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“...THE following Papers have been prepared and
printed at the request of some of the Secretaries of
the Missionary Societies interested in China, for the
information of their Committees. They consist of
Four Parts :—
1. Remarks on the Preamble.
2. Analysis of the eight Regulations.
3. Some Distinctions Observable in China between
Protestant and Romanist Missions.
4. Concluding Remarks.
Foreign Missions’ Committee
of the English Presbyterian CHURCH,
Queen’s Square House, Guilford Street,
London, W.C....”
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“...which forms the Preamble to the Eight Regula-
tions,
By the Rev. A. WILLIAMSON, D.D.,
Agent for China of the National Bible Society of Scotland.
The document is ostensibly addressed to the French Govern-
ment, and against Roman Catholics, and could we believe that it
was aimed only at them, we would have comparatively little
interest in exposing it. But the circumstances under which it was
issued, the ominous applicability to all missionaries, and, above
all, the falsehood, misleading statements, and cunning which
pervade the Circular throughout, compel us to question the sin-
cerity of the whole, and force us to believe in ulterior
intentions.
To begin with the preamble : It would be too tedious to take
it up sentence by sentence. Suffice it to say that the argument
may be said to be based on four assertions. The first is, that
trade has in no degree occasioned differences between China and
the Powers. We presume that the writers refer to the period
subsequent to Lord Elgin’s treaty...”
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“...to Peking, and too often without any redress whatever, owing to
the facile but fatal forbearance (slackness rather) which is likely
to involve us in no end of troubles. Yet the Government say,
“ Trade has occasioned no difference between China and the
Powers.”
II. But, further, they say that “missions (i.e., Romanist
missions) engender ever-increasing abuses,” and so I frankly
admit that it is impossible for any honest man to defend the
Roman Catholic priests in all their proceedings ; but at the
same time there is no doubt the charges against them have been
grossly exaggerated. And without entering into details I may
mention only one fact, which speaks for itself. In all my
journeys in North China, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, as well as
in Central China, in former years, I have only once, as far as I
can recollect, been taunted with the doings of the priests; whereas
in almost every place I have been opium has been cast in my
teeth, and I have been asked, “ If you wish to do us good, why...”
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“...of missions ” !
The third point urged in this preamble is the hatred of the
people; and they affirm “ At this moment the animosity of the
people, already deep, degenerates gradually into a hate which at
length reaches its paroxysm ”; and other sentences to a similar
effect. Now, what is the fact? I have never been seriously
molested in my journeys, and have felt as safe among the people
as I would have done in Scotland or England; and this is the
uniform testimony of all who have travelled in China, whether
scientific men, merchants, or missionaries, except certain wild
localities in the south. And what will be thought of the veracity
of the authors of this Circular, when I say that in every case
where the people have risen against foreigners it has been proved
that the mandarins and the literati were the instigators of the
whole affair? Further, the writers of the despatch repeatedly
refer to the Tien-tsin massacre, and hold it up in terrorem as an
eventuality which is certain to occur...”
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“...Roman Catholic missions are some-
times particular, sometimes general. And while strictly speaking
directed solely against Roman Catholics, they are often calculated
to leave an impression unfavourable to all missions alike.
How far they may be true of Roman Catholic missions it is not
our business in this place to enquire : what we have to remark is
that all the particular cases quoted are from Roman Catholic
missions, and that the general statements are not applicable to
Protestant work in China.
The regulations proposed are partly mere truisms, such as no
one has denied; partly principles and rules already in force,
according to the treaty, at least in the case of Protestants, and
which, if simply put in practice in the case of Roman Catholic
missions (which the Chinese have a full right to do at present),
would be amply sufficient to punish or prevent the bad practices
alleged.
But to a very large extent the proposed regulations are directly
opposed to the treaties, and fitted to...”
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“...now quote in order those clauses of each Article which
are most clearly opposed to the existing Treaty, and most hurtful
app lied to Protestant missions.
ARTICLE I.
“ It would be a good thing to abolish the foreign orphanages,”
or “ only the children of necessitous Christians should be
received.”
Note.—Protestants have no orphanages.
But this Article might injuriously affect boarding-schools.
ARTICLE II.
“ Women ought no longer to enter the Churches: nor should
Sisters of Charity live in China to teach religion.” “ There
ought to be a kind of line of separation which cannot be
overstepped.”
Note.—Among the Chinese themselves no such impassable
line exists, except in theory or among the higher
classes.
Men and women together frequent temples, plays, pro-
cessions, funerals, courts of justice, shops and markets;
travel together on roads, and in boats, large and small,
by day and night; converse in streets, villages, and
farms; work together in fields and other places.
Why should churches...”
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“...the legislation of the country in. which
they live, and .... are forbidden to make themselves
independent. Similarly, the missionaries who teach their religion
in China ought to submit themselves to the authority of the
magistrates of this country.”
Note.—But in China all foreigners are by Treaty exempted
from the authority of the Chinese magistrates and laws,
being governed by their own Consuls and Judges,
according to their own laws. Even those foreigners
who are in the service of the Chinese Government
(e.g., the Imperial Customs) are so exempted. The
reason is the utter badness of Chinese law and govern-
ment.
If a foreigner in the Interior break the laws, he is liable
to be arrested by the Mandarins, and sent (without
being maltreated) to his Consul to be judged. This
condition is printed on all British passports in China.
Missionaries have the same rights as other foreigners ; and
they are equally liable to arrest, and this would have
been the proper course, if Roman Catholic priests...”
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“...sense is
about the “Lamas,” but it is probably applicable to
missionaries, too.
Missionaries avoid, as far as possible, what would give
offence, especially as by far the greater part of the
Confucian teaching is good morality, which is a
powerful auxiliary to Christianity.
But the clause might prohibit our pointing out any of its
errors (even when quoted against us) or supplying its
defects.
For instance, it is quite against Confucius to assert that
Queen Victoria is equal to the Emperor of China, or to
assert that all men are sinners, &c. Again, Buddhism
and Mohammedanism are at least as much opposed
to Confucius as Christianity is, and yet are fully
tolerated.
Some other clauses of this Article will be cited and com-
mented on in connection with related clauses in
Article IV.
ARTICLE IV.
“ Punishment once inflicted, they (foreigners) must not come
and claim indemnities, and above all they must not seek the soi-
disant abettor of the crime, to exact from him a certain sum.”
“The i...”
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“...Inspectors
of the Ten Families, and cause the name of the person to be entered
in the register with this purpose. In the same way the missionaries
ought to give notice to the authorities, who will take note of the
day of the month and of the year of admittance, of the country
and of the station in life of the individual, and will ascertain if he
has ever undergone any sentence, or if he has ever changed his
name. By acting thus all confusion will be avoided. If a
Christian should be sent on a mission, and he should die on the
way, notice should be given to the proper authority. If, after
being converted, a person commits some crime, he should be
dismissed and no longer regarded as belonging to the religion.
Every month, or at least every three months, the authorities ought
to be informed of the number of conversions. The authorities,
also, should act as they do in regard to our temples, that is to say,
they should go every month, or at least every three months, to
inspect the missions. This...”
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“...characters and have far more
interest to do so than any one else, but cannot be
responsible for this to any magistrates.
If a nominal Christian commit a crime, he is just as liable
to be seized and punished as a heathen. We claim no
civil privileges for our converts.
If a bad man repent and reform he must be admitted to the
Church. The great work of the Church is “to call
sinners to repentance,” yet this article would forbid it.
The registration proposed is intolerable. There is no such
thing in China for other religions. The clause about
“the ministers of our religion ” is incomprehensible,
unless it refers to Buddhist priests, who, being under a
vow of celibacy, have no parallel in Protestant missions.
The alleged inspection of temples does not exist, or if it ever
takes place, we have not been able to find any trace of it.
Intolerable that every Christian on entering the Church
should pass through an inquisitorial trial and exami-
nation of all his past life, and ever after be under severe...”
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“...inhabitants have to be con-
sulted.
Note.—So that one ill-disposed person could at any time
get up opposition. And though no one had any objection
yet many would certainly make objections simply for
the purpose of getting money for giving up the opposi-
tion. This may seem incredible; but I appeal for
evidence to anyone who knows China.
The effect of these three regulations would be simply to
make it impossible to buy or lease at all whenever any
one inhabitant or mandarin should wish to prevent it.
Perhaps it may be objected that this article is pointed
solely against the buying or renting of ground or houses
by “ missionaries.” But any one who knows China will
see that, if once enacted, it would be liable to be
applied by the local mandarins to any case of native
Christians buying or renting * any place for religious
purposes. For it could always be plausibly asserted
that this was done in accordance with the “ wish ” of
the missionaries for a chapel” or occasional “resi-
dence.”
This...”
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“...required to pay for “ the
expenses of theatrical solemnities and the worship of
local protecting divinities ”; but this exemption is
stated in such an exceptional manner that it might
almost seem to imply that they are liable for other
idolatrous payments; yet, according to the Treaty, as
at present interpreted, they are free from all such pay-
ments, not only because the matter is covered by the
admitted enactment of full toleration and religious
equality, but also because all such payments in China
are purely voluntary, and their forcible collection is
illegal....”
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“...(20)
SOME POINTS OF DISTINCTION observ-
able in China between the Protestant and
Romanist Missions.
By the Rev. Dr. WILLIAMSON.
Distinction between Roman Catholic Priests and Protestant
Missionaries is very easily discovered and apprehended by the
people wherever they have an opportunity of comparing us and our
operations. With few exceptions, we retain our foreign dress; the
priests adopt the Chinese costume in all its details. We preach
publicly in our chapels and elsewhere; the priests never do so.
We distribute and sell books of all kinds, religious, historical,
and scientific ; they abstain from this. We are for the most part
married men; the priests are, of course, celibates. Our schools,
of all descriptions, are open to the inspection of the neighbours,
who go out and in at pleasure, and so there never has been a
breath of evil suspicion in reference to our work in that direction;
whereas the Roman Catholic establishments are generally within
high walls and closed to the people...”
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