of the
Vedas—both meaning God4 and derived from Sanskrit Asu (life) and
Zend Ah (to be).5 It was only after the schism that the Vedas, out
of spite, assigned a bad meaning to this word, as the Iranians did
to Deva and took it for a devil. Mr. Hodivala6 has fully demonstrated
that Asura Varuna of the Vedas is the same as the Ahura Mazda of
the Avesta,7 One of the titles of Varuna is Maha (great) which is the
exact equivalent of Maza, the first part of Mazda. In the Rig Veda8
Varuna is called omniscient; so is Ahura Mazda in the Vendidad.0
Varuna is one who cannot be deceived; Ahura Mazda also is called
undeceivable.10 Both Varuna and Ahura Mazda are pardon-givers,
and both have keen eyes to see everything happening everywhere.11 Just
as Varuna is regarded as the Creator of everything, Ahura Mazda
is spoken of as the Creator of all.12 Varuna himself is mentioned
in the Avesta, because of the 101 names of Ahura Mazda we find
that the 44th is called Varuna.
1 The Cambridge History of India, Part I, p. 319.
2 Vide Cook, Origin of Religion, pp. 18, 105 ; Haug, Eaeays, pp. 267-285 ;
Hodivala, Indo-Iranian Religion.
3 Smith, Early History of India, p. 29.
4 Cook, Origin of Religion, pp. 51, 60. 5 Ibid., 51n.
6 Hodivala, Indo-Iranian Religion, pp. 25-4G.
7 Cook, Origin of Religion, pp. 68-63. 8 Rig Veda, 8-42-1.
9 Vendidad XIX, 28.
10 Rig Veda, 1-24-13! Ahura Mazda Yasht, 14 ; Yaana 45-4.
11 Rig Veda, 1-136-6 ; Yasua 51-4.
12 Rig Veda, 1-4-6; Yasna 44-7 ! 50-11.
1933] ancient iran! its contribution to human progress 179
Next to Varuna and Ahura Mazda we see that the similarity
between Mithra and Mitra is also very striking, because both are
regarded as presiding over light and goodness.1
Then we see that the Haoma ceremony of the Parsis is the Soma
ce remony of the Hindus.2 The juice of the Soma plant is ' hari'
(green), so is the juice of the Haoma plant which is 'jairi'. After being
extracted, the Soma juice was passed through a sieve made of sheep
wool. The Iranians did the same thing and the modern Parsis although
they do not use the sieve, they merely make a ring of the hair of a
white bull, and it is used in Yasna ceremony. The plant was ground
and its juice was mixed with milk to mitigate its intoxicating effects,
like water added to liquor, and was supposed by the Hindus to be
a good stimulant. The Haoma Yasht of the Parsis also says that
the Haoma juice made the drinker active and happy.3 Both the
religions believed that the plants grew on mountains only. The juice
was regarded with such reverence that both the Hindus and the
Iranians believed it to give 'sookratoo', an exact Avesta equivalent of
' hookhratoo' (wisdom). The drink was further considered as sweet
by both, because the Hindus called it ' madhoo' while the Iranians
called it ' madho,1 Lastly, the priest who performed the Soma
ceremony was called by the Hindus the Hotar, and the Iranians
called the priest who performed the Haoma ceremony the Zaotar.
The prayers of the Hindus were called Mantras and the prayers
of the Iranians were called Manthras, as we can see from the
Ardibehesht Yasht. Both the Hindus and the Iranians believed that
ceremonies were performed to attain heaven and make angels happy.4
The Zoroastrian Afringan ceremony is the Hindu Aprini ceremony
and both are full of good wishes. The Hindu Stom also stands for
the Avesta Saturn and the Hindu Yaj is the Avesta Baj ceremony.
1 Hodivala, lndo-Iranian Religion, pp. 47-52.
3 Haoma Yt. II-8 ; 1-19.
4 Hodivala, Indo-Iranian Religion, p. 20.
(To be continued.)
2 Ibid; pp. 5-11.
ORIENTAL
GOVERNMENT SECURITY
LIFE ASSURANCE CO., LTD.
Incorporated in India 1874.
Head Office:—BOMBAY.
1932 Results
New Business : 29,982 Policies assuring Rs. 594 Lakhs.
Claims Paid during the Year: 3,816 for Rs. 85 Lakhs.
Funds Increased to Nearly Rs. 12£ Crores.
Policies In Force: 2,07,531 Assuring with Bonuses Nearly Rs. 44 Crores.
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OUR BAGHDAD LETTER
(From Our Correspondent in Baghdad)
Kurdish Learning and the Avesta
It gives me utmost delight to write to you again after an
interval of more than a year. This very regrettable silence on my
part was chiefly due to the abolition of my post at Sulaimanieh—
my native place—which subsequently resulted in my reappointment
in Baghdad, some months ago.
I am now settled here, in Baghdad, and as eager as ever in
my linguistic study in Kurdish in the light of the very valuable
books which you were kind enough to send me a few years ago.
But of late I have found that no much headway could be made
in this direction in the absence of a comprehensive dictionary of
the holy Avestan language, with explanations in English or
modern Persian, of which the Kurdish language is without the
slightest shadow of doubt a developed or altered form. The like-
ness between the mother tongue and its grown-up daughter, the
Kurdish, is great enough to convince the mjst stubborn linguist
that Holy Zoroaster had delivered his divine mission in
Kurdish,—of course the ancient Kurdish.
A Talented Kurdish Linguist
I have the great pleasure of informing you that we have
here a talented Kurdish linguist, Colonel Tawfik Wahbi Beg,
who has been industriously studying the etymology of the Kur-
dish language for the last ten years with an ever-increasing zeal
and enthusiasm. He has a sound knowledge of English, French,
Arabic, Turkish and Persian languages and has particularly
traced many words in the above languages to their pure Kurdo-
Avestan origin. I should add here that great importance is being
attached to such linguistic study and discovery, as these are
expected to throw a bright light upon the pre-Islatnic history of
182
the iran league quarterly
[April
the Kurds who are the direct descendants of the great Medes.
Nearly four years ago he published, after laborious endeav-
our, the first volume of a Kurdish grammar, under the title of
" Dastur-i-Ziman-i-Kurdi" which is first and indeed the most
comprehensive book ever written on this subject. He is a retired
high administrative aud military officer, and is now living in
Baghdad.
M. R. N.
£3 •&« 35/ JSSJ t&j 3 S&i S&i H2J «S2i «&< 'S&i 5&< 3SJ ■SSJ ^
| THE IRAN LEAGUE, |
$ Kamar Bldg., Cowasji Patel Street, $
I FORT, BOMBAY. I
§1 -
gj Literature relating to Persia. jg
$ The following books etc. are available for sale at the office of EP
$ the Iran League to its members at a reduced price:— ^
I Bs- a- I
^ The Gathas, by Aga Pour-e Dawoud with' notes in g
$ English by Mr. D. J. Irani ... cloth bound 3 8 p
$ paper bound 2 8 jg
gj The Yashts, v olume I, by Aga Pour-e Dawoud ... 6 8 ^
a) )> ti » •>.. ••• ^ 9 fe
^ Avestana Javahiro. by Mr. F. K. Dadachan]i, Vol.1... 3 0 f
in , « Vol. II. 3 4 p
gj Pd,rsi3—A People of the Book, by Prof. Re zvi (§
it „ „ paper bound 2 8 &
^ card bound 3 0
f Iran-Iraq Guide (in Gujarati) by Mr. K. A. Fitter ... 1 4
§j Armaghan Nawruz ... ... ... 0 8
| Circle of Perfection (a chart) ... ... ... 0 2 (§
g) Coloured picture of Prophet Zoroaster ... v. 0 4 to
i Biography of the first Parsi Missionary Mr. Ma neck ji L
L. Hataria, by Messrs. G. K. N. and K. A. F. ... 0 6 [
$ Persia and Parsis by Mr. G. K. N. ... ... 1 0 $
$ Persian Pictorial Post cards (24) ... ... 1 8
4 „ Album (by Messrs. Fitter & Chaina) ... 2 4 to
1 Coloured picture of Darius the Great, 4x3" size ... 0 6 L
2 10-Coloured picture of H. I. M. Reza Shah ... 0 8 |
| (Postage extra.) |
ft
OUR AHWAZ LETTER
(FromJDur Correspondent at Ahwaz)
Parsees in Persian Railway Servioe
The Parsee employees have been working O.K. so far.
The panic that was caused amongst us here by a drastic reduction
o£ pay and dismissal of some of us, has now calmed down and
things have been settled to the satisfaction of the majority of us.
None are discharged but the pay of some is subjected to more or
less reduccion. The latter include two only and these intend return-
ing to India shortly. For the amicable settlement thanks are due
to the new Persian Superintendent, Mr. Mirhadi, a kindly gentle-
man. The Persian Government, as well as the American Officers,
have been highly satisfied with the work and the abilities of the
Parsees, specially of Messrs. J. S. Madon, Darabshaw, Baxter and
Feroze S. Madon to each of whom, they have given a certificate
testifying to their ability and expressing their entire satisfaction.
They require really qualified and young Parsee locomotive mecha-
nics on up to 100 tomans and more pay if proved good and
capable hands.
A Good Indian Trader in Ahwaz
I take this opportunity to mention here that in this place
there is one Hindu gentleman, Mr. L. V. Sanghvi, the proprietor
of" Culcutta Stores," who is very generous, kind and most
helpful to the Parsees from India. He has helped, and is always
helping, the Parsees in their difficulties not only with his influence
and advice, but also with money, in many instances. He is a perfect
K. WADIA, DIAMOND MERCHANT,
PH. NO 42483 GRANT ROAD, BOMBAY.
184
the iran league quarterly
[April
gentleman, and any Parsee who has been or gone through this
place will surely testify to and corroborate my statement. He is a
person of very quiet and secluded nature and has been carrying on
business here for the last ten years.
Increasing Usefulness of the South Persian Kailway
The Persian Railway is making a striding progress and the
passenger service has been increased from two to five trains in a
week, besides daily goods traffic. We wish them all success and
have so far tried our best to help them.
The climate is very pleasant.
The contract with the Americans has not been renewed, but
the work of further construction has been assigned to Danish
Engineers. The name of the Chief Engineer is Mr. Blach.
F. S. M.
SAVINGS BANK-
Money saved Wisely in these days brings Happiness
and when spent Unwisely it brings overwhelming Debts,
Worry, TJnhappiness and Distress.
Make therefore a regular saving by opening a
Home Savings Safe Account with the
CENTRAL BANK OF INDIA, LIMITED,
BOMBAY
and earn interest on Daily Balances.
Our Home Savings Safe will teach you and your
family Thrift and Economy.
S. N. POCHKHANAWALA,
Managing Director.
RULES FOR TRAVEL IN PERSIA
The following instructions for the guidance of travellers to Persia
are published. As a good deal of misunderstanding prevails among
them, and thus leads to trouble and discontent, it is necessary that they
study them carefully before planning their journey.
British subjects travelling to Persia are required to take
note that—All travellers must be in possession of valid national
passports, bearing a valid visa for entry into Persia, issued by
a Persian Diplomatic or Consular Officer outside Persia. Per-
sons of dual British and Persian nationality must be in
possession of Persian passports for entry into Persia.
Exchange Control Law and its supplement was abrogated
of 14th February 1932. Travellers need make no declaration
on money brought into the country except in gold or silver.
Export of silver coin is limited to twenty Tomans.
Export of gold in any form is prohibited, and so is export
of silver coin (except to limit mentioned in paragraph c2) or
bar silver. Import of silver, except worked objects, is also
prohibited.
No undertaking to sell exchange will be called for in the
following cases ;—(a) export of traveller's luggage and personal
etfects, (&) articles sent abroad in the form of presents or
samples, provided that the value does not exceed Rials one
thousand, (c) goods leaving Persia in cabotage.
Registbation
All visitors to Persia are required by Law to register with
the Police within eight days of arrival and obtain a permis de
Dr. F. M. MASANI,
Dental Surgeon,
Specialist in best fitting sets of
Artificial Teeth.
Popular Dental Rooms,
71, Kalbadevi Road, and
Princess Street Junction,
BOMBAY,
186
the iran league quarterly
[April
Bejour (residence permit). Their arrival in a Persian town
must be notified to the Police within 48 hours.
A Persian Transit Visa is valid for one month only and
foreign travellers including pilgrims whose stay in Persia
exceeds that period are required to secure a renewal of the visa
by applying to the Persian Police before the expiry of the term
of original visa. Failure to do this renders travellers liable to
be turned back from the frontier and to a fine of from 5 to ISO
Rials at the discretion of the Persian Courts.
It is in the interest of pilgrims visiting the Holy Places
in Persia while en route to Iraq to apply for a transit visa
rather than an ordinary visa, provided their stay in Persia is
not likely to exceed one month. The transit visa will not,
however, be granted by Persian officials unless the applicant
already has a visa for some third country to which he means
to proceed on leaving Persia.
A pilgrim proceeding to Persia, en route to Iraq should,
therefore, first obtain the visa for entry into Iraq and then
apply to the Persian Consular or visa authorities specifically
for a transit visa through Persia.
The perfect English Teacher (500 pages) by Eiuch P. GoItibHp, Frim'tel
Golwalla Classes, contains 25 dialogue?, 60 Esfeyp, 15 LeUcis frcl is en tnic^.p
publication combining English Grammar and Cortfontkn, meful to lie ttu
dents of from the 4th to the 7th Standard. Recommended by Rev. J. McKenzie,
Vice-Chancellor, Bombay University, Shams-ul-ulma Dr. Sir J.J. Mcdy, Eon.
Mr. Justice B. J. Wadia, Dewan Bahadur K. M. Jhaveri, Principal K. B. Murz-
ban and other eminent Scholars and Educationists.
Can be had for Rs. 2/-from all well-known book-sellers and also from tli
author, atGolwalla Classes, Opp. Fire Brigade, Fort, Bombay. V.P.P. As. 6 extra.
Rs. 2/
WILL ENSURE YOUR 6UCCESS IN ENGLISH at the
MATRICULATION EXAMINATION
CULTURAL COOPERATION: FORGING GOLDEN
LINK BETWEEN PERSIA AND INDIA
NAW RUZ AT SHANTINIKETAN
(The Associated Press of India circulated the following news
from Shantiniketan on March 22:—)
Naw Ruz—the Persian New Year—was celebrated yesterday
evening with great enthusiasm in Shantiniketan. The guests of
honour were Prof. Pour-e Davoud, the celebrated Persian
scholar and poet, whose services have been lent to the Visva-
bharati by His Majesty the Shah of Persia; and Mr. Framroze
Bode, the Parsee scholar who has accompanied Prof. Davoud
from Bombay. Dr. Rabindra Nath Tagore himself and all the
members of the staff and students were present. The artists of
Kalabhavana had tastefully decorated the western verandah of
Uttarayana (poet's residence) where the ceremony took place
with ' Alpanas,' earthen lamps, new leaves and flowers. There
were songs, recitations of Persian verses, chanting of hymns
from ' the Avesta' and speeches by the guests and by Dr.
Tagore.
Addbess by Db. Tagobe
" We offer," said Dr. Tagore, " our gladsome greetings to
the auspicious day of ' Naw Ruz ' that
has dawned to-day upon Persia's sky,
and India specially rejoices in the great
fact that the sun of the New Year has
its blessings for a new awakening in
that ancient land of heroes.
"There was a time when this
festival from Persia found its way into
the Imperial "haifem of Delhi! It only
spoke of the orgies of an irresponsible
Dr. Rabindranath Tagore power making the spring breeze drunken
who takes a keen interest in wjtj3 ^e red fume of paSsion.
Iran. *
188
the iran league quarterly
[April
" But let the new year of a new life in Iran bring from now
its voice to us in India of a vigorors manhood, clean and true,
that of a unique reassertion of an indomitable personality and
mingle with our own aspiration its hope of a luminous freedom
from Asia.
" In greeting on this joyous occasion the representatives
of Iran who are now with us in Shantiniketan, we greet the great
people of their land, whose lavish hospitality I enjoyed last year
during my sojourn in their midst immediately after the feast of
Naw Ruz. And I offer my homage of admiration to their
gracious Monarch under whose powerful guidance Iran has
found back the inheritance of her glorious past."
Aga Poub-e Davoud's Speech
" To-day," said Prof. Pour-e Davoud in reply, " is
the 21st of March—the beginning of
Spring. This day is called ' Naw Ruz 7
from very ancient times and up till
now it is celebrated with great pomp in
Persia.
In Zoroastrian religion it is believed
that the Fravashis—the guardian spirits
of the departed,—visit the earth during
this period. For this reason this festival
is called Farvardegan or Farvardin.
Aga Poure Davoud, in order to receive these heavenly
Professor of Iranian Culture . , , . ,
at Shantiniketan. guests the people clean their houses,
burn incense, put flowers and wear new garments. In Zoroas-
trian religion it is said that on seeing this cleanliness and order
these guardian spirits leave this world pleased, and in heavens
beseech Ahuramazda to send prosperity to their dear ones.
" With the Persians this New Year begins with exact astro-
nomical positions. This year the Sun enters the first sign of the
Zodiac at 11 hours, 8 minutes and 42 seconds, in the night of
Persia. Exactly at this moment in the big cities the New Year
is announced with the booming of the guns.
1933]
cultural cooperation
189
"The beginning of spring after an acute winter gives people
natural joy. During these three days Persia is in a flutter and
the houses are thrown open for visits and felicitations. In
anticipation of the 'Naw Ruz' all grow green vegetation from
seeds like wheat, lentil, etc., as signs of abundance for the com-
ing New Year.
" From these Fravashis, who are like the Hindu Pitaras,
I beg that these our great ancestors grant prosperity and plenty
to India and Persia.
" I wish long life and sound health to Gurudeva Dr.
Rabindra Nath Tagore and his whole family and also to you all
friends and colleagues. On this happy New Year of ours I
pray for the speedy recovery of the young girl who is lying so
seriously ill in our Girl Hostel.
" As all our great classic poets have written poems celebrat-
ing this great festival. In deferenoe to that tradition, I will
recite here ten lines which I have specially composed for this
occasion. Our friend Mr. Krishna Kirpalini will give its
English translation in verse. To me it has been a great
joy to invoke the names of great deities like Brahma, Krishna,
Vishnu and Shiva of the Hindu pantheon as also those of the
great historical personages like Buddha and Asoka.
The Song of Spring
To where the plains do flaunt their rich display ;
Where blossoms break the prison of the bud,
Oh there to dive in joyful beauty's flood !
Why languish and droop in these corners mute,
When every bird sings notes on Nature's flute ?
Do ope your eyes like narcissuses now,
And see how hyacinths form looks of love,
And tulips glow like Zarathushtra's flame ;
Your homage to Lord Mazda thus to claim.
The plains, like peacocks, show their splendour,
All thanks to Brahma for creations' wonder :
190
the iran league quarterly
[April
And when the earth is decked like bridegroom now,
Eemember Krishna's land where he made love;
The glories of your Hind will bloom again
When the past revives for the future's gain.
Let love, as Buddha's, give light to your heart,
" And learn the Master's great nirvanic art;
And give communal wars nirvanic peace,
Their cycle of rebirth for ever cease !
Awake ye, and relieve from sorrow's yoke
The land that shone with glories of Asoke:
Let Vishnu grant all meii sustaining breath ;
And of them Shiva claim the patriot's death !"
The function came to a close after Mr. Framroze Bode spoke
suitably, and made Hamazor with all, and blessed a union of
[ran and India through their cultural and spiritual relationship.
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THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE
THE NEED FOR RESTORING ITS PURITY
[If it would be ruining Arabic language to cram it with about
fifty per cent of pure Persian words, it should be nothing less if Persian
speech is crammed with about fifty per cent of pure Arabic words and
expressions. That however is what it really happens to be, and so one
should not be surprised if it is found to have grafted an unnatural
mentality on the Persians. In an early number of the Quarterly we
have discussed the subject: and we are glad, this fact is slowly but
surely dawning on the minds of learned and thinking Persians. "We
have reproduced the original Persian in our Persian columns and
Mr. Jamsheed D. Marker, who happens to be in Karachi at present,
deserves our thanks for having sent us the beautiful Persian of the
learned Aga Kal Ostuwan, alongside his own nice contribution.
The following rendering into English is by Prof. M. A. Mazendy.—
Editob.]
" The Arabic language has been formed and polished by
Persian scholars. Arabic grammars, dictionaries and many
works of that sort have been compiled by the Persians and
presented to Arabic literature."
As described in the Chehra-Noma No. 45, Sir Dennison
Ross, the well-known London professor, made the above
subject the topic of his splendid lecture which he delivered in
Cairo before the Oriental Society of the University of America
in Egypt.
It has been said that the beauty of a people's mother-tongue
would be the proof of their greatness and the literature of their
language would give strength and permanence to the supports
that sustain their life.
. As philology proves, the Persian language is of the same
family with Sanskrit and is also closely related to European
languages with which it can be intermingled without incohe-
rence or dissonance, while Arabio being of the Semitic family
and of a different genus to Persian, it would be as discordant
to associate it with the latter as it would be to engraft a cherry
stalk on a date tree.
From the foundation of the house of the Sasanides down to
the extinction of the Safaviyah dynasty Arabio has been mixed
192
the iran league quarterly
[April
with Persian to such an extent that a great number of Persian
words have been put out of use and have given place to Arabic
words. So also, a good many phrases have taken Arabic forms
to such an extent that Perjian is now considered incomplete
without the help of that foreign tongue.
Some Regent Attempts
There are held three opinous in this matter :—
(1) Some people say that the Persian language has been
so degenerated by the oonceius of such Persian poets as Sa'adi
and others that it cannot be revived now. (2) Others say that
the Persian language can be delivered from useless amalgama-
tion in it of foreign words by continually watering the rose
garden of the great poet Firdawsi, and writing pure Persian as
he did. (3) The third group are of opinion that those who
themselves do not know proper Persian and have been used to
the Arabic style have gambled away their birth-right of
conversing and writing in pure Persian.
Now we see that day by day the number of the men who
tend Firdawsi's garden is ever increasing. Many poets and
prose writers like Nafisi and Naw-Bakht are one after another
busy cultivating and watering this garden.
On the other hand the Young Persian Anjuman has
replaoed the Koofy alphabet by the Latin letters. From
such movements we can foretell that Persia will have a still
brighter and more prosperous future under His Imperial
Majesty Reza Shah Pehlevi, the Shah of Persia.
Some of the pure Persian writings of Mr. Nafisi we have
seen in print formerly. The sweetness, the pleasing style and
the eloquence of these writings which enchant readers and
hearers alike, are sufficient to prove the truth of our assertion.
Then again, we have here, before us, the Pehlevi-Nama,
which has been lately compiled and published by Naw-
Bakht, a young Persian poet. Being a noteworthy work,
it iB one's bounden duty to recommend it to the Parsis and to
other admirers of the pure Persian tongue that they may buy
it, see it and show it to their friends.
A LITERARY TABLEAU: THE LION AND THE SUN.
H. E. Aga Kai Ostovan
In the library of one of the lovers of pure Persian in
Bombay, there is a copy of an article in pure Persian by Aga
Kai Ostcvan, the present Consul of His Imperial Persian
Majesty at Karachi, which was contributed to a journal nine
years ago. The prophecy of the writer about the advent of
Iran's illustrious son, and about the passing away of the dark
night of Persia, and the rise of the lion of that country, is
so remarkable that it may well be reproduced in the Quarterly
of the Iran League. The article in the " Maihen"* of
Teheran is as follows:—
" Softly and gently, and slowly and tenderly the breeze of
Ard-i-Behesht was blowing from the summit of that high snow-
clad mountain, bending the top-boughs of the poplar, plane and
fir trees of Tabriz and producing a melodious tune from
their trembling leaves, blending pleasantly with the murmur of
the stream passing through the valley and flanking the right
skirt of the mountain.
" That sweet breeze was blowing the fragrance of the rose,
the narcissus, the hyacinth and the violet on to me. Stretches
of dark clouds were passing across the profile of the moon,
and over my head the northern star gently twinkled as it was
going to bid me adieu.
" A meandering branch of the pearl-scattering water of
the valley was adding to the breadth of the stream on my
left and gliding across the garden fields of the perennial
green. Having got up I climbed up the mountain underneath
the spreading apricot and almond trees and through the fairy
flower-garden, of which the rose branches were clutohing in
crowds at my skirt and pulling me towards them. My progress
scared the nightingales and disturbed their happiness: so with
a loud lamentation they left the beds of their beloved flowers
and flew past my ears and above my head in a great flutter,
* Serial No. 233, No. 67 of the 5th year of publication: lat Qhaua 1302—printed
is Teheran.
194
the iran league quarterly
[April
and chirping and twittering fell into the arms of their far and
near loving ones.
" Having ascended two hundred and fifty paces I laid
myself down near the waterfall at the edge of the preoipice,
upon the silky green of the lawns, and leaning on my right
hand I sank in the verdure. From here I could observe
the top of the same snow-clad mountain, while dimly
burning lamps of the city were visible from the other end
of the mountain skirt, and the cocks by their crowings
were announcing the joyful tiding of the approach of the morn.
The remote stars were disappearing and the sky, in order to
receive the sun, was clearing and preparing every place.
The dark blue colour of the star-studded vault was about to
change into the plain watery white.
" The clamours of the enamoured nightingales, the rippling
of water mingled with the tuneful note of the morning breeze
playing on the tender leaves of the trees, together with the
melodious songs of the starlings, formed quite a band of music.
" I was lying intoxicated with the feeling of pleasant spring
time of the Persian world, when my eyes perceived a dark patch
on the lower part of the snow-covered summit.
" The day dawned, and I got up and offered my prayers to
Almighty God and then sat down.
" The rays of the sun threw a splash of blood red upon that
snow, but little by little the colour fainted, turned bright, then
yellow and deep yellow. In order to kiss a flower, a nightingale
in my neighbourhood plunged his lips into its mouth in such
a way that his face became web and a small diamond grain
was seen settled on his beak.
" The disc of the sun peeped out from behind that mountain
and that dark spot which was attracting my gaze began to
move; so, having risen, I found it to be a lion with yellow mane
and a dark tail, which ascending the mountain stopped, on the^
summit'Under'the sun and turning to the left was looking'
towards the city. From above the waist and mane of the
lion the sun was darting his rays in all directions and the lion
stretched out his right paw to pick up something. Reminded
1933]
A LITERARY TABLEAU
195
of the national emblem of my country by this sight, I suddenly
heard the voice ' God is Great' and saw the war-like Guardian
of Persia rise from the flank of the mountain and hoist the
green white and red flag of the Lion and the Sun on the top of
the Gate of Liberation and Uplift in the City of Teheran, and
the people, small and great, men and women, at once aud in
one place, got up to offer their homage and thanks to him.
" The martial band played this tune ' Persian has revived—
Long live our Home '. Group after group, dressed in new
apparel were exchanging congratulations.
Peesad
(Nom-de-plume of Aga Kai Ostovan)".
ENDEAVOUR TO PURIFY THE PERSIAN TONGUE
We have heard that during the last three years the
members of the Literary Society of Teheran, especially its head,
Aga Afsar, have compiled some highly interesting works in
prose; and it is also said that, as a memorial of these golden
days of H. I. M. the Pahlavi Shah, preliminary steps have been
taken in Teheran to establish an Academy for collecting pure
Persian words out of various dictionaries, and also to invent
new ones.
From the samples of the embellished writings of the past
and this writing above, the passion for purification which-
exists in the mind of all people, including learned, wise
and experienced folk, young and old, it can be said that
under the protecting and encouraging shelter of His Imperial
Majesty, the Pahlavi Sovereign, Iran is going to attain glory
in every direction, in each matter and in all affairs.
Translator's Note :
To write a language, especially Persian, in its purest form without
losing its literary merit, is next to impossible; and yet it may be said
that this beautiful matter which has been contributed by His
Excellency Aga Kai Ostovan, is as excellent and praiseworthy as hia
other accomplishments are.
M. A. Mazendy.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF ADVERTISING.
Advertisers entering into contracts with the " Iran League
Quarterly" Committee do so only on the following terms and
conditions which they have read and agreed to:—
1. The contracting party undertakes to use up the space
contracted for -within tha stipulated period, or in the
event of failure to do so, agrees to pay for the space
not so used up.
2. Payments to be made in advance.
3. The Iran League Quarterly Committee reserve to them-
selves the right to refuse or suspend the publication
of any advertisement without assigning reasons for
doing so.
The following are the rates of advertisement in English and
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Apply :—The Secretary,
The Iran League,
Kamar Bldg., Cowasji Patel Street,
Fort—BOMBAY.
THE
IRAN LEAGUE
EST. 1 922.
tv
5?J oU
Aims and Objects.
To renew aud continue the connection between the old land of Irau and
Hind ; to continue and encourage fraternal sentiment towards and interest and
enthusiasm in the cause of Persia ; to confederate the Znroastrian population in
Pereia with a view to increase, to ameliorate their condition and to strive for
their uplift ; to make researches with reference to their religion and ancient
Parsi history; to stimulate commercial relations with Pereia; to encourage
Parsis to visit the old land, as businessmen or as travellers, for change of
climate and health : to obtain and spread among Parsis and others, by means of
literature, authentic information regarding the state of affairs in Persia ; to
secure the sympathy of the Imperial Persian Government and the Persian
subjects towards the cause of Parsis in relation to Persia.
President :
Sir Hormusji C. Adenvalg., Kt., m.v.o., o.b.e.
Vice-Presidents :
D. J. Irani, Esq.. b.a., ll.b.
F. K. Dadachanji, Esq., b.a., ll.b.
The Hon. Mr. H. M. Melita.
| Solicitors.
Patrons:
Sir Hormusji C. Adenvala, j Pirojshaw R. Vakharia, Esq-
Kt., m.v.o., o.b.e. Ruttonji P. Ginvala, Esq.
The Hon. Mr. H. M. Melita.
Khan Bahadur R. Pestonji.
Mrs. Dhunmai F. Arjani.
Peshotanji D. Marker, Esq.
S. R. Bomonji, Esq.
Hon, Patron:
H. H. Sir S. M. S. Aga Khan, g.c.i.e., g.c.s.i., g.c-v.o., k.c.i.e., &c.
Secretary: Hon. Auditor:
Kaikhosro A. Fitter, Esq. ' Capt. Sohrab R. Bamji.
Hon. Treasurer: Editor of the Quarterly:
Phiroze S. Guzder, Esq. Sohrab J. Bulsara, Esq., m.a.
Office : Kamar Bldg., Cowasji Patel Street, Fort, Bombay.
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Edited by Sohrab Jamshedji Bulsara, M.A., published by Kaikhoshro Ardeshir Fitter,
Secretary, the Iran League, at Kair.ar Bldg., Cowasji Patel St., Fort, Bombay, and
printed by Hosang T. Anklesaria, at the Fort Printing Press, 1, Parsi Bazar St.,
Fort, Bombay.
|
|
PAGE 1
" Lo-'"' Vol. Ill ~he . iitttn tet1,gue &uati't •..._/ ... ') OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE IRAN LEAGUE, BOMBAY APRIL 1933 No. 3 \ ----------------------'----------------, , . . j The Editor's Notes The Rich Fields in Persfa .The Life Eternal CONTENTS A Calf to All Aryans to UnitG. in Zarathushtra. ... Nationalism in Persia ... ... . .. PAGE Advancement of Persia tinder H. I1 M. Reza Shah Pahlavi 131 143 151 157 160 166 iJ.67 16$l 171 181 183 185 "' Pahlavi Nama" or" Shah-Nama-e-Naw-Bakht 1 ' ... Dr. Rabindranath Tagore's Birthday in Persia Ancient Iran : Its Contribution to Human Progress . .". Our Baghdaid Letter Our Ah ,va.z Letter Rules for Travel in Petsja j,, Cultural Co-operation: Forging G , olden Link btween Persia and India ... The Pe!I'sian Language . . . . .. A Literary Tableau: The Lion and the Bun ~J) r r ,.., "'\ t 0 i 'V . t' 0 \ 187 HJ!l 1{)3 ji .i:,1 _.,~ I 2, \: ... \ .0 ( ./.'I r., ~' ..J~ .... L 0 r ./. 4 ~l:S~ JAI 01: ... )\! J '.) } u!.'!"" J)~ .,-~, JJ ).\.r.: '-5 ... )~ ul:J ANNUAL .SUBSCI'.IPTION: I nAN Krs. -50 : F GREI:GN sh. '9 : INDIA R.s. 6 I t t ! ( J J
PAGE 2
HOMEWARD , Spring Season 1934 .. ," . . . . \ \ '-. Book Early--Avoid Disappo~ntlfnent f CH-Eftp ~ToORlSTCLA ss:~PASSAGES ---. -----.. ... -._-------------:::-:_----= ------:::::..---=----BY ---------------------I:.UXURl0t:JS t-lNERS-~--' ' ) "'I ' . \. ..... .._ -. / ... :~u Di sc9.1:mts an
PAGE 3
/ [ fra:n..Lrngue ~:.J..(jJJ y ;J .>.;I •).J".,;; i.::l~l:. ~Jl..;~J.~ J i.:,1::1..,:l 0~J.i! jl J:' JJ -i:,l.1.,I
PAGE 4
Despite1 their small numberr;;z, the Par;is ot India. have taken to martial occupation whenever the chance bas arisen for doing so ; yet fftw ParezJs have e _ntered the ranks of re gular service iri the Eru pire at present. It is therefore pleas. , ing-to find a manly Parsi youtb,-=Lt, N, A Bira-Mehta chosen to join H. E. H. The Nizam's Cavahy Forces. •JI .... ii I; lS'~,.sl•,;lS'; Jwl.:. !)~:. .:,\: ... ., wl:"")\~ ~'>Ji).) •JJ~lw~~IJl1.5.5"J., 0..1:.;lS'.)J..:-,J '-"'-':':"~ • I_ w I ~) ~; J ')I' w I J~ w .,1.~ J J; L.J~ I .)I ..l; J~ ... ...\~.); J!f' c.:;~ t .>.~ f ..,:.1 ill:zi •;\y• wJ!.i t: -:'"~t '>\f' 1;• .:..-1 ...l~J, ., .,.;.,J J-.,;. ;~-~ J:~ T; ~:"" dJ11 i11;.; f
PAGE 5
THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY Vol. III] APRIL 1933 [ No. 3 THE EDITOR'S NOTES LONG LIVE THE SHAH I In behalf of the Parsis of India, the following telegram congratufotions ti was sent by the Iran League to H. I. M. Reza H . 1 • M. Shah Pablavi on his birthday which fell on 15th May:-'' Foreign Minister Foroughi rreheran. Please convey hearty congratulations of Parsis of India to His Imperial Majesty Reza Shah on His Imperial Majesty's auspicious birthday, and cordial greetings and best wishes for highest pro3perity and peaceful progress of Persia on happy Navroze. IRAN LEAGUE." We cordially subscribe to these felicitations for His Imperial Majesty, and pray that the great work which 1s inaugurated for the uplift of Iran, may go on for ever.
PAGE 6
132 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April ''* 11 ae11m• ' RECENT p ARSI LOSSES The Parsi Community had the misfortune of losing within the shod space of some recent weeks a few of her most illustri ous sons. Dr. Sir Jivanji Jamshedji Modi, Sir Dinshah Manekji Petit, Baronet, Seth Sorabji Edulji Warden, Mr. G. K. Nariman, and Mr. Pirozeshah Jehangir Marzban passed away one after another in such rapid succession that the Community had not the time to mourn and recover from each loss before another came. Neither the Parsi Community nor the Bombay public will forget soon the multifarious and beneficent activities of Shams ul-Ulama Dr: Sir Jivanji Modi. Born within the holy precincts of a. Zarathushtrian fane he inherited a religiousness and piety rarely found in individuals of the present age. Univer sal goodwill and helpfulness, love of peace and pacification, and of learning and public service rendered him loved and esteemed by everyone who came in bis personal touch. Not withstanding the unremitting hard work of his office of Secre taryship to the Bombay Parsi Punchayet Trust, there flowed from his learned and capacious mind a constant stream of sermons, addresses and writings. India has produced few such prolific and useful writers as Sir Jivanji Modi. Little wonder therefore that he acquired a world-wide reputation for his great erudition and was honoured equally at home and abroad. He had travelled far and wide, and to the last day possessed that phenomenal and wonderful activity which was the marvel and envy of many a youthful person. The Community will long mourn the loss of this really useful and good man. Sir Dinshah Manekji Petit, the Second Baronet, was one of the richest men in India; and yet be passed all his life in varied and useful activity. He bad a thoughtful and determined nature and never :flinched from what be believed to be his proper
PAGE 7
1933] THE EDIFon's NOTES 133 duty in any private or public matter. Ever since his election as a trustee of the Parsi Punchayet Funds and Properties he became more intimately concerned with the affairs of the Community, in which he took reasonable interest. He faithfully administered the numerous charities founded by the First Bir Dinshah and his brother Seth Nusserwanji, though his own charities were not commensurate with his great wealth. He however believed in works of practical helpfulness, and it is most unfortunate that he rnddenly passed away just when he was projecting some. We believe he leaves behind. him a worthy successor, and hope he will shine brighter in the honoured position in the Community to which Providence has called him. * * * Mr. Sorabji Warden was an esteemed me1Uber of the Community in whom he i:Llways evinced the most sincere interest. He was intimately connected with some Parsi Institutions and Associations working for the communal benefit. In all of these he gave his proper share of active co-operation. He had a clear mind and a very symp:1,thetic dispo3ition, which will be long missed in all circles in which he so constantly figured. * * * Mr. G. K. Nariman was quite intimately known to the readers of the Quarterly which he had ably edited when it-was published in the form of a monthly bulletin. His journalistic career was more wide and varied than of an ordinary writer, and his contributions were always read with general interest. Unfortunately, a difference arose between him and the Iran League, which drove him into a bitterness and unreasonable attacks on religion and other matters, which hurt a section of the Community quite deeply. 'rhis is most to be regretted, because if he had not diverted his pen from the original motives which had guided it before, he would have been secure in the respect and affection of the Community. We however
PAGE 8
134 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY (April would rather look back with appreciation at what be did before for the honour and edification of the Community. * * No individual exercised such influence on the Parsi Community as the Editor of the J am-e-J amshed did, for the Jame has yet remained decidedly a Parsi paper. And during all the long time that Mr. Pirozeshah J. Marzban was its Editor, he generally exercised that influence with such judiciousness and sensibility, that people were disposed to overlook any flaws that might have appeared in the tone and policy of the paper sometimes. What was most creditable in Mr. Pirozeshah Marzban's career as an Editor, was his having spared enough energy for public service. This was not con fined to an assertive share in the deliberations of the City Corporation or of the Legislative Council, but also appeared in all public and communal movements .and in a section of charity which the Jame has made entirely its own. May those whom he leaves behind carry on the good work be had nourished and keep his memory respected and fresh! IRAN SETTLEMENT OF AN0LoPEns1AN OrL DISPUTE Every one has read with a sense of relief and satisfaction the happy news of the settlement of the Anglo-Sir J. Cadman in O'l D W l Telierao Persian 1 ispute. e had seen ast time that it was intended that Sir John Cadman, the Chairman of the Company, would proceed to Teheran to see a way out for a settlement by personal touch with the K. WAD I A, PH,NO 42483 DIAMOND MERCHANT. GRANT ROAD, BOMBAY,
PAGE 9
1933] THE EDITOR1S NOTES 135 Persian Government. He did so, and negotiations started on April 18th. Within the short space of about ten days a settlement was reached, mainly owing to the Shah assuming a most reasonable and generous attitude. The Company will now be paying the Persian Govern The Settlement ment a royalty of four gold shillings per ton of oil extracted and one-fifth share in net profits. The Company also agrees to extract sufficient oil annually to bring up the minimum of royalty figure to a million pounds. It is also agreed that the Company will pay two million pounds plus tax in consideration of Persia's outstanding claims. The Company will relinquish about half of the ground assigned it formerly for operations. The Company will not have the right to instal pipe-lines exclusively. And the new concession will run for 60 years after which the whole concern will lapse to the State. Apparently the terms agreed to need not be the only consideration, for, there should not be over Other Benefits to the country looked the great benefit the country is de riving from the Company by way of employment of a great many Persian nationals on their varied works, besides the good they have been doing by the construction of roads and bridges and opening of ordinary and technical schools, hospitals, etc. Let us hope this settlement opens a new era of mutual benefit to Persia and the Company. Sir John Cadman is a member of the Prime Minister's Sir J. Cadman Economic Advisory Council, and a Director of the Suez Canal Company and of the Great Western Railway. He was recently awarded the Gold Medal of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy in recognition of his work in the advancement of technical education and the deve lopment of the mineral industries. This was the highest distinction the Institute could offer, and we have little doubt tha.t the happy termination of the negotiations with the Persian
PAGE 10
136 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY tApril Government was m a great mea'3ure due to his able conduct of these. * * * Amir Husein Khan Khozeilgha Alam, the eldest son of Amir Hassan-udDaul a, the Governor of Agrieulture in Kain in Persia, has been touring India at Persia present. He went through a course in agricul-ture at the Royal Agricultural College in England, and his object in coming here is to study the agricultural conditions in this country. We had recently quoted a far-seeing writer suggesting a definite course of developing agriculture in Rain and Water p I f bl t f h Supply ers1a, n respect o a cons1dera e par o t e Iranian plateau the principal difficulty in the way of agricultural progress is dearth of proper amount of rainfall and of water-supply. The Iraq Government have already been planning and working great schemes for canal irrigation. That country has, in that respect, the advantage of having two large rivers rolling huge volumes of the precious fluid down some of the richest soils of the world. Iran has not all this advantage, b:it from time3 immemo rial Iran has been deft in the use of underground The Kareezes, irrigation maintained throu0crh la.r0sa tra,cb s of etc. soil, and the Government can do n Jthing better than encouraging, in the firat instance, the working of such Kareezes. Afforestation, and encroachments ou desert soils by the planting of congenial growths, from the edge inwards, would be achieved by steady and pal;ie,1t endeavour, and would not only narrow down the dry zones but would promote more moisture in the dry atmosphere. It is extremely desirable that the Persian Government prtid more attention to agricultural advancement than it has been doing up to now. * * *
PAGE 11
1933] THE EDITOR'S NOTES 137 The Air Mail to Persia had been suspended owing to the di version of the Imperial Airways from over Air Mails to th p t t Th h h b Persia e ersian err1 ory. ey ave owever een resumed since March 1st last, owing to arrange ments having been completed with Dutch and French Air Mail Services. They will land at Bus hire and at J ask. Only un insured articles can be so conveyed from and to India. Articles to be conveyed by the Dutch planes should reach Karachi early in the morning on 'ruesdays, and those that are to be conveyed by the French planes should reach that place early in the morning on Wednesdays. The Persian Government are to be congratulated on having brought about these arrangements so soon. * * * In our last number we had given an account of the opening ceremony of Piroze Behram Middle School Study of Ancient in Teheran. The founder Mr. Behram BhicaJi lranian Culture has handed over to the Irani Zoroastrian Anjuman of Bombay the sum of Rs. 10000 for the purpose of utilising its income in giving gold and silver medals to pupils showing proficiency in the subject of Ancient Iranian Culture. A people's past., especially when it is glorious and exemplary, is the most inspiring agent for impelling them to efforts for simi lar endeavour worthy of such past. One is pleased to see that the whole Persian nation is looking back to its past with pride and inspiration, and Mr. Behram Bhicaji deserves to be con gratulated for helping them in the object in so practical a way. * * * Mr. Saif Azad, the well-known Persian journalist, has re-started bis useful career by launching into a Na!l!a i Irani l BastAn new journa istic venture. We have received the excellent opening numbers of his " Nam i Iran i Baistan" and find them all very decent and interesting. 'fhe journal aims at supporting the policy of the Persian Government to raise Iran to the glory of its ancient past, and ait encouraging fraternal relations between the Fersians
PAGE 12
138 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April and the Parsis of India, and at stimulating commercial and industrial enterprise of ihe Panis in Fersia. The journal became so popular at tbe ve1y outset that the first edition was sold out within four or five hours necessitating a new issue immediately. Those of our readers who are inte rested in the Persian language will benefit themselves im mensely by subscribing for the journal, and making it a habit to read its interesting and inspiring matter regularly. * * * On the occasion of the last auspicious Navruz Seth Pes tonji D. Marker gave all members of the League An Interesting Portrait of the the handsome gift of a beautiful multicolour Shah portrait of H. I. M. Reza Shah the original of which had been painted by Mr. Pithawala and presented to H. I. M. by a special Parsi delegation sometime back. It is a very nice work and will be a striking addition to any home or office decoration. * * * Learned Parsis of o rmer generations were well-versed in Persian, and a great many of them had been Prof.N.D.Mino t d t h h 1 d 11 cheher-Homji es eeme eac ers m sc oo s an co eges. rrhat learned circle has been constantly narrowing down owing to circumstances and the disregard of the authorities to Parsi claims in the matter. One of the last to retire from their ranks is Prof. Nadirshah D. Minocheher Homji who has behind him a long and useful record of service in the professorial line. Among the colleges he served latterly were the Deccan, Elphinstone and Ismail colleges, and he retired from the last at the end of March loaded with encomiums from his pupils, his colleagues and his superiors. Few Parsis have so masterful a command over the Persian language, and we hope the community will not allow his great talent to go unrecognised or unrewarded. * * *
PAGE 13
1933] THE EDITOR'S NOTES PERSIA1S NEIGHBOURS RussIA 139 Persian merchants are highly incensed against Russia owing to her infringements of the Persian-Soviet Boycott of Soviet Goods Treaty. They allege that Russia is buying only 50 per cent of the value of goods she sells to Persia. Boycott of Soviet goods is everywhere declared; and the m ercbants have petitioned the Shah to insist on a new and clear agreement with the Soviet, for, else, they threaten, they would break off all trade relations with Russia. A very delicate position arose between Russia and Britain owing to the former having put under arrest Britain and Russia some officers of the Metropolitan Vickers Company that bad been working in Russia as representatives of that body. The serious charge of sabotage was brought against them. After a short trial three of the accused were deported, one discharged and two were given two and three years' imprisonment each. This affair ca,used great offence to Britain who thought the whole thing was got up with the double purpose of annoying Britain and diverting the minds of the Russian people to something unusual and exciting, from the great wave of disaffection with which the Russian people are seething. Retaliatory measures are announced by both the countries which will harm mutual trade. We think normal conditions will return as soon as feelings are calmed down a little. A huge project for linking up the Caspian and Black Seas through the Sea of Airnv, was lately contemBea g:~~ian-Black plated. The canal would be about 400 miles long. The intervening lakes and rivers of the Manych Basin would greatly facilitate the work. The canal would cost abou~ 400 million roubles, which might be wellspent if the whole thing were really feasible. The principal
PAGE 14
140 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April difficulty would arise out 0 the great difference in the levels 0 the two seas, for this would render both the construction and maintenance 0 the necessary locks and pumping stations extremely costly. Relations between Rnssia and Japan are not at all satisfactory owing to the Japanese operations in Russo-Japanese th F E t d t l S . . Tension e ar as , an he natura oviet anxiety at the progress 0 that aggressive power towards its far eastern borders. Russia has also some direct interest in the Chinese Eastern Railway and Japanese officials in North Manchuria have been planning to oust the Soviet side from the administration and to seize the railway, against which the Soviet has officially objected. Ja pan is not going to be thwarted in her plans, unless somebody is going to stop her. As words are not going to be heard, action must follow some day with far and wide repercussions. Even if Russia is not going to start the struggle, she is bound to be prepared as she really is reported to be . • * !RAQ The Intern ational Board 0 the Mosul Oil Fields 1s now formed or taking over the shares of the British The Mosul Oil Fields Oil Development Co. The territory covered by the license comprises 46000 square miles, and includes some already successful fields. Reducing all these to single control promises more profitable working. The Iraq Petroleum Company's pipe line to the Mediter ranean is being steadily pushed on, though the Iraq Petroleum lava country east of Mafrac is going to present Company some difficulty in the way of operations. The new Airport at Baghdad has been opened recently on its eastern fringe and within the angle formed New Airport by the roads leading to Mosul and Damascus. Large waiting and retiring rooms and a restaurant adjoin the
PAGE 15
1933] . . THE EDITOR S NOTES i41 offices. These last include passenger service offices for passports, police, customs and posts and telegrams. * * INDIA The Third Round Table Conference having been conclud ed, a White Paper was issued on the projeoted The White Paper reforms. The Federal Government in India will be brought about by a federation between members elected by 36,000,000 democratic voters and members nominated by the autocratic governments of the Indian Princes. This federation is to be brought about only when states represent ing half the Indian states population join in, and only when a Reserve Bank has been set up and successfully working. These and other reservations h!Lve evoked a universal condemnation of the White Paper. But a Joint Iudiau Opiniou Select Committee has been formed and is presently meeting in London for considering and formulating the final forms of government. People foresee that these are not going to satisfy a large number of Indian leaders. Practical heads however are recommending co-operation in what ever is granted and striving for further ga.ins by constitutional means and steady and united effort. The Depressed Classes problem too, on the other hand, is not properly solved and Mr. Gandhi is threatene!'i,~~bsl:~ Classing us with a new fast for speedily achieving his aims in the matter. We are afraid this is not going to bring us nearer the happy end. * * * THE PARBIB We have already noted the losses which have dismayed New Hopes the Parsi Community. Matters have not been specially improving for the Community in any way~ nor does there appear any comprehensive project for
PAGE 16
142 TBE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [Aprii; helping them. Our hopes are however aroused by a state ment by Sir Sha,poorji Billirnoria at the time of his election as Trustee of the PcLrf;i Punchayet Funds and Properties. It is his intention, he said, to place before his co-Trustees a scheme he has long baen maturing for the benefit of the Parsi Community. Every Parsi prays that the great Parsi charities unite and think out the lines along which the future of the Community should be guided. On the auspicious day of the last Jarnshidi Nawroz Seth Merwanji Cama, the well-wisher and patron of all A New Temple Athravans, fittingly laid the found,Ltion-stone of a new temple in Bombay. It is in tended that the holy rituals of the Maz'.dean Church should be performed in it so as to con form to the appear,111ce 0 the seasonal bounties and glories of the Universe for the celebration of whose advent they were originally intended, as well as for offering up our grateful obeisance to the Divine Father and for sending pious and loving thoughts to our dear departed ones. We believe this is going to be a common fane for all Zarathushtrians, and will not be allowed to be made a. fetich for forming a new sect, for, it would be impious to shake the solidarity of the Holy Church of Zarathushtra by any means.
PAGE 17
RICH FIELDS IN PER SIA PBIROZ D. SAKLATVALA (Continued from p. 80, January, 1933.) INDUSTRIES 01L :-The Anglo-Persian Oil Co. under a 60 year lease, since 1901 has developed territory in the South-west around Masjid-e Suliman and has product,ion exceeding 4,000,000 gal lons per day. The wells are from. 1000 to 5000 ft. deep. Oil is conveyed through pipe lines a distance of about 135 miles to the refinery. The Imperial Persian Govarnment has received-up-to-date, as its share of 16%, over ,000,000. Five Provinces in the North of Persia are not included in this lease, and are available to the Imperial Persian Govern ment for development. MINERALS :-Governm.eut has done research work all over the country and has made several laboratory tests under corn patent metallurgists trained in Germany. They have also prepared geological maps, locating such minerals, and samples and analyses of their findings are available. These include coal, copper, load, iron, zinc, manganese, nickel, cobalt, gold silver, tungstun, and chromium. Mines also have been found to contain alum, asphalt, asbestos, orpiment, and turquois. Quarries have produced rook salt, lime, gypsum, alabaster, and soap stone. AaRIOULTURAL PBonuors :-Wheat, barley, peas, beans, lentils, maize, millet, and rice are produced in great quantities. R10E is deserving of special mention as undoubtedly it is the best rice in the world ; thin and long grain, and void of starch, when properly prepared and cooked. To rice procurable here it can be compared as shad roe is to oaviar.
PAGE 18
i44 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April FRUITS :-Quinces, apricots, peaches, plums, figs, grapes, pomegranates and melons are plentiful, and excepting last two are dried for export. ToBAcco AND OPIUM :-Government monopoly and are culti vated extensively. Persian Tobacco is already famous and the large industry is constantly developing. Much of this product is exported and in recent years the Government has given more attention to extending the trade, and to the develoment of the vast tobacco plantations. FISHERIES :-Caspian Sea fishery is operated on profit sharing basis with Russia. Caviar exported by the Russians, is so well known, all over the world, that it doe3 not require any mention, excepting that it is not generally known as obtainable from Persian waters . . ANIMAL PRonucrs:-Wool; lamb and other animal skins, and hides are available in large quantities. Sheep entrails, casings, are exported in large quantities. SILK :-Owing to very suitable climate, cultivation of mulberry trees is very productive and cocoons of e .. cellent quality are raised. MANUFACTURING :-Very few establishments, known here as factories, are in existence in Peraia. Chief article of nrnnufac ture is rugs, all woven by hand and mostly in s:nall e.,tablish ments. Rugs of exquisite quality and craftsmanship have been made in Persia for centuries past and all principal mu ;eums of the world carry many an example of this art. Unfortunately for the past few years export demand has been for cheaper grades of rugs which has encouraged, if not enforced, manufacturing of poor quality commercial rugs, dyed with chemicals and hardly of Persian design. The Imperial Persian Government is very much opposed to this change and has taken all possible steps to discour-
PAGE 19
1933] RICH FIELDS IN PERSIA 145 age such practices. 'Ihe Government has also started educa tional schools for rug weaving, to teach weavers how to select good wool, how to mix and use pure vegetable dyes and also to inspire them with original Persian designs. Bazaars of Persia are full of band embroideries; band wrought silver and brass wares ; lacquered papier-macbe goods and cotton prints ; as well as hand illumined pictures (mini atures) and hand written scrolls; but very little of modern Persian art ware is known here. PEARLS :-Best quality pearls have been obtained from the Persian Gulf. Small pearls are used in embroideries and even in carpet weaving for Royal use. REVENUES :-Receipts of the Imperial Persian Government are constantly increasing with expenditure always below receipts. Persian Year Year Receipts in Krans 1304 1925-26 247,675,940 1305 1926-27 256,471,940 1306 1927-28 258,025,800 1307 1928-29 276,857,297 1308 1929-30 311,124,040 Dividends received from Anglo-Persian Oil Co. are allowed to be accumulated in London as a basis of issuing Pablavi coins against such deposits. At present, such has accumulated to ,000,000 Sterling. Revenue from tea and sugar monopoly is segregated and is used towards construction of railroad from North to South. Including 1931, such sugar and tea monopoly revenue amounted to 475,742,923 Ryals (Krans) and out of this 255,163,351 Ryals have been spent towards completion of about 350 miles of railroad. BunGET :-Approved Budget for: 1311 1932-1933 Receipts: 421,4CO,OOO Ryals and ,000 Expenditures: 421,399,870 Ryals and ,176
PAGE 20
146 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April EXPORTS AND IMPORTS IN KRANS :-Year Imports Exports Excess 1926-27 787,396,720 1,104,115,298 316,718,578 1927-28 807,433,373 1,060,411,054 252,977,681 1928-29 819,865,455 1,517,601,192 697,735,737 1929-30 919,853,685 1,574,837,712 654,984,027 1930-31 180,528,742 1,463,819,961 653,291,219 Of 1930-31 Imports 200,838,363 was undutiable. ,, ,, ,, 609,690,379 was dutiable. Of 1930-31 Exports oil amounted to 1,004,974,800. ,, ,, ,, other merchandise 458,845,161. As oil money is allowed to be accumulated in London, for basis of Pahlavi gold coins issuance, the Government feels the necessity of controlling balance of trade and is encouraging a system of barter. During 1930-31 total imports amounted to 810,528,742 Ryals of which only 25,091,555 was from the U.S.A., and of total exports of 1,463,819,961 Ryals, there was only 66,261,561 to the U.S.A. Principal items of 1980-31 Imports and Exports in which U.S.A. had not participated at all are :-(in Ryals) Merchandise Imports Exports Cotton goods 142,820,000 Sugar 104,917,000 Machinery & parts 88,078,000 E,ice 31,252,040 Wool 23,264,000 Arms & Munitions 21,503,000 Iron, bars, plates & structural iron 20,323,000 Cotton thread 19,109,000 Woolens 11,775,000 Cotton & Rayon goods 8,367,0CO Cotton & Wool goods 8,064,000 Nautical supplies 5,840,000 Cement 5,667,000
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1983] RIOH FIELDS IN PERSIA 147 Merchandise Imports Exports Galoshes 5,556,000 Galvanised iron 4,718,000 Glassware 4,670,000 Hides 4,309,000 Lamb & pony skins 4,107,000 Metal ingots & sheets 8,449,000 Matches 3,105,000 Mining implements 2,501,000 Tobacco 2,220,000 Copper & nickel bars 1,067,000 Artificial silk 1,066,000 DEBTS :-Both internal and external debts are so in signi ficant as to really require no mention. SUMMARY The economic situation of Persia, though limited to small figures, is really unique and ideal, for examination of details show that the Government budget consistently shows a surplus. Trade balance is uniformly in favour of Persia and, it is almost the only country of its size that is free from burden of debts. This envious position of Persia, ought to attract American capitalists, and industrialists to this practically virgin field, without any fear of financial risks, and with chance of hand some reward. Persia does not need credit for commercial and industrial development, but requires foreign co-operation as regards expe rience and capital, both of which can be very easily supplied by the Americans to mutual advantage. SUGGESTIONS The following may serve as a few suggestions in which American ta,ltmt and capital could be advantageously employed:
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148 THE IBAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April OIL DEVELOPMENT :-Northern five Provinces are available to the Persian Government and ure geologised by American experts. HtnRoELECTRIC PROJECT :-Possibility of damming Jajerut river about 25 miles from Teheran already surveyed for this purpose by German engineers. MINERAL DEVELOPMENTS :-Already geologised, sampled and analyzed by the Persian Government. COTTON AND TEXTILE MILLS :-Raw cotton available, and large demand for finished products exists. SuGAR REFINERY :-Beetroot easily cultivated and is avail able, large amount of sugar if locally consumed. S1LK SERICULTURE AND R:eELING :-Mulberry trees are easily cultivated; cocoons are already raised and cheap labour is plentifnl. ~~,;/!\if.;il!\ifolit.lit.~~*Nt. gNt.\it.~~!\i/Nt.lit. ~lit.lit!\ilNt:it.~ O O O O O o • O • 0 ,• 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0' o O O O O O O HIGH CLASS CATERING . FOR ALL COMMUNITIES (Parsee, Hindu, Mahomedan, etc.) AT Weddings, Dances, Socials, Tea Parties, etc. .-!.:o *'-?-~* PLEASE CONSULT: K. N. R.ABADI & SONS, i! Caterers and Furniture Suppliers, 19, Ropa Lane, Chandan Wadi, BOMBAY 2. Tele, No. 20268 . 1\i/!\iili~~it ~~=~~it!\ilNr.~~ .? ~~,ir..~i.?!\IE~~iE. i(!~~~
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i933] RIOH FIEtDs IN PERSIA 149 RuG F ACTORIEs :-The Government has already been, for past few years, educating people to better weaving, dyeing, and designing methods, and such help is now available. Rugs manufactured under proper supervision and according to American requirements will increase already existing trade between the two countries. TEA PLANTATIONS :-Northern Persia and especially pro vinces of Gilan and Mazandran are ideal locations for growiag tea. At present a special aromatic variety of some fame is grown there. A few years ago the Persian Government engaged the services of several Chinese expert.s to develop the cultiva tion of tea and since that time the trade has improved greatly and becomes more and more successful. Persians are great tea drinkers and an enormous quantity is consumed yearly. PAPER MATCHES AND ToBAcco FACTORIES :-Raw materials available and products required and consumed in the country. WooLEN FACTORIES :-Wool available. Large consumption on spot of :finished goods. CANNING FACTORIES :-Plenty of excellent fruits and vega tables obtainable at next to nothing. MORPHINE ABSTRACTING PLANTS :-Very large quantiy of opium grown and now exported. CURING, TANNING, DYEING, HtnEs AND FuRs :-Plenty of raw material procurable at very low cost. Bus AND TRUCK SERVICE :-Good roads; no rail way corn petition. Donky's capacity is limited. Please consider me al ways at your disposal for further information or discussions about Persia and its economic and industrial conditions. (Concluded).
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THE LIFE ETERNAL* AS EXPOUNDED BY THE RELIGION OF ZARATHUSH'rRA SoHRAB J AM_sIIEDJEE BuLBARA, M.A. THE HUMAN SPIRIT, AND ITS AIM AND PURSUIT 'I1he Zarathushtrian Revelation declares the imperfection of the Human Spirit, but also its infinite capacity for progress towards the Excellence of the Supreme Being. While there fore it is of the same kind with the Deity, it is not the same u.s He. 'ro believe this would be to understand God as liahle to being degraded into a condition of forgetting of Himself and of ignorance and error and helplessness, which Mazdean wisdom is great enough not to find in Him. So, while the Human Spirit is of the same kind with the Divine, it is distinct from It, and infinitely inferior in the Excellence and Perfection of the Spirit. To that state of Excellence however it slowly and steadily progresses,1 and in that progress it is essentially helped by the providential and material aid of the Divine Being. God assumes and keeps going the Glorious and Radiant Universe and the Beauties and Delights of Nature for making possible and for guiding the life of Man, and for providing joys for the righteous liver.3 The Supreme Goodness of God draws out the innate goodness of the Human Spirit, and notwithstanding errors and pitfalls and wrongdoings this comes closer to the warm and loving care of God, and rises triumphant out of every experience of life, being the wiser for it by the entry of a ray of divine light into its awakened conscience.3 'I' Aleo contributed to Daetur Khurshedjee Pavri Memorial Volume. 1 Yaena XXX, 9 ; XLUI, 5, 6; LI, 6. 2 Yasna XLIII, 4. 3 Yasua XXX, 1,
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152 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERtY lTs EVER INcnEASING PROGRESS [April The indompetence and feebleness of the rismg Spirit of Man, render pitf tlls, errors and wrongdoings inevitable during this progress ; still any degradation from the particular state of progress to which it has risen is quite impossible, as it cannot possibly act below the level of that particular state of progress, for to do so would be against its acquired nature. Hence the Zarathushtrian revelation holds out increasing vistas of Hope and Happiness for every soul, the sooner to be approached and achieved by the Soul pur.ming Righteousness, and treading in the ways of Good rrhought, Good Word and Good Deed.1 But while the Divine Being provides the possibilities of life and His appointed Saviour points out the ways of Righteousness, every the smallest step in that progress must be taken of his own free will and choice~ by the striving Soul if it is to achieve anything for him. APPANAGES OF THE HUMAN SPIRIT Hence Human Spirit is capable of independent action through an inn.ate nature, though guided by the Divine Being, and the Helper of Humanity that is the Righteous One.3 This cn.p,wity arises through the appauages of the Spirit indicated in the Zarathushtrian Revelation to be: ( 1) Sensation., (2) Nervous System, (3) Sinewy System, (4) Animate Existence, (5) Ethereal Embo:iiment, (6) Formed Nature, (7) Consciousness, (8) Realized Self, and (9) Eternal Evolving Spirit.4 Of these the last or Fravashi constitutes the real Self. It is eternal, and therefore has no beginning and no end.6 It is a. Spirit of the same kind with the Divine Being, but all the qualities which constitute the Divine Being are potential in it or only partially developed. The actual developed condition 1 Yasna XXXI, 21. 2 Yasna XXX, 2. 3 Yasna XXXI, 3. 4 Yasna LV, 1; Gaetha, Tanu, Azcli, u.~tan, l{ehrp, Tcvishi, Baodhangh, Uruvan, and Fravashi, Manangh and Daeua being variants of 8aodhangb are not diatinguished in this classification here, 5 See the next note.
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1933} THE LIFE ETERNAL 153 constitutes the Realized SeH or Uruvan. The active condition of the Realized Self is Consciousness or Baodbangh along with Formed and Persisting Nature of Tevishi and has Ethereal Embodiment or Kehrp. The Ethereal Body takes its formation from the active condition of the Realized Self and its Formed and Persisting Nature owing to the susceptibility of the ethereal matter of which it is constituted to assume shapes corresponding to every thought. that occurs in the Self. It therefore becomes distinct in every individual, and assumes illumination in case of highly righteous souls. This illumination is distinguished into Rae or Radiance and Khvarrnangh or Glory. THE LIFE ETEENAL AND lTs STAGES The Self may man if est itself in Matter, but being infinite has no material limitations, and so is Unlimited in Space and Infinite in Time.1 It is accordingly expected to approach Haurvata.t and Amrrrtat or Bliss of Universal and Eternal Consciousness by persistent and progressive righteous living,2 alongside other Divine Perfections.:i 'rhis eternal progress is distinguished into five stages of Ga.thas or Ga.bs; and the progress is so difficult, slow and vast that notwithstanding the human spirit having had a life of infinite past it has not yet reached even the middle stage, but is simply at the second of the :five stages. THE FrnsT STAGE: TaE AWAKENING OF CoNscwusNEss The4 greatest of the Mazdean rituals is symbolical of the growth of the Self through eternity. The A vestan texts of 1 It is "Incvnceivable" (Anamathwa) and "All pel'vading '' (Uruvinaitis). It r~aches beyond the extremities of the Heavens ( YnEht XIII, 42) nnd e:xisted before all creation (Yt. XIII, 76), 2 See Yt. I , Z.i and Yae, XL V, 6. 3 See Yas, XXIX, 11, and Yt. J, 25. 4 See I:::troductiou to the Eoglish translation of the Aerpatnstan and Niranga stii.o, pp. xli-xliii. It is seen th11t a vein of ~ymbolism permeates Z11r11thushtrian science e.e it does Sufeeism.
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154 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April the Gllhs explain this growth. The first stage of the growth is the U shahina.1 In it arises Consciousness2 without strife or struggle, when the Voice of Heaven3 is first heard by the Spirit and facts of Eternal Truth4 are first felt by it. As the Soul is just able to receive and perceive these facts but not able to distinguish, the moral and intellectual strife bas not yet commenced in it therefore it remains calm." It however aspires to knowledge and illumination.0 THE SECOND STAGE: INTELLECTUAL AND 1\10RAL STRIFE The next stage is the Havani. In it the Soul is confront ed with the strain and strife of moral and intellectual consciousness.i Besides being able to bear Heaven's Voice\ it now also perceives the Justice~ and Friendship of the God of Heaven,8 and commences to put itself Questions9 on Existence and on the Government of Life's Things and of the Universe.0 Moral and intellectual struggle arirns out of these, and still every strife in experience and every step in progress lift the Soul into higher knowledge. It therefore feels itself benefitted10 and advanced11 at that experience and growing consciousness. THE THIRD STAGE: SPIRITUAL ILLUMINATION The third and middle stage is the Rapithwina. Owing to the experience of Divine1:1 Love and J ustice13 from the earlier stage, it would now become lifted into the Warmth13 and Ardour of the True Devotee,13 and would begin to discover the Prosperingu Holy Word of Meditation14 which calms the strain of spiritual strife and establishes a rhythm between the Soul and -----------------------1 See Niraogaste.o, Bk. 11, Chap. V, note 1. 2 Usliangh in Ushaliioa. 3 Sraoslia: Gab V. l!, It is always heard in the conscience. 4 Rnshnu: Gab V, 2, 5 Nmanya : Gilh V, 1. 6 Brrrjya: Gdh V, 1. 7 See NiraognetAn, p. xxxv. 8 Mithra: Gah J, 2, 9 Ahuirya Fraehna : Ge.h I, 5, 10 Sa,aughi : Gah I, 1, 11 Visya: Ga.h I, 1 ; Nir. p. xxxiv. 12 Mithra: Gah II, 2. 13 A tar: Gali II, 1. 14 FEhmba Matbrn: Gah II, 6,
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1933] THE LIFE ETERNAL 155 Nature, and promotes1 Prosperity in Life and in the World.• Hence in this stage the Soul would find itself Enlightened2 and Illumined in a marked degree.2 All Saviours would there fore belong to this or some higher stage, coming down here to guide the erring souls in Havani by a divinely appointed mission entrusted to them owing to their high spiritual worth. THE FOURTH STAGE: GLORY AND DELIGHTS OF TRUER KNOWLEDGE AND HIGHER DEVOTION The fourth stage is the Uzay~irina. In this the Warmth and ardour of the True Devotee grown from the previous stage would become so overflowing that the Currents3 of Holy Lustre3 would begin now to flow from it to all about, and fill everything with life, animation and brightness. And the higher questions and holier meditations experienced in the earlier stages would fetch it the Delights4 of Knowledge and the Joys of True Experience4 which always must accompany the Enlightened Ones. And both by example and by precept the Soul would promote here in itself and outside, a Nobler• a.nd Truly Illustrious Type of Humanity,5 and would find itself in the Beatific0 State of Absolute Devotion.8 It would then be foll of the supreme felicity which is the peculiar lot of nobler and higher souls. THE FIFTH STAGE: BEATIFIO CONSOIOUSNESS OF HIGHEST SELF ILLUMINATION AND BENEFIOENT EFFICIENCY The final stage is the Aiwisru~hrema. It represents supreme spiritual illumination and perfect concord with God and Nature. That harmony would be so complete that the soul would now experience, the divine Music7 of Higher Voices and Sublime Intonations,' and the beatific~ consciousness and the divine apperception of the Realized Self.H The Expansion of 1 Fradat-Fehu: Gfi, h II, 1, 2 ;antuma: G!h 11, I, Nir. p. :n::s:iv, 3 Apim Naptar: G&h III,!; and cf. Per. ":"'l=luetre, 4 A.fraeangMm Khvathra: G&h III, 6, 5 Fr&dat-Vira; Ga.h III, I. 6 Dakbyuma: G&h III, 1; Nir. p. :n:riv. 7 Radical 1ense of Aiwi-eru. 8 Fravasbi in full realizatjon: G&h IV, 2.
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-156 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April the Soul would reach here the highest growth and gladness, and attain supreme peace and usefulness.1 It therefore would become promoter2 of all Good States in Being through the high efficiency of its beneficence and holy power. And through that sublime state of itself it would shine with the Golden Glory of the most magnificent Self-illumination and Holy Lustre.3 A8 we all have in us the germs of what would possibly be the best in the Spirit, we do feel the truth of this analysis as too real to be proved in any other way than by the testimony of our own conscience. Ever growing Illumination, Efficiency and Beneficence of the Soul are the ends of Life's pursuits, and they are here clearly and excellently explained, but in as terse a language as possible. Its value to spiritual knowledge is vast and profound, and should be deeply beneficial. All Aryans are elevated at the thought that their race had realized • Religion so beautifully in so great a past. 1 Aourvat/im i:irune: G5.h [V, 5, 2 Frada~-Vispi'im-Hujya.iti: Gah IV, 1. 3 Zarathushtrotema: Gah IV, I ; and Nir. p. xxxiv. Of course the reference is to the highest perfootion of qualities whicl.t distinguished Righteous Spitama Zarathushtra. SWADESHI & BEST
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A CALL TO ALL ARYANS TO UNITE IN ZARATHUSHTRA N. G. SuNTOKE Mr. Sraosha A. Kaul, a Civil Engineer, residing in California, U.S.A., became interested in the religion of Zarathushtra some 25 years ago and is now engaged in spreading it in that far oft land. So far he has succeeded in converting about 30 persons to Zoroastrian ism and expects to increase the number at a not very distant date. In 1916 he met a Parsi Art dealer at San Diego Exhibition who presented him with a robe of purple and gold and invested him with the sacred ' Sudra' and 'Kusti.' While the Parsis are getting lukewarm about their religion, it is gratiying to note the efforts of men like Mr. Kaul in spreading its noble teachings. He is gathering books on' Zoroastrianism 'to form a library and if any of the readers wishes to help him in that direction he is requested to send books to me for despatch to him. In his last communication to me he writes:-In the Name of Ormazd, Greetings to all Zarathushtrians and Arians. I, Sraosha A. Kaul, of my own free will and accord, in the presence of the Orear,or Ormazd and His Holy ones, d.o confess myself a MazdaYasnian Zarathushtrian, for the aiw and object and purpose to spread far and wide the pure reli gion, which Ormazd imparted to Zarathushtra, to unite_ ALL Arians and restore to them the original state of old called Paradise. That the Parsees have preserved the essential faith of Ormazd and Zarathushtra during the long night of thirteen centuries, is all to the good, for behind this lieth a great glory, which in Ormazd's Own time will be manifested to all His faithful. How He in a most mysterious way moves His wonders to perform J Let us rejoice thereat my brethrenyou have remained the salt of the Earth-a new era. is a hand and in the words of Mazda to Zarathushtra: Know, 0
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i58 tr THE~IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April Zarathushtra, as it was at the beginning of the world; so also its end shall be. Hail to each, whoever he may be, to go forward as a valiant uniter of all Arians through the medium of the spreading abroad of the Zarathushtrian religion and make it current throughout this world as of yore, to the end, that there be left in it no trace of Ahriman and his brood. Therein lies great joy for every Parsi heart. That H. I. M. Reza Shah Pahlavi is a champion of reli gious tolerance is a great blessing. May Ormazd grant him great majesty, wisdom and power, peace and happiness and a long life to the end, to awaken the slumbering Arians and restore them their birth-right. May the Souls and Fravashis of the pure Zoroastrians rise, together with all pure Souls and Fravashis of the Arians, seen and unseen I May the existing, having been, about to be, the born and unborn, those belonging to the Parsi community, those belonging to other Arian religions arise, in unity and harmony, that the Iranian movement may gain momentum to fulfil beyond expectation that great trust which has been placed upon us. Here I recite a portion of the Gatha Ustavaiti :-Yasna 46: What land shall I praise, whither shall I go praying After that I have imparted individuality and obedience ? Those do not make me contented who act after their own pleasures. Nor do so again the evil oppressors of the religion. How shall I satisfy Thee Mazda Lord? I know that I, 0 Mazda, am without concupiscence, I have little of wealth and few men, I appeal to Thee, mayest rrhou hear it, Lord I Affording joy as friend giveth unto friend; Instructions, and the pure good things of V ohu-mano, 0 Purest One I
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1933] A CALL TO ALL ARYANS TO UNITE 159 When, 0 Mazda, come the increasers of the days, Who step forwards to the maintenance of the pure world, 'I1o whom comes profit through Vohu-mano ? For me I desire Thy instruction thereon, 0 Ormazd Lord! A robe of purple and gold was presented to me by a Parsi brother by the name of Jamshedji Madan, a dealer in objects of oriental art at the San Diego Exposition in 1916; this brother invested me with the Sudra and I{usti in token of frienc1ship and brotherly love. He was happy to find some one on these Western shores interested and zealous to spread the Zarathushtrian teachings. I enclose the form of rites which I have used here to solemnise public lectures on Zarathushtrianism. I have made innumerable others to suit conditions prevailing here. A picture of the members of our community here will be made at the next September Gahambar, when all will be called together for celebration. Yes, we can increase our membership to thousands in America, although this requires all of my time and also an outlay of ways and means which will require more time to accomplish, as I am now active at my vocation as a Civil Engineer. In the foregoing you can imagine how I becamea Zara thushtrian during long years of study and investigation of all religions, The pure religion of Ormazd and Zarathushtra has become flesh and blood with me during the past 25 years : it is the call of Arian blood within me. May this conscious call come to all Zarathushtria.ns is the sincere wish of one who labours beyond measure that the Light of Ormazd grow apace in every Parsi heart, to the end that all might rise. Yours for ever, until time is no more, in the great bonds of Love, Light and Life. SBAOSH.l A. K,oL.
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NATIONALISM IN PERSIA 'fhe following interesting review appeared in the London Times of 3rd January last. It clearly depicts the difficulty the Shah's Government are encountering in Soviet aggression and in preparing the nation to repel it by infusing in their bosom the spirit of true nationalism. Other observations of the thoughtful writer are equally instructive. His observations regarding the benefits the country is going to derive from the Trans-Persian railway are equally far-seeing, and the Persian patriots will do well to study his views on the growth of the principle of Nationalism in Persia, and to plan their activities accordingly. FEAR OF SOVIET PENETRATION There are clear indications that Persia is attempting to limit Soviet influences, both social and. commercial. Russian policy towards Persia has scarcely changed with the passing of the Romanoffs, whatever the powers of Moscow may say to the contrary. Under the Kajar dynasty in the nineteenth cen tury Persia lost vast tracts of country to Russia on the East and West" of the Caspian Sea. Now the Soviet have substituted peaceful penetration for war-like operations, but this policy is no less insidious. SoME PERSIAN TRAITORS Not only by commercial means has Russia endeavoured to gain ascendancy in Persia. Last June 40 Persians, the chief of whom was in charge of all Government codes and ciphers, were tried and convicted of selling State secrets to the Soviet Government. Four of these men were condemned to death and executed; the remainder are serving various terms of imprisonment. THE SHAH's HARDEST TASK Russia practically controls all trade in Persian Azerbaijan and the Caspian provinces. Most of the shops selling supplies
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1933] NATIONALISM IN PERSIA 161 and textiles in the capital are run by Russians. To combat Soviet influence in Northern Persia and to instil a feeling of nationalism into his subjects are by far the hardest task the Shah is facing at present. INFERIOR RussIAN STuFI!' DuMPED To THE CouNTRY The Russians dump inferior goods into Persia in return for such useful exports as wheat and rice. The bazars of every big Persian town are stacked with indifferent cotton materials in place of the home products, which, though rough in its cheaper qualities, was at least durable and gave work to many Persian artisans. EXTENDING PENETRATION The penetration has even reached Shiraz, 800 miles from the Caspian Sea, where, until recently, British piece-goods were without rivals in the bazaar. To-day there are none to be seen, and the familiar patterns of Russian cottons are on view on every stall. Imports of sugar, matches, soap and cloth from Russia will be curtailed in the near future owing to the new match factory at Tabriz and to the opening of factories near Teheran, where the other commodities will be made. STEPS Tow ARDS FREEDOM Until the edict regarding education was issued earlier in the year, forbidding Persia,n pupils to attend auy but state primary schools, large numbers of children received their first education from Russian teachers, who did not fail to instil Soviet principles into their pupils. 'rhis was the first step in the removal of Russian influence. 1rhe Trans-Persian railway, if it is completed, will be another and even greater step to wards c::,mplete emancipation. Exports from Persia have only one easy way. out of the country and that is the Caspian sea. When the railway is :finished and trains are run from Mazan deran through the capital to the Persian Gulf, all goods will
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162 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April be able to reach the new port, Bandar Shapur, in a very short time. BENEFITS TO ACCRUE FROM THE TRANS-PERSIAN RAILWAY From the Gulf Persian exports will be able to reach India and beyond without serious difficulty. The present cost of transport to the south is great, if it is to be speedy, and so far Persia possesses no merchant fleet. So far Persian exports leaving the country by way of Khuzistan have to pass through Mobammerah at Sha~t-al-Arab. This waterway belongs to the new independent kingdom of Iraq, and dues are levied on all Persian freight by the port of Basra, which may suffer later from the completion of the quays and warehouses at Bandar Shapur. ARMED FORCES So long as Russian attention is taken up with her own internal consolidation Persian territory is safe from outside aggression, but if the U. S. S. R. should decide to extend its influence the only direction where easy conquest could be un dertaken is in North Persia. Until 1920 Persia had no regular army, and it is only since 1925 that the new army, organized under the personal supervision of the Shah and composed of 48000 troops, has been e1uipped with modern rifles and ammunition. Every male Persian has to serve two years with the colours, thereby forming a reserve of man power in the event of war. NAVAL AND AIR FOBOEB The Shah has also embarked upon the formation of a small navy, to guard his coasts in the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf. Six gunboats have been purchased from Italy. A training ship has been installed for over a year in the Karun river at Mohommerah. rrhe Persian Air Force is sma,11 but efficient, and Persians take naturally to flying. An order has been placed with a British firm for 20 Tiger Moth aeroplanes,
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1933] NATIONALISM IN PERSIA 163 Ten of these aeroplanes are said to be for instructional purposes and the remainder are to be equipped as fighters and bombers. NATIONALISM YET NOT DEEP The principle of nationalism, which the Shah has tried to drill into his subjects, is as yet the fashion rather than the habit of the people. It is practised by the upper and professional classes and the army, almost exclusively. It has scarce ly penetrated to the working man. The troublous times of the past, between the assassination of Nasir-u-din Shah and the accession of the present Ruler, gave Persia no stable government, and the country was rarely at peace internaJly, to say nothing of the war-like operations carried on over her territory by various Great Powers. With such an unsettled past to look back on it is small wonder that many Persians do not feel the urge to-day to be creative in their social, commer cial or political life. Muon DEPENDS YET ON INDIVIDUALS IN PowER As the country is divided into several provinces progress depends to a large extent on the initiative of the various gover nors. rr.hese men, who are responsible to Teheran alone, are in a very powerful position and can do more than anyone else for the prosperity of their provinces. A good example is the province of Azerbaijan with its capital at Ta.briz. For the last 100 miles travelling north from the capital can be seen fields of wheat as far as the eye can reach. The town is the cleanest in Persia and is, like every other town in the country1 being modernized with new wide streets. Almost any day the governor can be seen personally supervising public works. In many other cases there are leaders who do their best to render Persia able to take her place with Western nations, but there are also those who wish to leave things as they were and who only see disaster for themselves should the methods of procedure change. There is no more than a veneer of Western culture in Persia today, and many years are likely to pass before there can be any hope of its extension to the working man, whether be be Government employee, tribesmen. or shop-keeper.
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ALLWYN'S STEEL CABINETS These days when economy is of prime importance, Allwyn's offer of a range of Steel Cabinets at new low prices is the answer. Only a manufacturer with Allwyn 's facilities could offer such strongly constructed and beautifully designed new line of cabinets and wardrobes at such remarkably low prices . PRICES FROM RS. 40 UPWARDS, ALLWYN STEEL EQUIPMENT CO., Ltd. Manufacturers of Fire and Burglar Resisting Safes, Shelvings, Almirahs and all Steel Furnituee for Office, Home, and Hospitals. HEAD OFFICE & W ORKS:Opp. P. 0. MAZAGAON, BOMBAY 10. SHOWROOMS:-26, Custom House Road, Fort. Nemani Blug., 212, Kalbadevi Road. 62, Forbes Street, Fort. Tele { phone 41014 . gre.me 'ALLWYN ', Bombay. ~----------------~
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ADVANCEMENT OF PERSIA UNDER H. I. M. REZA SHAH PAHLA VI J AMSRED B. IRANI, B.A. (A short resunie from Namae-Iran-e-Bastan) A WONDERFUL METAMORPHOSIS August 31st is recorded as a very important date in the annals of modern Persian hi::;tory as it was on this day that the Persian throne was newly acquired and a new chapter was opened for the land. During these 12 years that have elapsed since then, Persia has been completely metamorphosed and the nation once dead has again been throbbing with a new and youthful life. TEHERAN OHANGED BEYOND RECOGNITION The old city of Teheran with its narrow and dirty streets has given way to a new town with avenues rivalling the Broad way Street of U. S. A., and having all the amenities of life. It would be quite difficult for a man to recognise all the streets and sites if he has been away from them for a couple of years. Everything seems to have been so completely altered that the old order of things has quite gone out of recognition. It is difficult to believe one's eyes when one sees things in rreheran after a few years. All seems to us as if '' We dreamt and awoke to find, it was a city." Shops and stores have sprung up where there was nothing before; so that the city appears to have grown as if quite new. SAFETY OF LIFE AND PROPERTY Complete safety of life and property prevails throughout Persia. A few years ago nobody in Persia could dream of such changed happy condition. To bring the country to this state of full safety from an anarchic condition where
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166 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [Apra might was right, is considered as one of the moat wonderful achievements of H. I. M. Reza Shah's regime. Besides this, there are countless other reforms both economic and political introduced into the country. OTHER GREAT RE FORMS The army has been brought to the stage of perfection attained by other great powers of the world. The navy and the air services have been progressing satisfactorily. Courts of Justice have been established and sound justice is being dis pensed in the land now. Municipalities, hospitals and other charitable institutions have sprang up and bestow benefits to countless people. r.I~he laying of railway lines has shortened the distance from the western countries. WrsE EcoNOMIO MEASURES Long strides have also been taken in matters concerning the economic situation in the country. Cotton mills, for spinning and weaving, and sugar mills, and other industrial works have been erected in v1:1rious places. National banks to patroniz;e national trade, agriculture and art have been opened. Trade bas been brought under the monopoly of the Government, so as to equalise the impods and exports of the country. rrhe cancellation of AugloPersian oil agreement and the annulling of the rights of the Imperial Bank of Persia to issue notes a,re the two outstanding features which reflect the national movement in the country. In spite of the trade depression the world over, Persia is enjoying perfect prosperity and the question of unemployment is not in the least affecting her. Dr. nA5AN1'5 "Dermioe.'' Best for skin diseases, sure cure for Ring-worm, Eczema, Dry itch, ("-. ---a~tT".-&c. Sold at leading chemists and provision merchants. Popular Dental R.ooms, 71, Kalbadevi Road, and Princess Street Junction, BOMBAY 2.
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"PAHLA VI NAMA '' OR " SHAHNAMA-E-NAWBAKHT " JAMSBED RUSTAM lnAlU, B.A. [The following is an abstract from an article which appeared in the issue of Nama-e-Iran-e-Bastan of Teheran of the 4th February 1933 :-] A BRIGHT DAY BAS DAW NED ON bAN Under the auspicious regime of His Imperial Majesty Reza Shah Pahlavi, a new chapter of happiness and good luck has been opened to the Persians. Under the guidance of His Imperial Majesty the Persian nation has gathered greater strength with new spirit grafted in their bodies. Their thoughts have been revolutionised and the dark curtain of ignorance has been torn away opening to them the blessings of education. rrhe days of misfortune have been brought to an end and the star of sunshine with all its glory and greatness has begun to dawn on the Persian horizon. The Persians who in the past had no value of their time, have now begun to realize the harm done by them to their country by wasting their valuable time; and under the guidance of His Imperial Majesty they have begun to make their existence felt by the other. nations. The effulgence of the mighty sun of His Imperial Majesty has begun to shine on the eastern hemisphere, and the western countries too have begun to realize the growing rise of Persia. AND POETS HAVE ARISEN TO BING !Ts GLOBY Learning and education which are the chief ea.uses of national development are spread throughout the land with the noble idea. of bringing Persia to that state which she enjoyed
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168 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April under the ancient Zoroastrian sovereigns. Civil and military schools are everywhere brought into exietence. And learning has spread so much that in quite a short time Iran has produced a number of good poets. Naw-Bakht is one of them and has compiled the history of the reign of His Pahlavi Majesty in beautiful verses and named it the Pahlavi Nama. The following are some of the specimens of his verses: "A man with a heavenly halo has appeared; "He has torn asunder the curtain of darkness '' And become a source of strength to the jaded kingdom. " All the world have wonderingly turned their gaze on him. " My desire has been refreshed and "My soul has been entranced by his power.'' "I will bear witness that these pomp and splendour '' Are from none but from His Majesty's heavenborn nature. "That he is just like a sun and I am but a straw, '' 'fhat he can turn what is sown, '' Like a resplendent sun, into a paradise. " Oh, you the King that is all victorious '' Old kingdoms by you are soon restored and revived." .. This new Shah Nama commences from where the old S.b,ah Nama of Firdousi has ended, viz., from the close of 'the reign of Yazdezerd Shahariar to the beginning of the present reign, and contains more than one hundred thousand couplets. K, WAD I A, PN,N0.42483 DIAMOND MERCHANT, GRANT ROAD, BOMBAY,
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DR. RABINDRANATH TAGORE'S BIRTH-DAY IN PERSIA* RusTOM B. PAYMASTER, B.A., LL.B. The following is a metrical version in English of a Persian poem specially composed and presented to Dr. Tagore in Persia on the occasion of the poet's birth-day that fell during his visit to Persia in May last. How radiant doth this tree of life Here add its blossom new A peerless pearl in priceless string -Of life so blest and true. Fresh tree it is in garden bright, So full of life and hope, To tell a. secret unrevea.led, Each bud its lip doth ope. The secret of Eternal Love, Enlivens the heart of man, Defying death when once it's sown, In dear soil of Iran! How sweet at dawn the nightingale With thousand songs so blest Greets with his plaintive melody Our loved long looked-for guest ! Welcome, welcome to gardens ours, And may thy life's New Year Entered on our grateful shores Bring thee fame, health and cheer! --------~-----------------• These verses were also published in the Kai.~ar-i-Hind,
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[II] DR. TAGORE'S RESPONSE IN MUSICAL PROSE. All roses in thy garden bright And all their lover birds, Pr oolaimed my birth-day, 0 Iran I In warmest, choicest words. A poet of a far-'way shore Now hails thy magic land, At this old age with youthful zeal, To meet a hopeful band! Thou'st mingled voices in a paean Of praise so kindly given, It has touched my heart in every cord To faith in thee enliven How gracious thy brave sons have poured Love's priceless gifts by score On this the birth-day of a poet Come from such distant shore l How soon they've known him as their own And cherished in their hearts, As brother to a brother lov' d His native joy imparts. 'l'he birth-day of a poet crown'd With glory fresh and new, By honour from thy loving hand Finds its fruition true ! And in return he binds this wreath Of verses round thy brow And prays bhat God, 0 dear Iran, With victory thee endow l
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. Among the beauties of Ispahan, the river Zayendeh Rud has always occupied a leading role. _ ~~:-i..r!V~.,;.1p_,,;.~ .. • .,.,; • ..i.~u :;~.,JJ wlt:"""1 .,(:. otA~u~;., Dr:. T~gore's Villa d;coratied for reception of Prof: Poure•;Qavoud at thtr ' N awruz celebration. ;fi/-~ uf..11;1., uJ,:J ..;., .),,., ;.,. ... ~., ... -'~ .,,;. J.;~1:& . . .( ~i -:-1~ ~ ' ., _,. • • ..l~) (Bose) lJ' .,._ .4.S , ~ ... SJ..,1~ ~l-la-r. 1 ( .;1-:,:, v.:> ;.> .:, c:-1; ~l... ,) .,:. t_~))
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[ban L e agu e Quaite,ly-A spl~mdid av.enue in Teheran, starting from H.' I : M. the Shah's New PalaceJ!.~A j\il o4 o\..:.~\~ .;..;.\'... oj\.• t\S' jl S' ..:..-1 01_,_ j oJG. 0~\:;. Tlie Khia-ban-i.:Sh~hplir Circle hi Teheran is newly laid out, and is fast growing in. importance. . . • ,C:..:1/ ~;;;-:4 j:r.f • .i.:... <:.l... i:;IJ... C .::-1 01.:,; ;Y.t; 0~\f, ~k,~ ' . ~,;, lAl.f,i ~,;J
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ANCIENT IRAN : ITS CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN PROGRESS P. P. BALSARA, M.A., LL.B. [Young Mr. Pestonji Phirozeshah Balsara needs no introduction to our readers as he has already made some mark in the realm of litera ture. The study he presents in the following pages will be found in teresting and a worthy endeavour of a young scholar. The whole matter is treated in a fair and lucid way; and though acute critics may not agree with every detail, they are.bound to applaud his earnest endeav our to correctly represent every interest dealt with by him.-Edito~.] INTRODUCTION OL the f ew fields of human learning, history is one that has made e. very rapid progress during the past half a century. Fifty years ago the contents of historical works were chiefly political materials dealing with wars and conquests, dynastic changes and diplomatic entanglements. Much space was devoted to these materials, but no attention was paid to facts of vital importance in understanding the past. Whereas, the historical works of today pay an equal amount of attention also to art, culture, education, manners and customs of nations, because without these factors the history of a nation is incom plete. It is on account of this that the following lines are written dealing with the influence which ancient Iran exercised over her neighbours. To begin with, the title needs explanation, because to an ordinary man Iran, modern Persia, stands only as the kingdom of the Shah-a land, which after the Great War, together with other nations,. threw off the old Government and set up a new one under the new _king_ Reza Shah Pahlavi. Persia, since it became Mahomedan, after the Arab conquest in the seventh century A.D., had lost all its ancient prestige and splendour.I Prior to the defeat of the Persians-th~_fore• fathers of modern Parsis-at Kadesia2 and Nehavand _in 636 A.P .. and. 641 A.D. respectively at the hands of the Arabs, Iran was different 1 But happily for the country it haa at its head today an enlightened and strong ruler in the person of King Reza Shah who is trying to put Persia once. more in the rank of the leading nations of the world. 2 At Kadesia the Persians lost theiicelebrated Kaveani banner said to have been originated in the reign of Zohak. The banner originally was the leathern apron of tht bl11cumith K11veh who rose against Zohak.
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172 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April from what it is today. Modern Iran stands for the kingdom of a Mahom edan emperor; uptil a few years ago there was no security of life on many of its highways; till recently knowledge and culture were not so high as in the other countries of the world. "Today the country is oft the great roads of the world; once it was the connecting link between the far East and the West ; .. .it was a highway and crossroads of the peoples, where civilizations met. "1 It is natural, therefore, that the state of Iran today and its uninteresting history during the Mahomedan period after the seventh century A.D. may lead one to think that Iran has from the beginning been an unimportant country, It is natural, further, for anybody to hesitate to believe if he is told that ancient Iran was not like the Iran of today, or that" in the history of the world Persia is a factor of real importance, both because it has contributed towards the fusion of peoples, and because it has added something of value, which I shall discuss, to the logical development of mankind.' '2 • In other words, ancient Iran was not a country to be neglected as unimportant or uninteresting. It was the one country of the ancient world which had under its authority such distant and powerful countries as India, Egypt, Babylon, Lydia, Scythia and Arabia. The period of its great activity and power lasted for nearly 230 yearsfrom 560 B.C. when Cyrus founded the world-famous Achmmenian Empire of Persia to 330 B.C. when Persia was defeated by Alexander. The Achromenian Empire " was a huger realm than ever in the hands of one single man ''.3 It was "the vastest empire which had ever appeared in Asia and which lasted two centuries, an immense period if we take into consideration the diverse elements of race, religion and language which had to be controlled and the thirty Satraps deputed to distant lands ".4 But the triumph of Alexander did not destroy the ancient Persian monarchy from its very roots. Before Alexander's conquest the Iranians conquered India, Babylon, Egypt, and other surroundi•ig territories. After Alexander's conquest, the activity continued and the authority of Iran extended even as far as Roman possessions in later times, an event which was largely respon sible, as we shall hav0 occasion to see later, for the rise of Mithraism in the Roman dominion-a cult that was pagan still, but was tinged witn:Zoroastrian ideas and which threatened to be a serious rival of Christianity. 1 Huart, Ancient Persia and Iranian Civilization, p. x, 2 Huart, Ancient Persia and Iranian Civilization, pp. xii-xiii. 3 The Cambridge History of India, Vol. I, p, 34ff. 4 Darmeeleter, Persia, in Persia and Paraia, ed, by Narimau, p, 4;
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193 3] ANOIENT IRAN: ITS CONTRIBUTION TO HUMAN PROGRESS 173 It follows, therefore, that ancient Iran had under its power the different countries which had separate civilizations of their own. Egypt, Babylon and India had each its own distinct civilization and therefore it i3 possible that there might have been a great interchange of ideas and practices among these powerful and civilized nations of Egypt, Babylon, India and Iran. There is no doubt that Iran did borrow several things from such civilized nations as the Egyptians, the Assyrians, the Babylonians and the Indians. As Herodotus says " There is no nation which so readily adopts foreign cu5.toms as the Persians ......... As soon as they hear of any luxury, they instantly make it their own."1 -None can deny that the practice of Darius and of his three successors of having their tombs set in mountain rocks is Egyptian in origin. 'rhe tombs of Darius, Xerxes, Artaxerxes and Darius II at Nakshi Rustam, set in desert rocks, 30 feet above ground, is a clear indication of Egyptian mode of disposal of the dead kings. 'rhese kings were masters of Egypt and there is every reason to believe that this practice was influenced by Egypt. It is said that the hypogrea of Berri-Hassan must have impressed the Persian kings. As for the game of chess which was taken by the Arabs from the conquered country of Persia to Spain, and which from Spain became international, we learn that it was India which was the home of that game, and Persia got it from India.2 One day a messenger of the king of India came to the court of Khusru I of Persia and presented him with rich presents. Among the presents was a chess-board and the king was asked to let the wise men of his court find out the method of playing the game. The messenger ful'ther said that if they could find out how the game was to be played, the Indian king would acknowledge the suzerainty of the Persian monarch and therefore pay him the tribute which the Persian king demanded from him. But if the wise men could not discover the method of playing the game, then, as intellectually the Indiam were superior to Iranians, the tribute must not be asked or. Nay, in that case, Iran should pay tribute to India instead, because of all things knowledge is supreme. At first all the courtiers found it hard to find the method of playing the game. But, as Sykes3 says, when Buzargmeher, the celebrated Vazier 1 Hrodotus I, 135; Rawlinson, History of Herojotus, Vol. I, pp. 220-221, This ni.ethod of copying other people's custollls has collle down to the modern Parsis too. 2 Cf. Lt, Col. F. E. Whitbon, Chess in History and Fiction, the Nineteenth Century and After, July 1927, p. 80. 3 Sykes, A History of Persia, Vol. I, p. 498,
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174 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April and chief adviser of the king, ~who was responsible for many wise acts and reforms, studied it for one day and one night he discovered the method of playing the game, and in this way the game of chess passed from India to Persia and after the Arab conquest passed on from Persia to Spain and other countries. Nay, further, Persia was influenced in her architecture too by the powerful kingdoms of Babylon in Assyria. The device of the winged-bulls1 with human head, so common in Persepolitan architecture, is a clear example of Persia. borrowing from Assyria; the winged-genii in the Iranian archi tecture are Babylonian in origin. Hence, although it must be admitted that ancient Iran did borrow many things from her neighbours, we must leave aside this question as it is not in our province to deal, but merely try to see how far ancient Iran on her side influenced the nations with whom she came in contact. As we have seen, hers was a mighty empire and therefore she exercised her influence on nearly all the countries of the then known world, In India she had her influence botli on architecture and society ; her rule in Egypt enabled her to advance the economic welfare of that country by digging the Suez Canal and increasing the trade of Egypt; as regards Rome she was indirectly helpful in modi fying the existing pagan religion of the Roman world by additions of Zoroastrian ideas to that cult and finally giving rise to Mithraism which challenged the growth of Christianity for the first few years ; by enabling the Jewa to return to Jerusalem from their captivity in Babylon and coming in close contact with them, Persia had her hand in the formation of the Christian religion ; and finally Ma.hom a danism too had to acknowledge the help it received from the religion of Zoroaster. All these influences we shall show as we go along and then prove that old Iran's place in history is worth studying. Hers was the first world-empire-the largest empire of the old world-and it shall be our task to show that the subject of Iran's contribution to human progress does not in any way sacrifice historic truth at the e:ic.pense of nationa.l vanity, for the subject is based on true fe.ctll indeed facts supported by scholars of the front rank, and in no case is fiction made to appear as real history; It is a misfortune of old Iran that several of her writings ware destroyed by her conquerors who out of spite, as is often the case with all other countries, destroyed the literature of their conquered nation. Iran suffered such fate at the hands of Alexander and to a 1 Such an example of winged-bulls with human head is found in Bombay too at Maneckji Seth's Fire Temple in the Fort.
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f9S3] ANCIENT IIIA~: ITS C01'1TRIBUTI0N 'TO HUMAN PBOGBEBS 175 less degree at the hands of the Arabs. But though the material for determining Iran's influence is scanty and still not much brought to light, we shall try to show it by referring to old inscriptions on rocks, pillars, and palaces, religious books of the Hind us, Mahomedans, Christians, and Parsis, and by seeing what the old classical historians have to say to us. It is not possible for an ordinary man to fathom the immense influence which the mighty empire of old Iran exercised on her subjects. By her tolerant rule Persia had become practically the mistress of the world and if it had been victorious in Greece there is no doubt that her influence would have spread throughout the whole world. Prof. Max Muller rightly says, "There were periods in the history of the world, when the worahip of Ormuzd threatened to rise triumphant on the ruins of the temples of all other Gods. If the battles of Marathon and Salamis had been lost and Greece succumbed to Persia, the State religion of the empire of Cyrus, which was the worship of Ormuzd, might have become the religion of the whole civilized world. Persia had absorbed the Assyrian and Babylonian empires; the Jews were either in Persian captivity or under Persian sway at home; the sacred monuments of Egypt had been mutilated by the hands of Persian soldiers. The edicts of the great King-the king of kings-were sent to India, to Greece, to Scythia and to Egypt ; and if ' by the Grace of Ahura Mazda ', Darius had crushed the liberty of Greece, the purer faith of Zoroaster might easily have superseded the Olympian fa.bl es."1 The question might naturally be asked, 'Why was it that Iran alone exercised so much influence on the old world and not Greece whose Alexander was no less a conqueror than Cyrus the Great or Darius of Persia ? ' To such a question our only answer is that Greece always was a material conquerol"'-her conquests were never intellectual like those of Persia. All she cared for while conquering other territories was to get fortune and material comfort. Far from it, the Iranians never conquered a country without the idea of advancing mutual culture and knowledge, and without trying to give to the conquered country what was best of theirs and to take in return what was best of the conquered nation. When we consider the conquests of Alexander, and of Cyrus or Darius, we notice that while Alexander failed to influence either Iran or India in spite of conquering the m1 1 Max Muller, Chips from a German Workshop, Vol. I, p, 162. Cf, Carter-" Had lt not been for Marathon, Salatnis ani Plata.e\ tlu WJrlhip of A1lllr<1. M,zll might bayo extended intrJ &11r.>pe '': O,nter, Z'lroastrianis:n ani J11hi~m, p, :iii i
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176 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April the last two always influenced the intellect and the civilization of their conquered territories like Egypt, Babylonia and India. Nay, Iran had the tendency to influence not only her conquered nations, but even when she was defeated she never failed to influence her conquerors in many a way. Such a thing we see when Persia was de feated by Alexander. Instead of taking any Greek ideas to herself she, on the contrary, gave her own ideas to Greek philosophy and theology.I Or to put it as Darmesteter said, "It is that in her wars of vengeance Greece was not sufficiently victorious, we mean that her victory over Persia was merely a material triumph which cost herself more than her victim. Alexander dreamed of fusing together the East and the West. He succeeded but half. He persianised Greece ; he could not hellenise Persia."2 Darmesteter further says that Count Gobineau, the celebrated French writer of Persian history, also regrets that Persia which was capable of exercising such beneficial intellectual influence should have been defeated at Marathon.3 That the Greeks were not capable of influencing intellectually can be seen from India too which they did not influence. Another instance of defeated Iran influencing her conqueror is found in the case of the Mahomedans, who, as we shall see, had to rely upon Zoroastrian ideas in their theology.4 Hence, we see that in treating of ancient Iran's influence on other countries-of influence which constituted real contributions to the pro gress of mankind, we are treating with a country, "which has the most to teach to the historian, in as much as the country has lived for throughout all its various periods in touch wit,h several great civilizations from which it has borrowed or to which it has lent and which refer us to it or to which Persia refers us. "5 With these introductory remarks on the capacity and extent of ancient Iran's influence on her neighbours we pass on to deal with the subject in reference to various countries in order of time. 1 Vide Benn, The Greek Philoeophera, p. 521. 2 Darmesteter, Persia, in Persia and Parsis, ed. by Nariman, p. 6. 3 Ibid., pp. 5-6. 4 Vide Macdonald, Development of Muslim Theology, J urisprudeuee, and Constitutional Theory, p. 133. 6 Darmcsteter, Persia, in Persia and Parsis, ed. by Narlman, p. 35, K,. WAD I A, PM,N0-42483 DIAMOND MERCHANT, GRANT ROAD, BOMBAY~
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1933] ANOIENT IRAN: I'l'B CONTRJBUTION TO EUMAN PBOGBESS l.-'1'1 IRAN AND INDIA: EABLY ASSOCIATIONS OF A COMMON HOME. We have seen that ancient Iran was capable of exercising great influence on the countries which she conquered. We have also seen that Egypt, India, Rome, Babylonja and Arabia were the countries that were influenced by Iran. Hence, dealing chronologically, we propose to take up first the influence which Iran exercised over India -a land which was conquered by the Parsis in th3 sixth century B.C. and which was destined to shelter the followers of the same conquerors when in the seventh century A.D. they were obliged to seek shelter in a foreign land to escape the destruction of their faith at the hands of the Arab conquerors in their native land of Iran. Before we deal with the truly historical period in question, when Iran influenced India after Darius conquered it in 516 B.C., it would be profitable to see t.hat there was a longer connection between the Iranians and the Indians, extending to some thousands of years. Anthropologists will tell you that at one time the ancestors of the modern Germans, Parsis, Greeks, Romans and Indians were living under one roof in the Pamir plateau, in Central Asia. There might be some who may not hold this view and say like Dr. Robert Gordon Latham, that since the Aryan-speaking races are greater in number in Europe than in Asia, it was Europe and not Asia that was the cradle 0 the Aryans. Some like Cannon Isaac Taylor may assign the Central or Alpine Europe as the home of the Aryans; others may, like Prof. Rendell, take Scandinavia to be the :first abode of the Aryans ; others still may, following Poesche, say that since the Lithuanic language resembles the Sanskrit very closely it was Lithuania and no other place that was the cradle of the Aryans. The late Mr. Bal Gangadhar Tilak assigned the polar regions as the cradle of the Aryans.1 In any case, whatever may be the place of the first abode of the Aryans, there is no doubt that at least the Indians and Iranians lived together in one place as brothers for a long time, because the Indians and the Iranians were more closely connected by language and religion than any other families of the Indo-European race, until a schism, based on religious and economic grounds, separated the two peoples, the Iranians then settling themselves in Iran and the Indians J.escending on the Indo-Gangetic Plain. It is an established fact, as we shall see, that the connection between the Iranians and the Indians dates from the time when they lived together as one of the l Modi, Anthropological Papers, Part U, pp, 172,113,
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1'78 TBB IBAN LEAGUE QUABTl!ll\LY [.AprU branches of the Indo-Eu:ropean stock,1 having the same language, the same religious beliefs, the same ceremonies, the same mythology, the same manners and the same customs,2 Although certainty fa impossible in such a case, scholars have come to the conclusion that the fifteent.b century B.C. was the period when the Aryans from the North-West invaded India after their separation from the Iranians. But Smith brings the period much nearer and says that somewhere in the middle of the seventh century B.C. several Aryan races speaking Aryan tongue poured down from the mountains of Hindukush and settled in the Punjab and the upper basin of the Ganges.3 But whatever may be the time of the schism there can be no questioning of the fact that at one time the Iranians and the Indians bad the same language, same religion and same customs. Scholars agree that the Ahura. of the A vesta is the Asura of the Vedas-both meaning God4 and derived from Sanskrit Asu (life) and Zend Ah (to be).5 It was only after the schism that the Veda!:!, out of spite, assigned a bad meaning to this word, as the Iranians did to Deva and took it for a devil. Mr. Hodivala6 has fully demonstrated that Asura Varuna of the Vedas is the same as the Ahura Mazda of the Avesta.7 One of the titles of Varuna is Maha (great) which is the exact equivalent of Maza, the first part of Mazda, In the Rig Veda8 Varuna is called omniscient ; so is Ahura Mazda in the Vendidad. 9 Varuna is one who cannot be deceived; Ahura Mazda. also is called undeceivable.10 Both Varuna. and Ahura Mazda are pardon-givers, and both have keen eyes to see everything happening everywhere.11 Just as Va.rune. is regarded as the Creator of everything, Ahura Mazda is spoken of as the Creator of alI.•2 Varuna himself is mentioned in the Avesta, because of the 101 names of Ahura Mazda we find that the 44th is called Varuna. l The Cambridge History of India, Part I, p. 319, 2 Vide Cook, Origin of Religion, pp, 18, 105 ; Haug, Essays, pp, 267-286; Hodivala, Indo-lranian Religion, 3 Smith, Early History of India., p, 29. 4 Uook, Origin of Religion, pp. 51, 60. 5 Ibid,, 51n, 6 Hodivala, Indo-Iranian Religion, pp, 25, 7 Cook, Origin of Religion, pp, 6!. 8 Rig Veda, 8,42, 9 Vendidad XIX, 29. 10 Rig Veda, 1,24-13 i Ahura Mazda Yasht, 14; Yaena 45-4. 11 Rig Veda, 1,136-6; Yasua 51-4. 12 Rig Veda, 1-4-6; YaEna 44-i; 50-ll.
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1933] ANOIENT IRAN: ITS OONTRIBUTION TIJ HUMAN PROGRESS 179 Next to Varuna and Ahura Mazda we see tbat the similarity between Mithra and Mitra is also very striking, because both are regarded as presiding over light and goodness.1 Then we see that the Haoma ceremony of the Parsis is the Soma ceremony of the Hindus.2 The juice of the Soma plant is 'hari' (green), so is the juice of the Haoma plant which is 'jairi'. After being extracted, the Soma juice was passed through a sieve made of sheep wool. 'fhe Iranians did the same tbing and the modern Parsis although they do not use the sieve, they merely make a ring of the hair of a white bull, and it is used in Yasna ceremony. The plant was ground and its juice was mixed with milk to mitigate its intoxicating effects, like water added to liquor, and was supposed by the Hindus to be a good stimulant. The Haoma Yasht of the Parsis also says that the Haoma juice made the drinker active and happy.3 Both the religions believed that the plants grew on mountains only. The juice was regarded with such reverence that both the Hindus and the Iranians believed it to give 'sookratoo', an exact Avesta equivalent. of 'hookhratoo' (wisdom). The drink was further considered as sweet by both, because the Hindus called it ' madhoo' while the Iranians called it 'madho.' Lastly, the priest who performed the Soma ceremony was called by the Hindus the Hotar, and the Iranians called the priest who performed the Haoma ceremony the Zaotar. The prayers of the Hindus were called Mantras and the prayers of the Iranians were called Manthras, as we can see from the Ardibehesht Yasht. Both the Hindus and the Iranians believed that ceremonies were performed to attain heaven and make angels happy.4 The Zoroastrian Afringan ceremony is the Hindu Aprini ceremony and both are full of good wishes. The Hindu Stom also stands for the Avesta Satum and the Hindu Vaj is the Avesta. Baj ceremony, 1 Hodivala, Inda-Iranian Religion, pp. 47-52. 3 Haoma Yt, 11-8 i I-19, 4 Bodivala, Inda-Iranian Religion, p, 20. (To be continued.) 2 Ibid., pp. 5-11.
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I I I I -----, ?o!!~N~s~~~ I LIFE ASSURANCE co., LTD. Incorporated in India 1874. Head 0ffice :-BOMBAY, 1932 RESULTS New Business : 29,982 Policies assuring Rs. 594 Lakhs, I I I II_:, Claims Paid during the Year: 3,816 for Rs. 85 Lakhs. Funds Increased to Nearly Rs. 12! Crores. I Policies In Force: 2,07.631 Assuring with Bonuses Nearly Rs. 44 Crores. _ LOW EXPENSE RATIO OF 21 % OF THE PREMIUM INCOME, NEXT DIVISION OF PROFITS !alls to be made as at 31st December 1933. Participating Policies effected in the Current Year wlll be entitled to participate In the Division of Profits If in force as at 31st December 1933. Applications for further information should be addressed~to: The MANAGER, ORIENTAL BUILDINGS, BOMBAY or to any of the Company's other offices as undernoted: Agra Ahmedabad Ajmer Allahabad Ambala Bhopal Calcutta Colombo Karachi Mombasa Kuala Lumpur :Kagpur Lahore Patna Lucknow Poona Rangoon Rawalpindi Singapore Sukkur I Bangalore I Bareilly Bezwada Dacca Delhi Gauhati Madras Mandalay Raipur Rajshahi Trichinopoly Trivandrum Vizagapatam Jalgaon Mercara Ranchi I
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OUR BAGHDAD LETTER (From Our Correspondent in Baghdad) KUBDISH LEABNING AND THE AVESTA It gives me utmost delight to write to you again after an interval of more than a year. This very regrettable silence on my part was chiefly due to the abolition oE my post at Sulaimaniehmy native place-which subsequently resulted in my reappointmeo t in Baghdad, some months ago. I am now settled here, in B.-1.ghdad, and as eager as ever in my linguistic study in Kurdish in the light of the very valuable books which you were kind enough to send me a few years ago. But of late I have found that nJ much headway could be made in this direction in the absence of a comprahensi ve dictionary of the holy A vestan language, with explanations in English or modern Persian, of which the Kurdish language is without the slightest shadow of doubt a developed OL' altered form. The like• ness between the mother tongue and its grown-up daughter, the Kurdish, is gl'eat enough to convince the mJst stubborn linguist that Holy Zoroastet had delivered his divine mission in Kurdish,-of coul'se the ancient Kurdish. A TALENTED KURDISH LINGUIST I have the great pleasme of inEotming you that we have here a talented Kmdish lingnist, Colonel Tawfi k Wahbi Beg, who has been industl'iously studying the etymology of the Kurdish language for the last ten years with an ever-in creasing zeal and enthusiasm. He has a sound knowledge of English, French, Arabic, Tul'kish and Persian languages and has particularly traced many words in the above languages to their pure Kurdo Avestan origin. [ should add hete that gl'eat importance is being attached to such linguistic study and discovery, as these are expected to throw a bright light upon the pre-lslatnic history of
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182 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [Aprii the Kurds who are the di1ect descendants of the great Med es. Nearly four years ago he published, after laborious endeav• our, the first volume of a Kurdish grammar, under the title of "D:1.stur-i-Ziman-i-Kurdi" which is first and indeed the most comprehensive book ever w1itten on this subject. He is a retired high administra.tive and militaty officer, and is now living in Baghdad. M. R. N. . THE IRAN LEAGUE, Kamar Bldg., Oowasji Patel Street, t : FORT, BOMBAY. t i Literature relating to Persia. t The following books etc. are available for sa.le at the office of the Ira.n League to its members a.ta reduced price:-t Rs. a. ! The Ga.thas, by Aga Pour-e Dawoud with notes in f 'GJ English by Mr. D. J. Irani cloth bound 3 8 (i1 paper bound 2 8 The Yashts, Volume I, by Aga Pour-e Dawoud 6 8 m ,, ,, II, ,, " .. . 4 0 C!l Avesta.na Javahiro, by Mr, F. K. Dd.dachanji, Vol. I ... a O 'Ii) 11 ,. 11 ,, Vol. II • a 4 (_i1 Pc1.rsis-A People of tha Book, by Prof. Re zvi ,, 11 paper bound 2 8 [. p) card bound 3 0 Iran-Iraq Guide (in Gujarati) by Mr. K. A. Fitter 1 4 f 1i.l Arma.ghan Nawruz ... ... 0 8 (i1 Circle of Perfection (a chart) ... 0 2 Coloured picture of Prophet Zoroaster .. . 0 4 l Biography of the first Parsi Missionary Mr. Maneckji i L. Hataria, by Messrs . G. K. N . and K. A. F. 0 6 Persia and Parsis by Mr. G . K. N. 1 0 ti7 Persian Pictorial Post cards (24) 1 8 [. i ,, Album (by Messrs . Fitter & Chaina) 2 4 @[. Coloured picture of D.:1.rius the Great, 4x3" size O 6 10-Coloured picture of H. I. M. Reza. Shah O 8 I I fBl 'eXi' c1i' c1i' a;' eli'~ i;i;l'eXi'eli' a;''fB~'tB-ai' 9' a;' eli'~ ~'tB a;' c1i' eBeli' ~fgl
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OUR AHWAZ LETTER (From~Our Correspondent at Ahwaz) PABSEES IN PERSIAN RAILWAY SEBVIOE The Parsee employees have been working O.K. so far. The panic that was caused amongst us here by a drastic reduction of pay and dismissal of some of us, has now calmed down and things have been settled to the satisfaction of the majority of us, None are discharged but the pay of some is subjected to more or less reducGion. The latter include two only and these intend return ing to India shortly. For the amicable settlement thanks are due to the new Persian Superintendent, Mr. Mirhadi, a kindly gentle man, The Persian Government, as well as the American Officers, have been highly satisfied with the work and the abilities of the Parsees, specially of Messrs. J. S. Madon, Darabshaw, Baxter and Feroze S. Madon to each of whom, they have given a certificate testifying to their ability and exprressing their entire satisfaction. They require really qualified and young Parsee locomotive mecha nics on up to 100 tomans and more pay if proved good and capable hands. A GooD INDIAN r.rBADEB IN Aaw .A.Z I take this opportunity to mention here that in this place there is one Hindu gentleman, Mr, L. V. Sanghvi, the proprietor of "Calcutta ::5tores," who is very generous, kind and most helpful to the Parsees from India. He has helped, and is always helping, the Parsees in their difficulties not only with his influence and advice, but also with money, in many instances, He is a perfect K. WAD I A, PH,N0.42483 DIAMOND MERCHANT, GRANT ROAD, BOMBAY,
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184 THE lB!N LEAGUE QU!BTEBLY [April gentleman, and any Parsee who has been or gone through this place will surely testify to and coLroborate my statement. He is a person of very quiet and secluded nature and has been carrying on business heL'e for the last ten years. JNOBEASING USEFULNESS OF THE SOUTH PEBBIAN RAILWAY The Persian Railway is making a striding progress and the passenger service has been inct'eased from two to five trains in a week, besides daily goods traffic. We wish them all success and have so far tried our best to help them. The climate is very pleasant. The contLact with the Americans has not been renewed, but the work oE further construction has been assi_g~ed to Danish Engineers. The name oE the Chief Engineer is Mr. Blach. F. S. M. SAVINGS BANK. Money saved Wisely in these days brings Happiness and when spent Unwisely it brings overwhelming Debts, Worry, Unhappiness and Distress. Make therefore a regular saving by opening a Home Savings Safe Account with the CENTRAL BANK OF INDIA, LIMITED, BOMBAY and earn interest on Daily Balances. Our Home Savings Safe will teach you and your family Thrift and Economy. S. N. POOHKHANAW ALA, Managing Director.
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RULES FOR TRAVEL IN PERSIA The following instructions for the guidance of travellers to Persia are published. As a good deal of misunderstanding prevails among them, and thus leads to trouble and discontent, it is necessary that they study them carefully before planning their journey. British subjects travelling to Persia are required to ta.ke note that-All travellers must be in possession of valid national passports, hearing a valid visa for entry into Persia, issued by a Persian Diplomatic or Consular Officer outside Persia. Per sons of dual British and Persian nationality must be in possession of Persian passports for entry into Persia. Exchange Control Law and its supplement was abrogated of 14th February 1932. Travellers need make no declaration on money brought into the country except in gold or silver. Export of silver coin is limited to twenty Tomans. Export of gold in any form is prohibited, and so is export of silver coin (except to limit mentioned in paragraph 2) or bar silver. Import of silver, except worked objects, is also prohibited. No undertaking to sell exchange will be called for in the following cases ;-(a) export of traveller's luggage and personal effects, (b) articles sent abroad in the form of presents or samples, provided that the value does not exceed Rials one thousand, (c) goods leaving Persia in cabotage. REGISTRATION All visitors to Persia are required by Law to register with the Police within eight days of arrival and obtain a permis de Or, F, M. MASANI, Dental Surgeon, Specialist in best :fitting 11ets of Artificial Teeth. Popular Dental Rooms, 71, Kalbadevi Road, and Princess Street Junction, BOMBAY,
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186 TBE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY [April sejour (residence permit). Their arrival in a Persian town must be notified to the Police within 48 hours. A Persian Transit Visa is valid for one month only and foreign travellers including pilgrims whose stay in Persia exceeds that period are required to secure a renewal of the visa by applying to the Persian Police before the expiry of the term of original visa. Failure to do this renders travellers liable to be turned back from the frontier and to a fine of from 5 to 150 Rials at the discretion of the Persian Courts. It is in the interest of pilgrims visiting the Holy Places in Persia while en route to Iraq to apply for a transit visa rather than an ordinary visa, provided their stay in Persia is not likely to exceed one month. The transit visa will not, however, be granted by Persian officials unless the applicant already has a visa for some third country to which he means -to proceed on leaving Persia. A pilgrim proceeding to Persia, en route to . Iraq should, therefore, first obtain the visa for entry into Iraq and then apply to the Persian Consular or visa authorities specifically for a transit visa through Persia. R 2/ WILL ENSURE YOUR SUCCESS 1N ENGLISH at the S. MATRICULATION EXAMINATION The perfect English Teacher (600 pages) by En:ch F. Goh1ell11, I'rimirel Golwalla Classes, contains 25 dialoguee, 60 EeEeye, 75 I.tHns llrcl is En tn:c,1:e publioation combining English Gremmer end Comrmitiui, meful to no ~tu. dents of from the 4th to the 7th Standard. Recommended by Rev. J, McKenzie, Vice-Chancellor, Bombay University, Shems-ul-ulma Dr. Sir J. J. Mcdy, Ron. Mr, Justice B. J. Wadia, Dewan Bahadur K. M, Jhaveri, Principal K, B, Murz, ban and other eminent Scholars and Educationists. Can be he.cl for Rs. 2/from all well-known book,sellers and also from 1h author, at Golwalla Classes, Opp, Fire Brigade, Fort, Bombay. V.P.P. As, 6 ell:tra.
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CULTURAL COOPER ATION: FORGING GOLDEN LINK BETWEEN PERSIA AND INDIA NA W RUZ AT SHANTINIKETAN (The Associated Press of India circulated the following news from Shantiniketan on March 22 :-) Naw Ruz-the Pen;ian New Year-was celebrated yesterday. evening with great enthusiasm in Shantiniketan. The guests of honour were Prof. Poure Davoud, the celebrated Persian scholar and poet, whose services have been lent to the Visva bharati by His Majesty the Shah of Persia; and Mr. Framroze Bode, the Parsee scholar who has accompanied Prof. Davoud from Bombay. Dr. Rabindra Nath Tagore himself and all the membe1s of the staff and students were present. The artists of Kalabhavana had tastefully decorated the western verandah of Uttarayana (poet's residence) where the ceremony took place with 'Alpanas,' earthen lamps, new leaves and flowers. There were songs, recitations of Persian verses, chanting of hymns from ' the Avesta ' and speeches by the guestR and by Dr. Tagore. ADDRESS BY DR; TAGORE "We offer," said Dr. Tagore, "our gladsome greetings to the auspicious day of ' N aw Ruz ' that has dawned to-day upon Persia's sky, and India specially rejoices in the great fact that the sun of the New Year has its blessings for a new awakening in that ancient land of heroes. " There was a time when . this festival from. Persia fouri.d its way into.. . : the Irriperial harem of Delhi: .... It only. . .. . spoke of the orgies of an irresponsible Dr, Rabindranath Tagore power making the spring breeze drunken who takes e. keen interest in with the red fume of passion. lrno.
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188 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUARTERLl [April " But let the new year of a new life in Iran bring from now its voice to us in India of a vigorous manhood, clean and true, that of a unique reassertion of an indomitable personality and mingle with our own aspiration its hope of a luminous freedom from Asia. "In greeting on this joyous occasion the representatives o_f Iran who are now with us in Shantiniketan, we greet the great people of their land, whose lavish hospitality I enjoyed last year during my sojourn in their midst immediately after the feast of Naw Ruz. And I offer my homage of admiration to their gracious Monarch under whose powerful guidance Iran has found back the inheritance of her glorious past." AoA PouRE DAVoun's SPEECH "Today," said Prof. Pour-e Davoud in reply, "is the 21st of March-the beginning of Spring. This day is called' Naw Ruz' from very ancient times and up till now it is celebrated with great pomp in Persia. In Zoroastrian religion it is believed that the Fmvashis-the guardian spirits of the departed,-visit the e~rth during this period. For this reason this festival is called Farvardegan or Farvardin. Aga Poure-Davoud, In order to receive these heavenly Profe3sor of Iranian Culture at Shantiniketan. guests the people clean their houses, burn mcense, put Bowers and wear new garments. In Zoroas trian religion, it is said that on seeing this cleanliness and order these guardian spirits leave this world pleased, and in heavens beseech Ahuramazda to send prosperity to their dear ones. 11 With the Persians this New Year begins with exact astro nomical positions. This year the Sun enters the first sign of the Zodiac at 11 hours, 8 minutes and 42 seconds, in the night of Persia. Exactly at this moment in the big cities the New Year is a.uoounced with the booming of the guns.
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1933] OULTURAL cOOPER!TION 189 "The beginning of spring after an acute winter gives people natural joy. During these three days Persia is in a flutter and the houses are thrown open for visits and felicitations. In anticipation of the 'Naw Ruz' all grow green vegetation from seeds like whe~t, lentil, etc., as signs of abundance for the com ing New Year. " From these Fravashis, who are like the Hindu Pitaras, I beg that these our great ancestors grant prosperity and plenty to India and Persia. '' I wish long life and sound health to Gurudeva Dr. Ra.bindra Nath rragore and his whole family and also to you all friends and colleagues. On this happy New Year of ours I pray for the speedy recovery of the young girl who is lying so seriously ill in our Girl Hostel. " As all our great classic poets have written poe.i;ns celebrating this great festival. In deference to that tradition, I will recite here ten lines which I have specially composed for this occasion. Our friend Mr. Krishna Kirpa.Iini will give its English translation in verse. To me it has been a great joy to invoke the names of great deities like Brahma, Krishna., Vishnu and Shiva of the Hindu pantheon as also those of the great historical personages like Buddha and Asoka. THE SONG OF SPRING ' 1 Now that the Spring is come, we soar away To where the plains do flaunt their rich display Where blossoms break the prison of the bud, Oh there to dive in joyful beauty's flood ! Why languish and droop in these corners mute, When every bird sings notes on Nature's flute ? Do ope your eyes like naroissus~s now, And see how hyacinths form looks of love, And tulips ilow like Zarathushtra's flame ; Your homage to Lord Mazda thus to ohdm. The plains, like peacocks, show their splendour, All thanks to Bra.hma for croations' wonder :
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19Q THE IJ;\4~ LEAGUJ!; QUABTEBLY [April And when the earhh is decked like bridegroom now, Remember Krishna's land where he made love; The glories of your Hind will bloom again When the past revives for the future's gain. Let love, as Buddha's, give light to your heart, And learn the Master's great nirvanic art; And give communal wars nirvanic peace, Their cycle of rebirth for ever cease I Awake ye, and relieve from sorrow's yoke 'rhe land that shone with glories of Asoke: Let Vislmu grunt all rneil sustaining breath ; And of them Shiva claim the patriot's death I" The function came ho a close after Mr. Framroze Bode spoke suitably, and made Hamazor with all, and blessed a union of [Tan and India through their cultural and spiritual relationship. LARGEST DEALERS OF CINE YIATOGRAPHS :ANU FILMS IN INDIA, BURMA AN:0 CEYLON. Krupp Ernemann Imperator and Standard Reinforced and Other Cinema Apparati and Accessories. General Price List on Application. L . Apply :--. . ,. The Excelsi~~ Theatre, Fo~t, Bombay.
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THE PERSIAN LANGUAGE THE NEED FOR RESTORING rrrs PURITY [If it would be ruining Arabic language to cram it with about fifty per cent of pure Persian words, it should be nothing less if Persian . speech is crammed with about fifty per cent of pure Arabic words and expressions. That however is what it really happens to be, and so on:e should not be surprised if it is found to have grafted an unnatural .-mentality on the Persians. In an early number of the Quarterly we have discussed the subject: and we are glad, this fact is slowly but surely dawning on the minds of learned and thinking Persians. We have reproduced the original Persian in our Persian columns and Mr, Jamsheed D. Marker, who happens to be in Karachi at present, deserves our thanks for having sent us the beautiful Persian of the learned Aga Kai Ostuwan, alongside his own nice contribution. The following rendering into English is by Prof. M. A. Mazendy.EDITOB.] "The Arabic language has been formed and polished by Persian scholars. Arabic grammars, dictionaries and many works of that sort have been compiled by the Persians and presented to Arabic literature." As described in the Chehra-Noma No. 45, Sir Dennison Ross, the well-known London professor, made the above subject the topic of his splendid lecture which he delivered in Cairo before the Oriental Society of the University of America in Egypt. It has been said that the beauty of a people's mother•tongue would be the proof of their greatness and the literature of their language would give strength and permanence to the supports that sustain their life. . As philology proves, the Persian language is of the same family with Sanskrit and is also closely related to European lap.gua.ges with which it can be intermingled without incohe rence or dissonance, while Arabic being of the Semitic family and of a different genus to Persian, it would be as discordant to associate it with the latter as it would be to engraft a cherry stalk on a date tree. From the foundation of the house of the Sa.sanides down to the ex;tinction of tile Sa.fa.viya.h dyna.sty A.ra.bio ha.ii ieen mixed
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192 TBE !BAN LEAGUE QUARTERLY (Aprii with Persian to suoh an extent that a great number of Persian words have been put out of use and have given place to Arabic words. So also, a good many phrases have taken Arabic forms t.o such an extent that Peraian ia now considered incomplete without the help of that foreign tongue. SOME REOENT ATTEMPTS There are held three opinons in this matter:-( 1) Some people say that the Persian language has been so degenerated by the conceiiis of such Persian poets as Sa'adi and others that it cannot be revived now. (2) Others say that the Persian language can be delivered from useless amalgama. tion in it of foreign words by continually watering the rose garden of the great poet Firdawsi, and writing pure Persian as he did. (3) The third group are of opinion that those who themselves do not know proper Persian and have been used to .the Arabic style have gambled away their birth-right of conversing and writing in pure Persian, Now we see that day by day the number of the men who tend Firdawsi's garden is ever increasing. Many poets and prose writers like Nafisi and Naw-Bakht are one after another busy cultivating and watering this garden. On the other hand the Young Persian Anjuman has replaced the Koofy alphabet by the Latin letters. From such movements we can foretell that Persia will have a still brighter and more prosperous future under His Imperial Majesty Reza Shah Pehlevi, the Shah of Persia. Some of the pure Persian writings of Mr. Nafi.si we have seen in print formerly. The sweetness, the pleasing style and the eloquence of these writings which enchant readers and hearers alike, are sufficient to prove the truth of our a.ssertion. Then again, we have here, before us, the Pehlevi-Nama, which has been lately compiled and published by Naw J3akht, a young .i>ersian poet. Being a noteworthy work, it is one's bounden duty to recommend it to the Parsis and to other admirers of the pure Persian tongue that they may buy it, see it and show it to their friends.
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A LITERARY TABLEAU: THE LION AND THE SUN. H. E. AGA KAI OsTov AN In the library of one of the lovers of pure Persian in Bombay, there is a copy of an article in pure Persian by Aga Kai Ostovan, the present Consul of His Imperial Persian Majesty at Karachi, which was cont,ributed to a journal nine years ago. The prophecy of the writer about the advent of Iran's illustrious son, and about tbe passing away of the dark night of Persia, and the rise of t,he lion of tha.t country, is so remarkable that it may well be reproduced in the Quarterly of the Iran League. The article in the II Maiben,,.,,. of Teheran is as follows :-" Softly and gently, and slowly and tenderly the breeze of Ard-i-Behesht was blowing from the summit of that high snow clad mountain, bending the top-boughs of the poplar, plane and fir trees of Tabriz and producing a melodious tune from their trembling leaves, blending pleasantly with the murmur of the stream passing through the valley and flanking the right skirt of the mountain. "That sweet breeze was blowing the fragrance of the rose, the narcissus, the hyacinth and the violet on to me. Stretches of dark clouds were passing across the profile of the moon, and over my head the northern star gently twinkled as it was going to bid me adieu, "A meandering branch of the pearl-scattering water of. the valley was adding to the breadth of the stream on my left and gliding across the garden fields of the perennial green. Having got up I climbed up the mountain underneath the spreading apricot and almond trees and through the fairy flower-garden, of which the rose branches were clutching in crowds at my skirt and pulling me towards them. My progress scared the nightingales and disturbed their happiness: so with a loud lamentation they left the beds of their beloved flowers and flew past my ears and above my head in a great flutter, • Serial No. 2a3, No, 67 of the 5th year of publication: 1st Ghaue 1302-pi-iD.ted ill Teheran.
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194 THE IRAN LEAGUE QUABTERLY [April and chirping and twittering felJ into t,he arms of their far and near loving ones. " Having ascended two hundred and fifty paces I laid myself down near the waterfall at the edge of the preoipioe, upon the silky green of the lawns, and leaning on my right hand I sank in the verdure. From here I could observe the top of the same snow-clad mountain, while dimly burning lamps of the city were visible from the other end of the mountain skirt, and the cooks by their orowings were announcing the joyful tiding of the approach of the morn. The remote stars were disappearing and the sky, in order to receive the sun, was clearing and preparing every place. The dark blue colour of the star-studded vault was about to change into the plain watery white. '' The clamours of the enamoured nightingales, the rippling of water mingled with the tuneful note of the morning breeze playing on the tender leaves of the trees, together with the melodious songs of the starlings, formed quite a band of music. "I was lying intoxicated with the feeling of pleasant spring time of the Persian world, when my eyes perceived a dark patch on the lower part of the snow-covered summit. "The day dawned, and I got up and offered my prayers to Almighty God and then sat down. "The rays of the sun threw a splash of blood red upon that snow, hut little by little the colour fainted, turned bright, then yellow and deep yellow. In order to kiss a flower, a nightingale in my neighbourhood plunged his lips into its mouth in such a, way that his face became wet and a small diamond grain was seen settled on his beak. " The disc of the sun peeped out from behind that mountain and that dark spot which was attracting my gaze began to move; so, having risen, I found it to be a lion with yellow mane and a dark tail, which ascending the mountain stopped. on the, summit. under the "sun and turning to the left was looking. towards the city. From above the waist and mane of the lion the sun was darting his rays in all directions and the lion itretcbed out his right paw to pick up something. Reminded
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1933] A LITERARY TADLEAU Hl5 of the national emblem of my country by this sight,, I suddenly heard the voice 'God is Great' and saw the war-like Guardian of Persia rise from the flank of the mounhin and hoist the green white and red flag of the Lion and the Sun on the top of the Gate of Liberation and Uplift in the City of Teheran, and the people, small and great, men and women, at once and in one place, got up to offer their homage and thanks to him. "The martial band played this tune' Persian has revivedLong live our Home'. Group after group, dressed in new apparel were exchanging congratulations. PERSAD (Norn-de-plume of Aga Kai Ostovan) ". ENDEAVOUR TO PURIFY THE PERSIAN TONGUE We have heard that during the last three years the members of the Literary Society of Teheran, especially its head, Aga Afsar, have compiled some highly interesting works in prose; and it is also said that, as a memorial of these golden days of H. I. M. the Pahlavi Shah, preliminary steps have been taken in Teheran to establish an Acaaemy for collecting pure Persian words out of various dictionaries, and also to invent new ones. From the samples of the embellished writings of the past and this writing above, the passion for purification which exists in the mind of all people, including learned, wise and experienced folk, young and old, it can be said that under the protecting and encouraging shelter of His Imperial Majesty, the Pahlavi Sovereign, Iran is going to attain glory in every direction, in each matter and in all affairs. TRANSLATOR's NoTE: To write a language, especially Persian, in its purest form without losing its literary merit, is next to impossible; and yet it may be said that this beautiful matter which has been contributed by His Excellency Aga Kai Ostova.n, is as excellent and praiseworthy as his other accomplishments are. M.A. MAZENDY,
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* 0 ;<::::, ... ,'2_, ,"s,. ,'2_, ,"s,. ,'2_, .,;:;:,.. ,'2_, .,;:;:,..;,2. • • ,'2_, ,"S:;,. ,'2_, ,'S:,. ,'2_ .. "S:;,. "2 ,'S:,. "'2'. .~ ,'2., ,'S:,. "'2'. .. "S:;,."'2'., 0 ,1, '*~~~@~,~~~,~@~@~,~,~,~,~~~,*.;' ~OJ ~w @~ TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF ADVERTISING. @~ @ ~QiJ Advertisers entering into contracts with the " Iran League ~OiJ @~ Quarterly" Committee do so only on the following terms and cJQ~ ~OiJ conditions which they have read and agreed to:~Ob Q~ 1. 'l'he contracting party undertakes to use up the space cJO~ i~ contracted for within the stipulated period, or in the ~OP event of failure to do so, agrees to pay for the space ~Ob O~ not so used up. cJO~ ~OP 2. Payments to be made in advance. iob Q~ 3. 'l'he Iran League Quarterly Committee reserve to themcJO~ ~OP selves the right to refuse or suspend the publication ~Ob O~ of any advertisement witb out assigning reasons for c10~ ~OP doing so. ~Ob o~ 'l'he following are the rates of advertisement in English and cJO~ ~OiJ Persian languages :-(size of page: 7"x4!''). ~ob ~OiJ 1. THE COVER PAGES~Qb @~ Contract rates: l page per insertion Rs. 10/'11\~ 1 .. .. .. 15/~ob v.u. full ,, ,, ,, 30 !cJA~ ~OiJ Casual ,, t ,, ,, ,, 11/~ob t ,, ,, ,, 16/o~ ~VP full , , 32/ ~OiJ @~ ,, ,, cJO~ ~QiJ 2. READING MATTERS~Qb o~ English Section. Persian Section. cJO~ Per insertion Per insertion ~Qb @ . Contract rates: l page Rs. 4! Rs. 5 cJO~ ~OiJ t ,, ,, 6t .. 7! ~Ob @~ fun ,, ,, rn ,, 14 cJO~ ~OiJ Casual ,, !,, ,, 5 ,, 5! ~o i 7t si o~ ~w " " " 16 o full ,, ,, 15 ,, ~Op Apply :-THE SECRETARY, ~OiJ @~ The Iran League, ~ @~ J(arnar Bldg., Gowasji Patel Street, @~ FORT-BOMBAY. ~oiJ ~l~~-~~~~~~~~~~"2-~"2-~,'2.~"2~~ * '' ,z:,,@,z:,,~ :7~ •Z:,,'S::S,• •Z:,,'<::::,• :7'<:S."Z:7,:::::,:Z:,,'<::::,• •Z:,,'<::::,• :7~ :7~ :7~ :?~ •
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IRAN: ANCIENT AND NEW [The following excellent article appeared in the " Nama-i-Iran-i Ba.sta.n," No. 2. As most of our readers will find it a.n exhilarating reading we quote it below.] A MESSAGE TO THE WRITERS OF THE PERSIAN TONGUE : RID IT OF FOREIGN lNORUSTATIONS AND RENEW ITS STIFLED SouL c.("J~ .:..:..,!'.l.:.~:,1 cS;} )l.._ cSIJ! , ;b Jj} .:., ... \ cS.r.) f. r5 S.l.l\ , Jb J J" ,; j) J! t I; Jl;. .. :..~..\ii ,:;IJ' ;4 J i--'-~ ,:;l.1.I .... ~ t' ,:;~ ?~ ,.i ..\.~4 "'~;t.=::-~Jl(jJJ J ~L!. J'f');' r _,. J J./ _:;IJl~J) J)., If JJ I; ._:_,~4j '-"";~ i-~ i:,t.:... li r~i , ,it... IJl!C.TI; ),;-4;.;,; ,:;t..;1 ( f'fo~ ~L. ~l;u~4 ..... 'rl\.J( f:") j\ I,)"~"' .:.,_;.; J}._.. ;-;.., ,:;l<.l.:....,_~ u"~ J) ~-4 4i~ JJ.:S" .ii ;J) c.S~I, ;p .r."' , ,:;\ JI) t._; 4 ,t I; ,:;t.:... 4 ,:;l..,,_1 ,:;l.1.I cSJJ~ "".t... S' u:,.,...~ ..\.~4 "'::,1T .ii cS)~ iJ)r, 4 J ~:;L::. '1::-.:, J .. jl J ,;~ )J> ,IJ ~'1-~ult~ i:,\i'l!j '-"";~ v;. ... ) ;) ..:.-1 ,:;~If.\ J cSJ; .:. ... I J' ,:;b./ -~~.:, ,:;IJ J\S' ~} f~ u' cS:,,.J J i:J);\l.r •) _,...r ,:;4.:, u-J~ !l.,;:.., ......:.;~If "'-"~ J \....(J). ,:;I(~_,; ~rt. \) •..\l). ~4 .iJ./1 .:....I <.S.Jl(;J; J I; ;I(,> lj ... ~;\S' I; jJJ .,> r-J..:.. J \J'u~ cl; i:,t;;. ... J ,.:.;.b .r. .:.... I ,:;~t! ~) ;I .) f. JJ j S J4J ,:; ) f" ~J) ,:;l.1_1., L9"'~ u"')~ .ii r) ..:.;.1~,1 :,J~ •)~ l..f")~ cJ.~ ,;,lii j\ .;.-I;? J) f ~'i J.:..: ., Ji-(\;,:;~~! A) ., ~i ,:;t.::..... J iJ)j
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'" t r:flJl:! 0t:: ... 4 01..1~1 ;.;J-:: \) >; 0 1./ c.S}'(. ""•\.!..:. .. L.!. 41_l.-; ;:i r:Jb\J;..~ ... L ... u~Jb ) :i t ..:.. ... I ..::..i.G ., r:Jb .:i ,;L~ ., ~! o )4 -'(.:i 1) ) >!.) i:r.1 0'. J' • .:i o ., i:,L:::.: .... ;I 4;:.!,J., ~:iL! ...... t~ 0 L ... 1~! jlf ..::.. .... .:i _.>.il u~Jb '51..;! ., J t ...\!.l! c.S ...\.:...,) .);.. j\ J-' .:i J, .,) _:_.r. \ L~Jr( r=.:.-\ ... j\),) ~j~! c.Sl.r l!:, ..::,. ... \},. )J!,uli"J(_.).)_ji O))~)~! O~J J o)b [\)~ 4::_;\,) l;)J:>l.54) \J,) J=> )..li J ;I,) J (-J!. ;l(! ..::,. .... .:i J) .P _, 1..._(;J:i cli J~~a, uJ..l! S ., b) j\ ..1:.Y. _;_,~\ ;'b ;,;~I '51..1! r~:1.: .... u! ): r-1 o :ib ..::.. .... .> jl i:,l(._ I ..1! ii'"'-' .r. .,l.!,~; JJL('. '-'"';l! )i4 )J) lSfr. 01;.,:i /1 ..:......I~--:,_;.,;./" J-...; ~!,L! iul..1~1., .:,1.: ... 1! u'..1~1 ~;J:! '5\.i~ J-! )1., .:iJ! ..lll>ly ;lfj.,; •Lr. J ,) J~ ~lb\.,;. (.I ... J~ TaE TuRKS ARE NOT IN THEIR ANar&NT HoME: AND YET THEY ARE' BENT ON PURIFYING THEIR MODERN 8PEEOH: WHY SHOULD NOT THE IRANIANS DO THE BAME ? ..lij\>~ Jl.:.a..f ...\.:.,.\J;..: ... ., ...\ii o.)b 0\) J:i ;) clf ,} cl!.~...\i\ 47;' ..::..-~i ul Jf i:,1~.:.-:;.>.,j.l .. :~ ),,:_\ .s4-"'' 4 \) c.r~ J If;\:, o\; J ...\ijl ... ;IJ: ... \ ) J> ',?~J! (' 0~~1.-, . .,; ~~l.:. ..:..-\ ;,;~)T )J>;:.., -=... ... ).:i., l~ ";I...\.:.! ..::.. .. 1 0 .,:;-., j~I ., :i;b J! ;:> A:-! 1.5Jly.) .,j} j~\ il:i:-:;\ t ...\.:...~ u"")~ v4j :JJ~ J J.) iJ(li 0L ... S 01:. -'"' ._; .. 1.,;-).1. ):. J. ... ...\.:.4 ;1.,:...1 ;:; d ...\.!.l! ;I.,!.:. lt:;l,;~l ""l.1. ;I>' _:_.,~I JI ., ,)J! ...\ .. \.,;-0t..T ._,;ly:i ./" ..::......1 ;'b.,-' .... o1.;,:! .:,4j ci_ 4 .>.J> c.,\S'\; .. _; ..1"" j\ t;I_, r:.:.-~ ... ..:..-,_j ... ;~ -.:...;4; o;I.,-~ \ ..\:,-..5~.I. ;:; I; I?"' ;l! .:,L!.:, r:!. 4 i.r! ..\;I o -:,\.:i I JJ':I tf'; ... )
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\"O .:,l!,; J f-JJt~ (,? .. )l! J~ J r~~.,.:.~ ..) .. )) ., r-jt ... 1'_,:... I:, J'> o)b 04.i 1.J"')~ ~4,; o_,;t;" Q)J} f\) l!., Ji _;I (,Jfl~ I; Jt:... \! 0-;~ (.)~-'. If' _,...lj ..:...-.1! .:.-1 .._:_..,1..)~I JY.,; ......:._.,l)J:i )l).)\~ t I; J_,.:.S r:::-.\! oJ J\_,J 1.J"")~ o~,; ~!.i o)..J! J ~( "':,J .._:_.;1.:.;.. .... ~\lJ) J Jo<>-J_}I ... J ())b r~ O.)J.;"'' ~hi) I; r(:,\ J..J-) \! i.:. f:..!, J .:.-1 I.J"")~ ;~ J ... t r-.;l-! :..1;j., ;1..ut~ f:.:., ot.:.::-o<>-~-'i l)T .>..:.;L. )jl-)y~ ~;)))_,:> .>..:.~! )).>.!
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IRAN N AMA: VoL. II TaE FIVE GREAT DIVISIONS OF IRAN .,.:..~A • ..ul_,;. Jt!.i1Y-1 1,;:.> eli 1~.)~\ ul: ... 4 u"";1i '-! i u\r..1 .) * ,.~; ~,l (,l• J~ 11\! ;1.:...., ~--.:..;4~ J i:.,L:-~l_;-ol:-~IS'-01.r.l~~-iJ:""•Jt! .c... .) J) t.1,} -o~..u_;t .. -u~f-u~. ot...l.;>-;>\~ -ol.rJ ul~-r ;~ •.ir. col~l)J\~ ETHNOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCE IN RACES : EXAMPLES OF INDIA AND AMERICA j:_l-> ":'"'~"" "'! ~> j, ~l:-:,a Jl..t..l JJi 0\A ,:..l~I .;,1(~4 .:;J)J\~A 4! ~., .~;)Ly\ J~I., . .)1,l,.i J)~l... .,\ji l: J., ~;) .;f" \~! i.? ;:..1\.:.~ I ~!.: .... _;_}, J u 4.i 4! '> ., J _,.... J !.I_; .)I; c!L. jl \~i.) '5;:,. Jl.. J .,.,.~ JJ I.>)~ .;I'.) Ji.\:> J.) l.f j:AT 6J Al J.I JW-1 J "="\J., fJ""J J ......:...,4j J) '~~\ ..u\ .~ J:~ ~I>
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'l'Y l.r:::il,;,_\ul:" ..:;,;~l;... r:::.:.S::i .i.-~lA,. ~.(;_;! ..:..~J-cl! ..... _:. .... 6. lj Y.~,.. .;! )J; ,;I J ..\.J Jll>l~ 4.; ~:::lb .i.;t:::;., ut!,; ;) ,ll(_.:.! 0t("".:..:.1.! ,;1 ,).i 4 t .:..,gt,_ r:'"'J> 1.4.:,t~ ... I..\::--rib j\ .\....,lb., t.)~-., o4i., )\;; J) )J\..l.i J;..l,. -s"y_ ':i. l:::,:~ l! r.J"';""" ., ,) ~.:.! ,;~; cl~ j t::;.:,. I .).j ill..\: .. ( c.S ..>.J> J) .;A J., '":"';IV"' .i.! Jt.J., ~rl;~ I.~ J1.=..._;J>., J-!IS"" _;; &_ ..:..-;:-; ->;J'i..,.,IJ J .>.;\ ill..l.:..i ..:..L. &_ )\j; & _ _;\ lf'"" .. U \lb ~j \,. ~s41b J ~\ r:! I; l~I ..:,... i> cl~~ 1.5(,;_!\J 4.~ .;.;,:_o, Ai~\~ c,S\.J> )I;;~.:;~~ ..:,..(k cl~ J1.,. j t:::'" ; ) r::::;_( 4.(; ..:,.. ... I • ) ;;i J) ..:..t. &. JC, 4.! J .).~ ,..,.s Jll> • ) r.i '-""ll.> ) \) 4 ,J.o ., • ..\.!,.j Jf!.; vL 4 ) i..S J). 4.9 )'\'" tf T 4.! ., "".:. ;.;) 1..... ., ..:; ?. tt"' u1 .,.:.'" 4.! iJ_ ~" '-! t~ ..:,..; ; t::--.J,,. 4 4.: o >\'" ) ;b ..:..:::J>l S ~I ~! ) A' '-: J->;.;::: .. j Jill .>..:.:.4 ) f '-':-! 4.:~; "'~.II"'\ J).:• Jl.o ~JJI 4..:, f j\ 0:;L:~ .;..:,\-:-~ c.1" ~j J)'\::>-1., ..:;~ J o4j ., o)J.,T J)..:,..... _,(> &_ J JJ;) ci . .J~j I; )J> J j.J"l~) ~f';.i. ..:,..l'. .. &_ r"'I 4-:;..1,... J ~.r'" I;::, J> '-"'~, i,,9n;i ""~ J\;i t,_ .;.!.l! un~.,T ill"":::--') Ji .Jll> j-! o.,.:.(l J ..lll • .)..!. -. ,-' .::..>l.,, lf'.J> ~., I J lf I ., "".:. ::, ; I., ~II"'\ 4.! ._:_; J=: uf ~J;I t,_ o..>.!. .x.:.l! -.:._r.") j\ A ti ~\_,...\ ~} .j::;.o.ll> cl.! )J~ ill)~ J~I/"'\ '-:'.~ c.S ,;.:JA ., <.S ,;d" ~} ., ) r-:::" j JI,;'. I .).l )'. ~.,. J) ~). -.:._r.• j .J! <.Sl.:::...\ jl,;~ I ;IJ> \lb ..1.-o~.:...:. ... t;. .. 0o,l..:.;.~ o\... j ;) o~ '-:'~ J .;.;_,:..:::.,. .::,..,.....:. t~J ~..,!) ol-';..:,) ..:,.,J"1 oJ .;-., rt!.., o~-"-., ~.J jJ~;b o\.;.;j) o_,.:..(i •""..\ _:;\.,;~I '-:J'" ..:,\ <.SJ~-! 01..:.~ r• J .).j~::"' J,;f J
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(.)" ;l.o] UNIFYING INFLUENCE OF LANGUAGE: EFFORTS OF TURKEY AND AFGHANISTAN d.r..;_ ... j\ '"iL.jcl,_ .:.. ... \ ot~.J ~\..!, l::,,iT J. .i 4~ ;) _,:..: ... Jl .... L.A..:>:~A ..)4(1 ;) y .s:t:;i <.Stf". 0 1}( \; l::,,i T ......:....,~~.!,\! .. \ J:>!:~ .:.;kl ... )) j cl! J.:.5 I 3 ...._:_~ ... i./.,) ) uJ -" ., or ~j J .\i. ., ui I .1: \ ) i.s:t: ;i JL.. ., I _; \ J~! ;) .il-! i;; 4; S} t <.Ai\ .i;;,\~~ :> y u\.J.ij) .:,' ol ).;A J <.Ai\ o:> )( LS"\.!, J1 .... )_;A ..... _;\ c..r:! 4(~ ~f;). ..:...L. ..J" u! <-Ai_,.!.:.,. .. I.A::"'\; J u l... _; o 4j ~:.:.; '":"-:-"" cl.:: I t i:.,I ..J'.l ..:, .... I if-.:~ rA ) :) ~.. J:(:..; w.l~ :>I;; J, .r. .. T j\ .r.; cl~ j '":'"'. ~i ., 0 t!j l=:r-i T 0 l( I.A.:;. 1! r. t:1 .;! J., .. J:(: .. ; (> t.. ;) 1;; _;1 '-').;.-! I J ., ; ,.:,,_I _; I .. -'..:. It;\ ; t:,;,,.:; I J c)J _;,_ <1.J. Lr. J :>) :> Lf: t..J i;; 6 Lr. A; o~!. ,~ 11":il.J:I ul~p o..,61 ~~j! ifo.j ..:,....I .}L.} J1... lt";T Uc~. J '?(.:_!\) u:> _r.i :>;b I; (>~ )~! ~; .. ~J ;) tr;I (.)\.J! ., J)) ., ~Lll J_ "-(:-""' I.A.:;\.,. s ;)J! ~-:I.!. j.,..,.., ..:,. ... \ .J~..\C:l! J;(!.; I;~;,_ ..:,.L. cl.. .k _,.I.:;. ... r,.\! fa ., .i::i lr.:-il..J'.1 ..:,l.,. cl: ..\A\_,;.:"' 1)\../J\ ..\i\ o..\:!,\! rA j\ tL. ..,1.;_1\.,. .J .. cl! .s;t ... jJ )..\iJ:!'-'"'uJ;l"., .s""J"'4!'-'At')Jr .. 1...,; J,'}i.; '?A\() :> ~1!.i Jj ..>.A\_,;.~ '?ii.. j ) ) i.?'" J) yl .J'\ <.j"' J" ., .. .} L-...; J j 01..:i J rt!'-'.,.:!.! ~T J\..J! 6,.i ._\A._\! ~I.,; I; Y:..! ._\.:._\ .. J.,_L.._., o)j"I~! OI!.:, J~I cl: .S.:.._1 (SI.;! ..\..:_~ ......:....,f l?"")i j\ ~:I ., 15'"))\r l: l?:l;t:,;,,! 1._) J 1,_ [.~ ot;~ rA., :>jl ... ..); J..15" I;~,~ ..\!.~ .. ~., ~':"'~! .:-I .. :.J~ .:.iv-tS~ Qi ii~\ t )=I 4ij ~s-.J c__:""J I; J,,.r .. )b ._\.:...\~ ;J; 3J; u~ ii}\ dJ J., (To be continued: J;IJ o.lil..)
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PARSIS-A PEOPLE OF THE BOOK [Translated into Persian from English by Prof.1\1. A. Mazendy) ":'rv J_,;LJI '4iLA J::a... J f-'" )~ 4J:;.. ).JA J\J\ Jilr S 1.r_j cl-' .)jl ol_,.:. .. ! (-J"" :> J~:;,. ol_.,._1 JL ... L.. ol.!..)\! 0' . .;;-f jl c.SJ;ii..:> olJ: • .) J ):.,. c)~...1.~\...l\ c)'.j ':'""Al~ J L}" i~ ($...1.ij) _,\ j\ J o .. \~ o:>b .::J Q4 jl ., .i...b Li J, J:;...) ..j )~ ) J:4A:-! J )(! J-i j \ ., i }f~ i l .. I t O .).~.) J .:. ... i o:> y .~ ol.;!I J.:.kL r-...1., 01...1.;\;.. .__:_r.> J JA 6,~;L.:.~ ., o :> b i l::,,.; I :> _,;.. c.r:o.; c.ro~ LJ" I J [ 1.,.) j \ 0'. \ _:_;L: ... .,.) j\ _:_.;~;\.r.1 J4 S .)J! :...1. .. ... \ j\ 1.5>..1 • ...vl c_,; r" .Jj ~-) J J,I o .)1 _,;L;.. , LJ" olil-" J.b., 6,.a:;::> Y. I ~.:.! I '-:'""~-! rib c):A-" j I .::.... ., .;.! ... ~) .i.S:;\ J:.~ (o:>y ir1l9 J.!;.)\.o _:_;4j J Ol!jJ .. ! ~L. JI_,,_, J.:...I ol.,\;li,.. jl S) u('~ JL!1.)I;; .!.! .i..~.!.!) ...1..:.;\.o ..:., ... \ 4.Ji..J.b 0!\ c.r-J.o J .i.;) 0!1 <.S~~~ t • ...1.-! .,.:.~ J:.!, \...l..J I c.r; i J:> j• 4..(; \;~ 4~:> Y. \ .1~ _,; I o :> i I i..1.:! ot:...T ;:> r:J;. .. ; .) ... .:..i1;..,1 ;SI ., 4..:~b .;. ... t;\ 49 _,) ).) l:!" ,:J)'l:> i::.,..>..,:, J.) t '...1.-!.,.:.~ w.lJ.o 0•.1 "S:;L.:.~ oL:il.r.1 jJ) _,; '5\Jt>j.,) )') .).,0 r;.. .. :J)'l;.. ( \ A A r i:, ) • .1.:: L J l'k: .I.~ J.) J .) l_;' ., .. I J JI "r'1:.r '":' 'r V .)J!. {:_J~.J I'' ...,,,,.., i:,l.._j wl: .. J~ J i:,I.J~I '":"'\:.~ 'rA .) .,.:. t..Y--) J\....: ~.:. w~; , t ., , r ...,,, .... i:,~.:J 1 (I_. .. '":"' \:-~ n ..l}'I.: {:_J~) \ o .W..o c,.,; '":"'\:~ t • .) .,:.. t Y.") ' 0 ...,,, .... c,.,; '":"' l;-~ t '
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NOURUZ FESTIVAL AT DR. TAGORE'S UNIVERSITY. RECEPTION To PRoF. PouRE DAVOUD, ;.,-i,.;! ::,JJJ ~.:. .j::,la.,, 4) t>)~ Jl ... JJJj .:..:,...l~ 1fJ... ;::. i.; .. J<;..:. l! ~=:--v~ ul:S::; ~\.:. u~I)~! ::.Jb JJ! ul.:...l!ulJ..\ ~t:!::.I J L: ... )\ .rio) ulj..c, ::.)\::. JJ! JJ-9)..1! ~.::.}( .J.A..:... .:.-I •J.J.::. J" J cf ul!.~\ c.S~IJ 1\: 1 ..;I ~.S:,..t. ..u::--Jb( u"\!..:.,.~ ~J.) J), ..;\ ..4.!,~ \;I::. 111.S~ t.~ ~.)\ J rk :.:.: .. ..; ;.> J 1.>.:.Sr ) r-'" ul.J'.\ u~ c=:--11 r~ v'-)~ •).,~(~ <>1..J! ~:,1J~1 • .JJ.).J_::.J -....:...,~; ::.;IJ c~( Jt...., .~_::.J ::._;..~ 1f'~ 0_,;.Al\11::. J'~ J~ JJr J.,..l:9, vPl! J):, _;I &i.~ ~~-11 ;J;j ;J; )J) Ji _;I .,:.j,. .:,.l ... i:r=:-i:,a_l ) ::, J.~.) J .>.Aa; .. J..J.,. r\;j\ )f ( ,.;..(::,::, _f> _k.,. J:! Utta.re.yo.D ulu J\ 4! r J"' JA Jt.c! ~)\_..~ )) ) )l.i , _;I ,s .J:.:_; e , J., .J" .. ,sl .. ; J-;, J! _; I }; J;.~ ..:.-i L._ Bos v' Y. • "".:. 1 Jt!... J,li; -t~ ... Y. ) J,l .. ;l..F-u I _,._1 1::. . ~.:.:.:.\::, 1 .J'..,kl ).) ., .~~::,J ~) ol./ jfa! ~) J, JO.i or;::. t i.;\J..t. :.J'_\::, ri i:,a.~ '-"'~ QI_,._\ tSY,I~ 1: (..1!..? J~ ;::. 4;l(.::._;I,::. t-'J! 01 ,~ ,l,J, J~ .:.,..:..0 _;\ t5\ ,ti J' t ,_;;; i:t. I ) J,.,;.:... .) .J! 0
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L. l. uL.-{:i ~;l.!. J) uJ.S-1 l ul,1_1 • .;..:,.L.~ j ,;r~ ~.\ J) r-:...} .~ ) J):, j~i cJ':: j ..r' Ji'-() .I. J-~ i!l~ r. ;, .);:A r. v~T ul'::"J;, jJJ i j\ (../! 4.l-..t; ~i 4':..:.;,.~ Jl .. ;) S JliJI ;;::-i-) J~l~i 0.,:.s'I r~ J! u~T ul~t;.oj\J; ;,)J~ •;l...A r)J-:-i-:,,;0 ~\J; Jl...:.•I; f .1. j\ S f~ r.ilAi ul!.S'J). .L:..J.~ I; ),;-.i:i\...; J~ J ;i .!.>I.J~: IJulJ~I Jl~ .:.,~ I;..\;-::! iJ ' ' "' "' j )~ " ' u~ .r' ~l> .1 :,)\:,JY. J.,..;J..r. c.slil JJ( ;.S;, Jlai 4!~ j\ i.r. u~ ),. c)!.:o:-c)!I ):, ul:i\..;~' r.,.,.) ) .:.,btc.., ~-.) )J) ~..._;~).:,I ,.)J:;, Ji. ..:..JI} v.i:, J! o)Jf v~ c)! I .;...~,_l.:...,. $I;~.~ Jj-J ,\;.:.I;, Vli:::iV A BHARAT!. c.i(; l.:.~ 4:.!.3 u., .1! • ;, .i! ;I t f u.:S1 li. _,i • .>.J '-:" ...,k! u v"' J::J' 1.5.:...~ l...\ (..)<) J ..r. I'!.~ ..,1.;_(; '?;."(\))•\ ~\.;! o...\~ ... ) lS\J \ • ('_ l . I • • I • • u.....,..; ...,,. .r. J 1.5""~ ... .,. J ;, J-' u~ ~j lr"'! lSJ) 1.r: .:-1 ;~ ula ~!.~ I~ u4.i ..u\.!.9\ J-t:_:;k c)~ J.:.=.... $ d; t_~~ .:..>J)'..r. .:..,:..;;.:, JJ u~ o\JV , ... .$:.;) ~) o.>..!.JJU..1! u~..:.,!,;, y 1$.:.\; t;~J j lS :,'u_ i S .>.!.I.:; J, J> u J,/' J-i u~ J~ \J vlt~ ..:.-l;I ;,I! ---------(i:,IJ .1.;o1> LJ:,'~ I~) 0~?" o..i.:..:!)I J '-J', ;tJJJ.J. l> ..I. \ Jg"JJJ.f. Krishna l:.:.!)" \"
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r ~; b Y. .,=;Jf'" _;I .r. ~.P J) ~t , ...-; V • \ .5ll • , • ( \ • \" (.f""x; I) J.., :::.J :> OJ::;-J J-.J ~! J' " ..:..!.b ..u.~;.ulj> _;,.;.) JJ~I c.\.J> ~, J.r.i c.S J-~ J) ~-(; .j!) 1._.(~ U ~j i.5..>.;,. <.SI.;.!. _;I ~-Kriplani 4.5i 'Ji.:~) l.:.!.~.) 4~ Y. Jj ;l,,,!. I ~)}( ..:..:\)., 4..~} J.,. ~Bode..>.!# jJ"\) ~Y' )JbJJ!J,-'J,;! ..:,. ... I_,;. J.l: i6:o:il )) ;.,(C .J;_)) 0.,.:..ll;b .;) )Jb.JJ! i.5t!T ..:..~'Sc.\!.~ .. u-J~ u~l..f!" ..;I jl u(,_) ..:..~ ~.)JJ) JI is.Jb.i. )J.;--~);;} ~l.~r. w ) ., .;--( t:...., I ,.:J t.Ja; iW;) c_.;!. ..:,.;t~ 4'. l>..:.., l ... u.Jli.. ;j .1 .. ~_I_;\~\?. il..; Jl;~ J ..:,....I ol~)) (Jc.\.:.. ul: ... Ji.l.J> to,...~\?. I J ) ., I.,) Y. ) _,_; J .r. 6 .r' J O) Y. ..:,.; r.,;. u I J'. I l5"' L!.,;Jt, l!. ..:..) .P r I .u I -'l;l..!.:--..>..:.., ul.r..1 J )lil jl c.SI .uJ ... 1 ;,( _;s-; u~l;I) .;) '\"''" ;,;,.);J} & cSl:i IJ.,: r:10:: Nirve.na l;J_,.r.: i:,1:1)-.. ., ulJ ...:." L.S~~J :.;:~ .:.-1 o J\;.I Y' ~j l..J~ ., i:.,l:~ .i.~~ J''..1.;j )d J J .:-I<$~ •..e-., J ~S u ,4,01:i l:i..1.: .f.,_J .:.,J_,.,. ., .:.,~'f: o): _/.~J J ~J ~IJ.r.; J-:.i: i:,lfa. i:.,~ jl .i..f' jl .J.:--J .:-I L.S;L.i; Jl? ,lt:;J C ~JJ i:.,:,~ JJ_,. Jy-i:.,..l.!.i L.S;~ .Ji.~ J~J, n Y' Ii r, • JI.. jl l y n L" Y '\Y' Jl.. jl .i.;... J .a. ol.!.J~ Ashoka. t> _,:.t t .:. .. J .J.:.lb L.S"".)~-..l.t" i:,~J i:.,1!.;.JJ <.SJ L.S"l!.J~ i:,l..j JJ'. ~h.l.. e=-' jl J,:,. \,,II J. '-',\)). ....:,1....;. i.r~~jT <.SJl..1."'; ~f:::: .:-I <$JtJJJ./. Viehnn .,:.:.:,, o . .:.-1 ~., JV'"' JtJJJ.). Shiva 1r.=; .:...,~ •Jr.
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0~) THE PERSIAN SPEECH TaE NEED FOR RESTORING !Ts PURITY 4,;. I/' o4; ;.,:..,) .. • .::,;.b .1!., d.::,;. i... .:.,1:,il_,-!_1 .k.... _,~ 4.i. I/' 01! .i .. ;,,.J.;.; ol.;11.;~ I .1... 4.A ~f"' 4i J( ~-ljl cS;l:-! J u.v-i::.,\..l 'i la ..r _,..li ". ~) J '-:' ..r i::.,~) I ~_,; J ( f. 0 D) 'le,!, V D A>.' 1$1} "'~ j., ) ) ..,..i-1 J) I; ,} '14 oL::;.... J ; I.>...~ ;.,-' J.J! .J'; ~-) f' .w>_,..) ~;)~~II"\ ( ir.,"'J~Y.) .. ~b ( ~..r') c.S;J\;. u;l,=...1.df 4.a\d,..,c.S;lf;~ ~-0J .. r /> c.S;)\.e ul!j ~J :> r-::l.:.!. ~_;-i l ... 19"".) u4 j u l..u t::.. ,.\!, L:-:-c.S., 4.$) .J..i; u J:\,.; 1 ..u J~ , w;I) ci._)J 1$WJl!.:> u"")~ u4j 4 i}~J;I iS\.r4j c '1!o~ ot .. ).,) jl o.,=;-) cS_;~ 04:, wr.!., :,t... J(,_.).J, 4 • ) _,. i.\• I J> ;l(j l... ~ ( L. .;> 4 is.)\.( ..u .,~ ...\;.; L. ) If';~ u4j l! ~14?"';~ 04_; 4 cS_; u4:, o\J_; .... ot~ \i" ul:i t... t... i:,t..) jl iSJ .::.;.,_..I, 1.5"")~ ( i::.,\!<) (.>\II> D.) 1.., jl iSJl:-i ( i::., l..l ) c,Sl..)\j s .i oti_; c.S;.,L_ uJ If')~ o~ .i ..u .r.::d( c.i'-J! o:,~ ..:-1 -~ J) • .1!.~ L..j SOME REOENT ATTEMPTS "';~t ( ~f;. j_,;,. 4.) w I d .._:_.,t..)J .. :,I c.SI~) \ 4! ol.,:; 4. L;J Jc_) J ) JJ> .:r.,-.,; '\s ..>..... .. cS) .,;-ol~ ;) )b I.S~J df
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~J;.J d) o.)r,ic.s;0 u""J.)) 0l:~ ~:...J:;('.11>'->I~) '\' .)b Jt,,.; If.~ f'::;.~ _;I I; JJ~ 0l!j ..u.4 S ~;I~ 15"')~ ~..,:o-~~;l--===,.}.;~~~ ft~.,... ~) or .~:o-4 I; ._\~I 0'..1.~) )_,:> S .:-~.I 'ci~_,:o-$j( <.Sir!., e)Jjl u""J.)) 0L:.lS" 0~Y.4 oJ,J' .I. jJ) /" r~ if l .. ~~.1 0 • S.. (..r'.i ,;; ) _rl.!. = .,.>.;..(\.J! J jl... J::!) lr:-~) ~ii 0\r. • 01..1.\ i:,.o.t I .)(;_._\~.,... jlr.1 i~<.S;~T J ;~ J r•.!, i.)( .J"" 'IS.)(;_), t .) }> 1,5: ..,(~ 0 I Y:"' ., ; ~-I j I ..:.I t... o) Li,\ I; c.i-l '1 c.s 4 L..il I 4-!, ~lb l... ) .) S ) ) I.) J:! ;) <.S} \y J .); ..\.:~ U-! o4 cl.. 0\..r'.\ . ..1.~.) .)( ,.}.lb I _,;. J ;~ ~; J .J! 0 I.)~ I • \.:..:lb l.!. c.s )r. • L:.!.~ .it ... -r-) J! o)) ';"'l~ C. l..) ;) u-:Ai &$ \ii of' u"" ;~ c.slr.!. ;~ jl I; 0!w _,:..!. J 0t"..>..:J\_,;. S ;l:i.( J'~ly r. '04 j J;.-T Jy> .J ~-.;? ( (f)t.) hl:... l.!. cl.:.~\ J ..l..!.~ .I.J(' J:.:; )jL~ ....,;.! )J> J.) 04r.;l! J 0~.,.;~ .:-I o.>..aT ;.) y\;;-j\ ( 01?. I.SI.)"" .. ~) .:..o.i_,; . J w.;:.1J-04.; 4.o~ o'i _;\cl._.? t ..:-1; 0IJJ.J!. A LITERARY TABLEAN: BY H. E. AQA KAI OsTOVAN J'~-<>! ;) •.J""u""Jl!0l!j0I..,~! _;I ~J;\) ~J) l.11>.iJJ ~;) 4JD~jJJJ) ~\J )) 0IJ.I <..l'L!.;.,.l.!, J.J-iJ' 01.,: ... 1 J ($\ii <.S~)~ j\ \ '<" • '\' JJ' J.,1 t:'-J f:":.! Jl... '\ v OJ~-'\' 'r'r J-L ... ".J.o.i) "!Jf~ • ( I> <.S"")\g ) o.;"" u""J~ 0'!.J! J, J1'J ..;~ J l... \ 01..;i '-;"6:u--' l:.u: l' J:! 0 \c=> t... ; ) c.s )l:... I c7""" ,; I t . ..l.!. o -'~ ) i:,: ... t;;. .J! -0 I J.I •.;f 0._\.J r. 0 \.)~ I ; I ,.}..a~ ..l.ij) ..;~1.: ... ;) } .) J.!, '-;"l~ A.);~(~ S );I) J C!i \.) 1)1 ($l~ $ • ,.}..!, o-".) { 0\.i.\ ~.!,. : (.J~: .. .J'.J ; ) I; J cl;,,_ I l.o ,-
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:.:-\ o..l.!. Cj 4•~0.)JJ.) J> i$J"') uT j~T J)• ' u '.,.:..\; ($. .)\ cS .,~ l; cl_, • A .. ,) ..r _.) _,)-::-' THE LION AND THE SUN A TABLEAU ~! o} •J_r? 1.i..lS' oT _;I ~-);I .)4 •.i.l' ~"d..j d....,; 151.r,f.;. u~ jl .J o) .fr I J rlS' .J ;l:=:-'cSjJ_~; ol:> ;) cS~ 4>-l!. J"" J ul.iJ 10..1.~ ..:.-IJ t:. .. \.) cSJ-! •d.;~ ~,,.I?'~ _;!.1.;:.1 o;.) f.!. jl J o~T . ..1.::-" ..1.:-,:.,r.. \) 4~ J Ji~} 1 ( J"" cSY.r i$ J'. . .:.:!, ~-if c.SY4 j\ J ol.. t~ cSJl.r. _;I r~ 10~ ... Y.\ O)~ d!. .? f' 4>-l.!. , ) j:-J.1.;; ,~ cl...:.~ ,:.,r. . .i.:-..T .,.:_..;f (JI?) j;:-...1" 0 ;l: ... • .)Y. .i.:::9'!} I; IS"' ..1.~f l! ,:.,~ .J o:, _, )\ r~ ..:,.... ) c.S c.S l.:.f; ;f tr.":! l:::! uL:-Lf o~ _j\., ibt! ., .,Jb;:, _:,il:;;.. J.) o.,~1 .r.j .,;1 ~ ... \;.. J. ,:.,• -'"~!.~ .. l.1• o~.u\ r'~ t.;"" J< c.Sl,,. 4>-l.!. 4:.....) .C..) S ,:.,::.1\ ,:.,:14 jl cS.;i uW~ J 0..1.>_.J! l;u)ilf! LGJ~'6'r:fl.o.::;,,.J ,r=ir. 'i4.1"' u~>~) J-A u~j 4=:i.J"'l.>':1~., J-J(.J! _;1., 0..1.!..;! c.r!.J> 01.)) . • ~L:!.::--~-.? )J) J JJ.) C.>)) 10).) ol(.i.J! ":""'l•;l!J i!L . .)J '~) )/l! o~.:.! J ,.:.._~J.) ,j• u'f ~_I .:,I • r=i; J} ._;,:-;) J .)\.) r=--,1; .;. ... ..1.! j:"' u~ . .J! ~b ul~~ o'f _;I .;t:. jJ-4:l u~I.?. .).J! \~! o} ~:1 J, .,~ ..J.J! M • ..1.1:,\~ o),; .. I J )\..\.. 4 "(._:, J lf'-J.f> J u\J. w, J (SY"\~ .,...,.,,. ..1.::.JJ> "':l.;1_l! cSI.J! u~ _, ..1.~..1.~ ~ J.J) cSl.lb •J\: ... ~.!l)cSj;:-"~J o)l... ~~tJ0cS..I.:~.., foJL:...~~ "'~ •.;:; • ..:..>l-:-o)l. r 'i.) o ..1.:;"' .) 4 ..:..>I.,:..~. cSI j l! ~ J.ci.:.i .J o ..\!.JJ.:. u '.)1f! :ll!.) ~..-L..... l.lb ;t... J,T l! ..:..:.b I J o t:;.).) ...r) Ji cS 1.r-r .1i .,;1 _; 1 ... o I(:...~ t' ,:.,.; \ ! ) .) I J i..511> l:"" cl_ ( Lo.!.=:• i .) Y. O .) t.:., I f.) l .;1_\ U Ly,;-) Ly. ,.:.._.. ,j• 0 ..).!, j~! ..1.;.J\ ..1.,:;.. .~ .c..t:> .1! LT' J ..I.!. :>1..1. ... 4 !:, JI ..I..:! ( o J( 6J...'() w .J! c.S4 • r:_.:.; i..r;"' J o .)i.:_,. I jl....:.! . • ..1.~.GI '--'.I. v~ iS'i4 ;) I;'--() ~:!J> cl_ ..1.f;J> J;.1!
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.J!;.,TJ ~_\-....a 1) J~ 4 ,..\!.::-"Ji))).)))) J Y.,JJ '•~_;! i:,'i L(;J f-r •S::::-~.., • ..\.!. .J ~I .. ~).r..:-.,J ful"""! ...,Y. J • .,;1..u4 4l" , _., _.,. .) J! .i.=-:..i ..,, di I.SJJ 6:::-i VWI 4.i\..),.,,_ .1.:;L. '-:-'I u"l: ... J 0)1} J! f' ~.J! .JS .. f of .r j\ ..\::.!. )J> "Jt::-);j i~) •.c...l>..1.1.Sl~jl..9 .. )Y,6-.':>J) )..;~ 11~.S •.:,L:-i_l '.>.::.;J> .J"_j'w.J! r.SJJ •.,ill;)., dJ; 'l'4 I.S.J-'. .. ... i) J J4, Ji .r. .r..:, u) J. J J'i 1.S>'4 ;I ~:, ;J> . ) };, .~ .;t!,~ J 4-:; .Jf t; lS.,T.,-;f 01;; :,l:! ~_);b.;: r.S.r.~ .,:,j ;\;) I; ~=-11 .:,.. .. ) J:.:,.., ol!.il : 1-S:i\ U\f'~\' S o)l:9\ ('~ (,.:J_p ul:") C ! ( ~\ 11 ) (SI..\> ..:-.(,_;! I ~1.f>)~ ?;) .Jt;. ,..\:. '"'-1! .. f J'i) ..,.,_1 o4' )/ ..\.::.S -:.,.;\.)~\ 1.Sjl)l.r" J /.S)~ ... 1 .. _;l.9;) jl)J! I; tr.., ~Jr. . ..u:,l:-!\ I.S.>..:... ... jl~ l:::,:~., "1~ Qj .P J cl~ _r_, '-~;)!} i)v"' J • .,.J(.., .. ..w' ;) C )~ .,..l..:!~ J ul.;!I ..>..!, o..\ij ]) :1.Sl.f.! jl ... • '")l.:... ..)~ )4 4:-:::,::> J... ,J.~!., .;! 1) .i .:..>) i) .),. ~ ..\: .: ... ) ... ., Jr)l... ..r, ( ..\.!.l~ :,l... .r. olj ... 1 J"' 1.Slil u( .>.:-~y i~ ) ENDEAVOUR TO PURIFY THE PERSIAN TOGUE 01.Ji '-3.)\ ~I 01.,;~ S ..:.-1 Jt... '<' ~I r-1 .. ~:, 4.>JL::;-;~ I.S ; J:. tSl.r Lo.::> l... u: J:i ... .r.! 1) ..,_; I lS liT J ;JJ"' .. ;~Y. _:_;~I ;l{;l:! C.rJ.)\S'T) .,i ;lL) :~j S .>.ii iu5"" ..r.i J ,J.i);};::i •-4111 U'"')~ (Sl.l>j\J .s .,.>._:, o)J.-5 ul.;ti ;) l>.,lr. (J!.)) (Sl.l>j..9; .~..;~ r 1;~l..._,;.., .J.i;.,I ::,J.:-... r t...;lS ~.,('.., 1f'G ... J ;) ~.)Y .. ~.J! l5f>'4 J,;'G ;,r.,-1' .., .::,~_( l>\~~ t.,.; I! ~'J. J ..r.! j\ ol..,.,.1 o'Glj).) .:,1.J..!.A)_;>.) .:,l..\.: ... .!.ib j\ oJ.f oJJf )) y-..?' j I • l!.,:• t:. 1.S }r. l:.!.J_j l,. -.....:._;.,~LI' ~ l... ; ) .:, I .;~ I d.:, I.,~ .:..-• • ~I; ~,. \; ) J> ; IS'" .J" J .r.=:-.J" .,
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THE IRAN LEAGUE EST, 1922, ,, '. ~' ,, Aims and Objects. To renew and continue the connection between the old land of Iran and Hind to continue and encourage fraternal sentiment towards and interest and enthu~iasm in the came of Persia; to confederate the Zoroastrian population iu Persia with a view to increRse, to ameliorate their condition and to strive for .. their uplift ; to make n•searches with reference to their religion and oacj-ent Parsi history ; to stimulate commercial relations with Persia; to encournge Parsis to visit the old land, as businessmen or as travellers, for change of climate and health : to obtain and spread among Parsis and others, by mea.ns _ of _ literature, authentic information regarding the state of affairs in Persu ;_ to secure the ~ympathy of the Imperial Persian Government and the Persian subjects towards the cause of Par~is in relation to Persia, President : Sir Hormu~ji C. Adenvala, Kt., M.v.o., o.B.E. Vice-Presidents : D. J. Irani, Esq., B.A., LL.B. F. K. Dadac'rnnji, Esq., B.A., LL.B. 'l'he Hon. Mr. H. M. Mehta. } J Solicitors. Patrons: Sir Hormusji C. Adenvala, Kt., JILV.O., O.B.E. Mrs. Dhunrnai F. Arjani. Peshotanji D. Marker, Esq. S. R. Bomonji, Esq. Pirojshaw R. Vakharia, EsqRuttonji F. Ginvala, Esq. The Hon. l\'Ir. H. M. Mehta. Khan Bahadur R. PestonjL Hon. Patron: H. H. Sir S. M. S. Aga Khan, G.c.1.E., G.c.s.1., G.c-v.o., K.c.1.E., &c. Secretary: Hon. Auditor: Kaikhosro A. Fitter, Esq. Capt. Sohrab R. Barnji. Hon. Treasurer: Editor of the Quarterly: Phiroze S. Gur.dcr, Esq. Sohrab J. Bulsaea, Esq., M.A. Office : Kamar Bldg., Cowasji Patel Street, Fort, Bombay,
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I 1 ' WtH~VE Pl.EASURE ro ANNOUNCE -Tf-!AT .. W ' E HA VE BEEN APPOINTED SOLE AGENTS FOR . . TRI-UMP~ _. MOTOR CARS i""-r ., THE .FINES T LIGHT CAR_ IN THE W O RLD I • _ . " A very comfo ' rtable ccw with a good . all. The Autoc~r says:-1.01,1;nd pe/'(ormance combined u..ith economy . • . "Atfractit:e lines, roomy coachu:ork and an The M ot01 • pays ;~excellent pe1fwmance are the main featU1es .'' Everything you require is included in the sp~cifications of Triumph cars. These outstan . din ' g models-pioneP-rs of centralised jacking; the neatest _ sliding roof, operated by the winding mechanism; the pillarless fotir door saloon, and many other distinct advances offer you the greatest possible return, in value and in service, on your outlay. mrite foifull details, or better stil1, arrange to have a d@monstration at your convenience and without . incurring the slightest obligation. FIVE. MODELS OPEN AND CLOSED CARS I THE SUPER EIG-f1.'1;', Tl;!E SJ.JPER NtNE, THE :TEN". THF. .TWELVE SIX ;Nn 'l'HE SOUT HKRN CROSS RPORTS ; /.\ :'i~ . : 'SOLE AGENTS: -~-<~,}!,. ~:~t~~/~-': . BOMBAY CYCLE : & MOTOR AGENCY, LTD . , ._,,~.~'".,-. . J; • .. Telegiams : . \ 53(S.ANDilUHS1' Bn1;GE : Bo:\IMY, 7. Telephone: I ' . .;; 4 .... -................ .... , C l "CYCLOS ' l'Jfats :'. Branches: Lahore, Karachi & Ahmedabad. 40585 '.: ' ( ~-~ .::, . ~-.. Edited by Sobrali Jamsliedji Btilsar.a, M . A;, pub l ished by Kaikhos-hro Ardeshir Fitter, Secretary, the Iran League, at Karr.ar Bldg., Cowasji Patel St., Fort, ;Bombay, and printed by Hosang T, Ankfoeal"ia, at the Fort Printing PreaM, 11 Pars'i Bazar St., Fort, Bombay.
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