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Citation |
- Permanent Link:
- https://digital.soas.ac.uk/AA00000837/00001
Material Information
- Title:
- The Civil code of the Republic of China
- Uniform Title:
- Minfa
- Translated Title:
- ä¸è¯æ°‘國民法 ( Chinese )
- Creator:
- China
Hsia, Ching-lin, 1896-
Chow, James L. E
Chang, Yukon
Fu, Ping-ch`ang, 1895-
Chieh, Liu
- Place of Publication:
- Shanghai [etc.]
- Publisher:
- Kelly & Walsh, limited
- Publication Date:
- 1929
- Language:
- English
engchi
- Physical Description:
- 2 v. : ; 26 cm.
Subjects
- Subjects / Keywords:
- Civil law -- China ( lcsh )
Laws, etc. (China) ( lcsh ) ä¸åŽæ³•ç³» ä¸è¯æ³•ç³»
- Genre:
- book ( sobekcm )
government publication ( marcgt )
- Spatial Coverage:
- Asia -- China
亚洲 -- ä¸å›½
亞洲 -- ä¸åœ‹
- Coordinates:
- 35 x 103 ( China )
Notes
- General Note:
- Vol. 2 translated by Ching-lin Hsia, James L. E. Chow, Liu Chieh and Yukon Chang.
- General Note:
- "The Drafting committee of the Chinese Civil code has decided not to issue any official translation of the Code."--Foreword.
- General Note:
- This title is in the public domain under the copyright legislation of China
- General Note:
- 第一編 總則 (ä¸è¯æ°‘國å八年五月二å三日公布) [1929]
- General Note:
- Book 1 - General Principles (promulgated by the National Government on the 23rd May 1929)
- Statement of Responsibility:
- translated into English by Ching-lin Hsia ... James L. E. Chow
Record Information
- Source Institution:
- SOAS, University of London
- Rights Management:
- All applicable rights reserved by the source institution and holding location.
- Resource Identifier:
- 219236 ( aleph )
31021534 //r832 ( lccn )
- Classification:
- A345.106 ( ddc )
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Full Text |
ä¸è¯æ°‘國民法
第一編 總則
(ä¸è¯æ°‘國å八年五月二å三日公布)
THE CIVIL CODE
OF THE
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Book I—General Principles
(Promulgated by the National Government on the
23rd May,1929.)
Translated into English
BY
CHING-LIN HSIA, M.A., B.Sc†Ph.D. (Edin.)
Member of Shanghai Bar Association.
AND
JAMES L. E. CHOW, B.A. (Cantab)
Of Gray’s Inn, Barrister-at-law,
Member of Shanghai Bar Association.
1929e
A
3^5.106 L?::::- '
22,545
ä¸è¯æ°‘
民法
第一編 總則
(ä¸è¯æ°‘國å八年五月二å三日公布)
THE CIVIL CODE
OF THE
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Book I—General Principles
(Promulgated by the National Government on the
23rd May, 1929.)
Translated into English
BY
CHING-LIN HSIA, M.A., B.Sc†Ph.D. (Edin.)
Member of Shanghai Bar Association.
AND
JAMES L. E. CHOW, B.A. (Cantab)
Of Gray’s Inn, Barrister-at-law,
Member of Shanghai Bar Association.
1929.
gå¤
ç¦æ™‰
慶麟
åŒ
è¯
“Laws are the very bulwarks of liberty. They define every man's
rights, and stand between and defend the individual liberties
of alir
J. G. Holland.
TRANSLATORS’ PREFACE
Legal reform in China started in the closing years
of the Manchu regime and formed part of the general
reform movement in the opening of the present century.
The immediate cause of the restlessness of this vast
people and of the desire of its thinking classes to carry
out radical changes lay in the repeated shocks received
by China from the impact of foreign nations culminating
in the humiliation following her unsuccessful war with
Japan in 1895 and the Boxer outbreak in 1900. As soon
as Western books began to be translated and young men
began to go abroad to study, the dispersal of China’s
age-long mental paralysis was assured. The phenomenal
success of the westernisation of Japan, started in 1868,
also exercised a profound influence. By comparison
it made China conscious of her own weakness; it caused
her thinking people to look upon the methods adopted
by Japan as necessary also to Chinese regeneration.
A further spur to reform was the inevitable difficulties
of a country where foreigners, owing allegiance to other
and varied jurisdictions, lived in treaty ports and in the
interior. Each time an official was faced with extrater-
ritorial perplexities, his zeal for a speedy reform was
increased in proportion to the acuteness of his problem.
And when extraterritoriality was abolished in Japan in
1899, largely on the strength of her judicial reform,
China had no further delusions as to the necessity of
revising her laws.
The first definite step towards the desired goal was
China’s formally expressed wish “to reform the judicial
system and bring it into accord with that of the Western
nations.†In this she met with a ready response. On
the 5th September, 1902, Great Britain engaged to surren-
der her extraterritorial rights “when the state of Chinese
laws and the arrangements for their administration
warrant us in so doing;†on the 8th October, 1903, the
United States of America concluded a similar treaty,
followed by Japan on the 29th January, 1904.
II
PREFACE
In pursuance of the reform policy Prince Tsai Chen,
Yuan Shih-kai and Wu Ting-fang were appointed Im-
perial Commissioners to compile a code of commercial
laws, and in 1904 they submitted a draft on general law
regarding merchants and another on company law.
Drafts were also drawn up regarding trade-marks and
mining. In 1906 a “Code of Civil and Criminal Procedure
for the Chinese Empire†was prepared. On 30th March,
1912, the first modern Chinese Criminal Code was enacted.
The making of the Civil Code, however, proved to be a
much more formidable task. There were no less than
nine attempts to make the Civil Code; but none ever
went beyond the drafting stage.
Soon after the inauguration of the Legislative Yuan
in the Autumn of 1928, a Drafting Committee of the Civil
Code was appointed. The Committee consisted of Mr.
Foo Ping-sheung (傅秉常),Mr. Chao Yeh-tang (ç„¦æ˜“å ‚ã€•ï¼Œ
Mr. Sze Shang-quan (å²å°™å¯¬ï¼‰ï¼ŒMr. Lin Ping t 林彬),
and Dr. Soumi Cheng (咖毓秀).Mr. Foo was the
Chairman of the Committee. The Committee was also
fortunate to have as its advisers, Dr. Wang Chung-hui
(çŽ‹å¯µæƒ ï¼‰ï¼ŒPresident of the Judicial Yuan, Mr. Tai
Chi-tao (念å£é™¶ï¼‰ï¼ŒPresident of the Examination Yuan
and M. Georges Padoux, Counsellor of the Legislative
and the Judicial Yuans. The Committee tackled the
work in a most businesslike manner and with extra-
ordinary energy. It met almost daily in long and
strenuous sessions. It held 50 meetings in all and was
able to submit on the 15th April, 1929,the Draft Bill
of the General Principles of the Civil Code to the
Legislative Yuan. The Legislative Yuan took up articles
one by one and discussed each in detail, making
amendments as the discussion proceeded. After the
third reading these General Principles were finally
adopted by the Legislative Yuan on the 20th April,
and were immediately submitted by President Hu
Han-min of the Yuan to the State Council. They were
approved by the State Council at the meeting held on
the 10th May, and promulgated on the 23rd May, 1929.
These General Principles will come into force beginning
as from the 10th October, 1929.
PREFACE
III
The members of the Drafting Committee have been
fully aware of the fact that in statute-law the literary
expression is an essential part of the law itself, so that
great care has been taken to make the language
of this Code clear and simple. But the Committee
has found it necessary to introduce a number of
new terms and technical expressions, which will no
doubt in time acquire general usage but which may
at present sound strange even to the ears of Chinese
legal practitioners. This fact makes the Translation
peculiarly important for it has unwittingly assumed
the character of a kind of commentary of the
Code. Therefore, though the Translation is primarily
for use of English-speaking persons, we venture to
believe that it will also prove of some assistance to the
Chinese lawyers who are not perfectly familiar with some
of the terms and expressions found in the Chinese text.
Finally, we desire to acknowledge our great indebted-
ness to Dr. Wang Chung-hui, Mr. Foo Ping-sheung and
M. Georges Padoux for their kind and valuable assistance
given to us in the preparation of the Translation.
C. L. HSIA
J. L. E. CHOW
Medhurst College,
Shanghai, China.
11th June, 1929.
民法總則目錄
第一編 總則
BOOK I—GENERAL PRINCIPLES
第~ç« æ³•ä¾‹ 4
ç¬¬äºŒç« äºº 6
第~節 自然人 6
第二節 法人 10
第~款通則 10
第二款社團 16
第三款財團 20
ç¬¬ä¸‰ç« ç‰© 26
ç¬¬å››ç« æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ² 28
第一節 通則 28
第二節行爲能力 28
第三節 æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤º 32
第四節æ¢ä»¶åŠæœŸé™ 36
第五節 ä»£ç† 38
第å…節無效åŠæ’¤éŠ· 40
ç¬¬äº”ç« æœŸæ—¥åŠæœŸé–“ 44
第å…ç« æ¶ˆæ»…æ™‚æ•ˆ 48
ç¬¬ä¸ƒç« æ¬Šåˆ©ä¹‹è¡Œä½¿ 56
CONTENTS
Page
Chapter I APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION
OF LAWS 5
Chapter II PERSONS 7
Title 1 Natural Persons 7
Title 2 Juristic Persons 11
Part 1 General Provisions 11
Part 2 Associations 17
Part 3 Foundations 21
Chapter III THINGS 27
Chapter IV JURISTIC ACTS 29
Title 1 General Provisions 29
Title 2 Disposing Capacity 29
Title 3 Declaration of Intention 33
Title 4 Conditions—Time of Commencement and
Ending 37
Title 5 Agency 39
Title 6 Void and Voidable Acts 41
Chapter V DATES AND PERIODS 45
Chapter VI EXTINCTIVE PRESCRIPTION 49
Chapter VII EXERCISE OF RIGHTS
57
4
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
5
民法
第一編 總則
ç¬¬ä¸€ç« æ³•ä¾‹
第~æ¢ æ°‘äº‹ï¼Œæ³•å¾‹æ‰€æœªè¦å®šè€…,ä¾ç¿’慣。無習慣
者,ä¾æ³•ç†ã€‚
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效力。
如以指å°ï¼Œåå—或其他符號,代簽å者,在文件上,
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ç¬¬å››æ¢ é—œæ–¼~定之數é‡ï¼ŒåŒæ™‚以文å—åŠè™Ÿç¢¼
表示者,其文å—與號碼有ä¸ç¬¦åˆæ™‚,如法院ä¸èƒ½å†³å®š
何者,爲當事人之原æ„,應以文å—爲準。
ç¬¬äº”æ¢ é—œæ–¼ä¸€å®šä¹‹æ•¸é‡ï¼Œä»¥æ–‡å—或號碼爲數
次之表示者,其表示有ä¸ç¬¦åˆæ™‚,如法院ä¸èƒ½å†³å®šä½•
者爲當事人之原æ„,應以最低é¡çˆ²æº–。
CHAPTER FIRST
APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION
OF LAWS
Article 1.—In civil matters if there is no provision
of law applicable to a case, the case shall be decided
according to custom. If there is no such custom, the
case shall be decided in accordance with the general
principles of law.
Article 2.—A custom is applicable to civil cases only
when it is not contrary to public order or good morals.
Article 3.—Whenever a writing is required by law,
it is not necessary that it be written by the person from
whom it is required, but it must be signed by him.
If a person uses a seal in lieu of signature, the affix-
ing of such seal is equivalent to a signature.
If a fingerprint, cross or other mark is used in lieu
of signature in a document, it is equivalent to a signature
provided that it is certified by the signature of two
witnesses.
Article 4.—Whenever a sum or quantity is expressed
in characters and in figures, if the two expressions do
not agree and the Court cannot ascertain which of them
was the real intention of the parties, the expression in
characters shall be held good.
Article 5.―Whenever a sum or quantity is expressed
several times in characters or several times in figures, if
the several expressions do not agree and the Court cannot
ascertain which of them was the real intention of the
parties, the lowest expression shall be held good.
6
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
7
ç¬¬äºŒç« äºº
第一節 自然人
第å…æ¢äººä¹‹æ¬Šåˆ©èƒ½åŠ›ï¼Œå§‹æ–¼å‡ºç”Ÿï¼Œçµ‚æ–¼æ»äº¡ã€‚
第七æ¢èƒŽå…’以將來éžæ»ç”¢è€…爲é™ï¼Œé—œæ–¼å…¶å€‹
人利益之ä¿è·ï¼Œè¦–爲旣已出生。
第八æ¢å¤±è¹¤äººå¤±è¹¤,滿åå¹´å¾Œï¼Œæ³•é™¢å¾—å› åˆ©å®³
關係人之è²è«‹ï¼Œçˆ²æ»äº¡ä¹‹å®£å¿ã€‚
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æ»äº¡ä¹‹å®£å¿ã€‚
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爲æ»äº¡ä¹‹å®£å¿ã€‚
第ä¹æ¢å—æ»äº¡å®£å¿è€…,以判决內所確定æ»äº¡
之時,推定其爲æ»äº¡ã€‚
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終æ¢ä¹‹æ™‚。但有åè‰è€…,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
第åæ¢å¤±è¹¤äººå¤±è¹¤å¾Œï¼Œæœªå—æ»äº¡å®£å¿å‰ï¼Œå…¶è²¡
產之管ç†ï¼Œä¾éžè¨Ÿäº‹ä»¶æ³•ä¹‹è¦å®šã€‚
CHAPTER SECOND
PERSONS
Title 1.—Natural Persons
Article 6/—The legal capacity of a human being
begins from the moment of birth and terminates at the
moment of death.
Article 7.——A child en ventre sa mere is considered
as if he were already born in respect to the protection of
his personal interest, provided that he was subsequently
born alive.
Article 8.一A missing person may be declared dead
by the Court upon the application of any interested party
if for ten years no news has been received that he is
alive.
A missing person who is over seventy years of age
may be declared dead if for five years no news has been
received that he is alive.
A missing person who has been in special peril of
his life may be declared dead if for three years no news
has been received that he is alive.
Article 9.—A person who has been declared dead is
presumed to have been dead from the date fixed in the
judicial decree.
In the absence of proof to the contrary, the date of
death specified in the preceding paragraph shall be the
date of the expiration of the period fixed in the preceding
article.
Article 10.—The property of the missing person, after
his disappearance and up to the declaration of death,
shall be administered in accordance with the regulations
governing non-contentious matters.
8
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
9
第å~æ¢ äºŒäººä»¥ä¸ŠåŒæ™‚é‡é›£ï¼Œä¸èƒ½è‰æ˜Žå…¶æ»
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第å二æ¢æ»¿äºŒåæ²çˆ²æˆå¹´ã€‚
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第åå››æ¢å°æ–¼å¿ƒç¥Œå–ªå¤±ï¼Œæˆ–精祌耗弱,致ä¸èƒ½
處ç†è‡ªå·±äº‹å‹™è€…ï¼Œæ³•é™¢å¾—å› æœ¬äººï¼Œé…å¶æˆ–最近親屬二
人之è²è«‹ï¼Œå®£å¿ç¦æ²»ç”¢ã€‚
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第åå…æ¢æ¬Šåˆ©èƒ½åŠ›åŠè¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›ï¼Œä¸å¾—抛棄。
第åä¸ƒæ¢ è‡ªç”±ä¸å¾—抛棄。
自由之é™åˆ¶ï¼Œä»¥ä¸èƒŒæ–¼å…¬å…±ç§©åºæˆ–善良風俗者
爲é™ã€‚
第åå…«æ¢äººæ ¼æ¬Šå—侵害時,得請求法院除去
其侵害。
å‰é …情形,以法律有特別è¦å®šè€…爲é™ï¼Œå¾—請求æ
å®³è³ å„Ÿï¼Œæˆ–æ…°æ’«é‡‘ã€‚
第åä¹æ¢å§“å權å—侵害者,得請求法院除去
其侵害。並得請求æå®³è³ å„Ÿã€‚
第二åæ¢ä»¥ä¹…ä½ä¹‹æ„æ€ï¼Œä½æ–¼~定之地域奢。
å½çˆ²è¨å®šå…¶ä½æ‰€æ–¼è©²åœ°ã€‚
Article 11.—If several persons have perished in a
common peril and it is not possible to ascertain which of
them perished first, they are presumed to have died
simultaneously.
Article 12.一Majority begins with the completion of
the twentieth year of age.
Article 13.—A minor who has not completed his
seventh year of age has no disposing capacity.
A minor who is over seven years of age has a limited
disposing capacity.
A minor who marries acquires thereby full disposing
capacity.
Article 14.—Insane persons and persons who are in
such a state of mental infirmity that they are unable to
manage their own affairs, may be interdicted by the
Court on the application of the person himself, or his
spouse, or two of his nearest relatives.
The interdiction shall be revoked if the cause thereof
disappears.
Article 15.一Interdicted persons have no disposing
capacity.
Article 16.——No person shall be allowed to waive his
legal capacity or his disposing capacity.
Article 17.—No person shall be allowed to waive his
liberty.
Liberty may not be restricted in a manner con-
trary to public order or good morals.
Article 18.一If any right appertaining to one’s
personality is infringed application may be made to the
Court for the removal of the injury.
Under the above circumstances an action for damages
or for solatium may be brought only in those cases which
are specifically provided by law.
Article 19.一A person who sustains an injury to the
right to the use of his name may apply to the Court for
the removal of the injury and for the payment of
damages.
Article 20.—A person who resides in a place with
the intention of remaining there permanently, establishes
his domicile at that place.
10
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
11
一人åŒæ™‚ä¸å¾—有兩ä½æ‰€ã€‚
第二å一æ¢ç„¡è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äºº,åŠé™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›
人,以其法定代ç†äººä¹‹ä½æ‰€çˆ²ä½æ‰€ã€‚
第二åäºŒæ¢ é‡æœ‰å·¦åˆ—情形之~者,其居所視
爲ä½æ‰€ã€‚
(-)ä½æ‰€ç„¡å¯è€ƒè€…。
(二)在ä¸åœ‹ç„¡ä½æ‰€è€…。但ä¾æ³•é ˆä¾ä½æ‰€åœ°æ³•è€…,
ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
第二åä¸‰æ¢ å› ç‰¹å®šè¡Œçˆ²é¸å®šå±…所者,關於其
行爲,視爲ä½æ‰€ã€‚
第二åå››æ¢ ä»¥å»¢æ¢ä¹‹æ„æ€ï¼Œé›¢åŽ»å…¶ä½æ‰€è€…,å½
爲廢æ¢å…¶ä½æ‰€ã€‚
A person may not have more than one domicile at
one and the same time.
Article 21.一The domicile of a person incapable of
disposing or limited in disposing capacity is determined
by the domicile of his statutory agent.
Article 22.—In either of the following cases a
person’s residence is deemed to be his domicile:
1. Where his domicile is unknown;
2. Where he has no domicile in China, except when
otherwise provided by law regarding the lex
domicilii.
Article 23.一If a person has chosen a residence for
a special purpose, the residence is deemed to be his
domicile for that purpose.
Article 24.一Domicile is lost if residence is discon-
tinued with the intention of abandoning it.
第二節 法人
第一款 通則
第二å五æ¢æ³•äººéžä¾æœ¬æ³•æˆ–其他法律之è¦
定,ä¸å¾—æˆç«‹6
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æ¤é™ã€‚
第二å七æ¢æ³•äººé ˆè¨è‘£äº‹ã€‚
董事就法人~切事務,å°å¤–代表法人。
å°æ–¼è‘£äº‹ä»£è¡¨æ¬Šæ‰€åŠ 之é™åˆ¶ï¼Œä¸å¾—å°æŠ—å–„æ„第
三人。
Title 2.一Juristic Persons
Part 1.一General Provisions
Article 25.—A juristic person can come into existence
only in accordance with the provisions of this Code or
of any other law.
Article 26.一Within the limits prescribed by law, a
juristic person has the capacity of enjoying rights and
assuming obligations with the exception of those rights
and obligations which appertain exclusively to natural
persons.
Article 27.—A juristic person must have at least one
director.
For the management of its affairs, a juristic person
is represented by its directors.
Any limitation placed upon the right of representa-
tion of a director cannot be set up against bona fide third
parties.
12
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
13
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責任。
第二åä¹æ¢ 法人以其主事務所之所在地爲
ä½æ‰€ã€‚
第三åæ¢æ³•äººéžç¶“å‘主管官署登記,ä¸å¾—æˆ
立。
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者,ä¸å¾—ä»¥å…¶äº‹é …ï¼Œå°æŠ—第三人。
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ç„¡é•å許å¯æ¢ä»¶ï¼Œèˆ‡å…¶ä»–法律之è¦å®šã€‚
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管官署監ç£ä¹‹å‘½ä»¤ï¼Œæˆ–妨礙其檢查者,得處以五百元
以下之罰é°ã€‚
第三åå››æ¢ æ³•äººé•åè¨ç«‹è¨±å¯ä¹‹æ¢ä»¶è€…,主
管官署得撤銷其許å¯ã€‚
第三å五æ¢æ³•äººä¹‹è²¡ç”¢ï¼Œä¸èƒ½æ·¸å„Ÿå‚µå‹™æ™‚,董
事應å½å‘法院è²è«‹ç ´ç”¢ã€‚
ä¸ç‚ºå‰é …è²è«‹ï¼Œè‡´æ³•äººä¹‹å‚µæ¬Šäººå—æ害時,其有
éŽå¤±ä¹‹è‘£äº‹ï¼Œæ‡‰è² è³ å„Ÿä¹‹è²¬ä»»ã€‚
第三åå…æ¢ æ³•äººä¹‹ç›®çš„æˆ–å…¶è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œæœ‰é•å法
律,公共秩åºæˆ–å–„è‰¯é¢¨ä¿—è€…ï¼Œæ³•é™¢å¾—å› ä¸»ç®¡å®˜ç½²ï¼Œæª¢å¯Ÿ
官或利害關係人之請求,宣å¿è§£æ•£ã€‚
Article 28.—A juristic person is jointly liable with
tKe wrongdoer for the consequences of the wrongful acts
done by its directors or employees in the performance of
their duties.
Article 29.—The domicile of a juristic person is at
the place where it has its principal office.
Article 30.一A juristic person cannot come into
existence unless registered with the competent authorities.
Article 31.一A registered juristic person cannot, as
against third parties, avail itself of unregistered matters
which should have been registered, or of unregistered
changes in registered matters.
Article 32.—If a juristic person has been authorized
by grant, the competent authorities of its domicile have
the right to supervise its activities. The competent
authorities may examine its financial situation, and
ascertain whether the conditions of the grant and other
legal requirements have been complied with.
Article 33.一If a director of a juristic person author-
ized by grant disobeys any supervising order of, or
obstructs an inspection by the competent authorites, he
may be punished with a fine not exceeding five hundred
yuan.
Article 34.—If a juristic person violates any of the
conditions under which the authorization has been
granted, the grant may be revoked by the competent
authorities.
Article 35.—When the assets of a juristic person are
insufficient to meet its liabilities, the directors shall
forthwith apply to the Court for a declaration of bank-
ruptcy.
If a director has caused injury to the creditors of the
juristic person through failure to apply to the Court for
a declaration of bankruptcy, as provided in the preceding
paragraph, he shall be responsible for damages.
Article 36.—Whenever the object or the activities
of a juristic person are found to be contrary to law, public
order or good morals, the Court may order the dissolution
of the juristic person on the application of the competent
authorities, the public procurator or any interested
person.
14
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
15
第三å七æ¢æ³•äººè§£æ•£å¾Œ,其財產之淸算,由董
äº‹çˆ²ä¹‹ã€‚ä½†å…¶ç« ç¨‹æœ‰ç‰¹åˆ¥è¦å®šï¼Œæˆ–總會å¦æœ‰å†³è°è€…,ä¸
在æ¤é™ã€‚
第三åå…«æ¢ä¸èƒ½ä¾å‰æ¢è¦å®šï¼Œå®šå…¶æ·¸ç®—人時,
æ³•é™¢å¾—å› åˆ©å®³é—œä¿‚äººä¹‹è²è«‹ï¼Œé¸ä»»æ·¸ç®—人。
第三åä¹æ¢æ·¸ç®—人,法院èªçˆ²æœ‰å¿…è¦æ™‚,得解
除其任務。
第四åæ¢æ·¸ç®—人之è·å‹™å¦‚左。
(~) 了çµç¾å‹™ã€‚
(二) 收å–債權,淸償債務。
(三) 移交賸餘財產於應得者。
法人至淸算終çµæ¢ï¼Œåœ¨æ·¸ç®—之必è¦ç¯„åœå…§ï¼Œè¦–爲
å˜ç¸¾ã€‚
第四å一æ¢æ·¸ç®—之程åºï¼Œé™¤æœ¬é€šå‰‡æœ‰è¦å®šå¤–,
準用股份有é™å…¬å¸æ·¸ç®—之è¦å®šã€‚
第四åäºŒæ¢ æ³•äººä¹‹æ·¸ç®—ï¼Œå±¬æ–¼æ³•é™¢ç›£ç£ï¼Œæ³•é™¢
得隨時爲監ç£ä¸Šå¿…è¦ä¹‹æª¢æŸ¥ã€‚
第四å三æ¢æ·¸ç®—人ä¸éµæ³•é™¢ç›£ç£å‘½ä»¤æˆ–妨
礙檢查者,得處以五百元以下之罰é°ã€‚
第四åå››æ¢ æ³•äººè§£æ•£å¾Œï¼Œé™¤æ·¸å„Ÿå‚µå‹™å¤–ï¼Œå…¶è³¸
餘財產之æ¸å±¬ï¼Œæ‡‰ä¾å…¶ç« 程之è¦å®šï¼Œæˆ–總會之决è°ã€‚
如無å‰é …ç« ç¨‹ä¹‹è¦å®šæˆ–總會之决è°æ™‚,其賸餘
財產,屬於法人ä½æ‰€æ‰€åœ¨åœ°ä¹‹åœ°æ–¹è‡ªæ²»åœ˜é«”。
Article 37.—On the dissolution of a juristic person
the liquidation is effected by its directors, unless otherwise
provided by the constitution or by a resolution of the
general meeting of members.
Article 38.—When there are no persons to act as
liquidators under the preceding article, the Court may
appoint liquidators on the application of any interested
party.
Article 39.—All liquidators may be removed by the
Court whenever the Court deems it necessary.
Article 40.—It shall be the duty of the liquidators:
1. to wind up pending business;
2. to collect the assets and discharge the liabilities;
3. to deliver the surplus of assets, if any, to the
persons entitled thereto.
Before the completion of the liquidation, the dissolved
juristic person is deemed to continue to exist in so far
as is necessary for the purpose of the liquidation.
Article 41.一Unless otherwise provided by the
General Provisions of this Code, the liquidation shall be
carried out, as far as possible, in conformity with the
law concerning the liquidation of limited companies.
Article 42.一The liquidation of a juristic person shall
be subject to the supervision of the Court.
The Court may from to time make such inspection
as is necssary for the supervision.
Article 43.一A liquidator who disobeys a supervising
order of the Court or who obstructs an inspection by the
Court may be punished with a fine not exceeding five
hundred yuan.
Article 44.一After the liquidation the remaining assets
of the juristic person shall be delivered to the persons or
institutions specified in the constitution or in a resolution
of the general meeting of members.
In the absence of any such provision in the constitu-
tion or in a resolution of the general meeting of members,
the remaining assets devolve upon the local public
institutions of the place in which the juristic person is
domiciled.
16
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
17
第二款 社團
第四åäº”æ¢ ä»¥ç‡Ÿåˆ©çˆ²ç›®çš„ä¹‹ç¤¾åœ˜ï¼Œå…¶å–得法
äººè³‡æ ¼ï¼Œä¾ç‰¹åˆ¥æ³•ä¹‹è¦å®šã€‚
第四åå…æ¢ ä»¥å…¬ç›Šçˆ²ç›®çš„ä¹‹ç¤¾åœ˜ï¼Œæ–¼ç™»è¨˜å‰,
應得主管官署之許å¯ã€‚
第四åä¸ƒæ¢ è¨ç«‹ç¤¾åœ˜è€…ï¼Œæ‡‰è¨‚å®šç« ç¨‹ã€‚å…¶æ‡‰è¨˜
è¼‰ä¹‹äº‹é …å¦‚å·¦ã€‚
(一) 目的。
(二) å稱。
(三) 董事之任å…。
(四) 總會å¬é›†ä¹‹æ¢ä»¶ï¼Œç¨‹åºåŠå…¶å†³è°è‰æ˜Žä¹‹æ–¹
法。
(五) 社員之出資。
(å…) ç¤¾å“¡è³‡æ ¼ä¹‹å–得與喪失。
第四åå…«æ¢ç¤¾åœ˜è¨ç«‹æ™‚ï¼Œæ‡‰ç™»è¨˜ä¹‹äº‹é …å¦‚å·¦ã€‚
(~)目的。
(二) å稱。
(三) 主事務所åŠåˆ†äº‹å‹™æ‰€ã€‚
(四) 董事之姓ååŠä½æ‰€ã€‚
(五) 財產之總é¡ã€‚ .
(å…) 應å—è¨ç«‹è¨±å¯è€…,其許å¯ä¹‹å¹´æœˆ 日。
(七) 定有出資方法者,其方法。
(八) é™åˆ¶è‘£äº‹ä»£è¡¨æ¬Šè€…,其é™åˆ¶ã€‚
(ä¹) 定有å˜ç«‹æ™‚期者,其時期。
Part 2.Associations
Article 45.—An association whose object is to make
profits acquires juristic personality in accordance with
the provisions of special laws.
Article 46.一An association whose object is for the
promotion of public welfare must, prior to registering
itself, be authorized by a grant from the competent
authorities.
Article 47.—An association must have a constitution
which must contain the following particulars:
1. Object;
2. Name;
3. Provisions relating to the appointment and dis-
missal of directors;
4. The conditions under which the general meeting
of members shall be called, the procedure for the
calling of meetings, and the authentification of
its resolutions;
5. Provisions concerning the contributions of the
members;
6. Provisions concerning the acquisition and loss
of membership.
Article 48.—Upon the formation of an association the
following particulars shall be registered:
1. Object;
2. Name;
3. The principal and branch offices;
4. The names and domiciles of its directors;
5. The total amount of its assets;
6. If the association has been authorized by grant,
the date and particulars of the grant;
7. The method of contributing property, if such
method has been fixed;
8. The limitation of the power of the directors to
represent the association, if such limitation has
been made;
9. The period of its existence, if such period has
been fixed.
18
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
19
社團之登記,由董事å‘其主事務所åŠåˆ†äº‹å‹™æ‰€
æ‰€åœ¨åœ°ä¹‹ä¸»ç®¡å®˜ç½²è¡Œä¹‹ï¼Œä¸¦æ‡‰é™„å…·ç« ç¨‹å‚™æ¡ˆã€‚
第四åä¹æ¢ç¤¾åœ˜ä¹‹çµ„ç¹”åŠç¤¾åœ˜èˆ‡ç¤¾å“¡ä¹‹é—œ
係,以ä¸é•å第五åæ¢è‡³ç¬¬äº”åå…«æ¢ä¹‹è¦å®šçˆ²é™ï¼Œå¾—
ä»¥ç« ç¨‹å®šä¹‹ã€‚
第五åæ¢ç¤¾åœ˜ä»¥ç¸½æœƒçˆ²æœ€é«˜æ©Ÿé—œã€‚
å·¦åˆ—äº‹é …æ‡‰ç¶“ç¸½æœƒä¹‹å†³è°ã€‚
(~)è®Šæ›´ç« ç¨‹ã€‚
(二) ä»»å…董事。
(三) 監ç£è‘£äº‹è·å‹™ä¹‹åŸ·è¡Œã€‚
(四) 開除社員。但以有æ£ç•¶ç†ç”±æ™‚爲é™ã€‚
第五å一æ¢ç¸½æœƒç”±è‘£äº‹å¬é›†ä¹‹ã€‚
如有全體社員å分-•以上之請求,表明會è°ç›®
çš„åŠå¬é›†ç†ç”±ï¼Œè«‹æ±‚å¬é›†æ™‚ï¼Œè‘£äº‹é ˆå¬é›†ä¹‹ã€‚
董事å—å‰é …之請求後,一個月內,ä¸çˆ²å¬é›†è€…,得
由請求之祉員,經法院之許å¯ï¼Œå¬é›†ä¹‹ã€‚
第五å二æ¢ç¸½æœƒå†³è°ï¼Œé™¤æœ¬æ³•æœ‰ç‰¹åˆ¥è¦å®šå¤–,
以出å¸ç¤¾å“¡éŽåŠæ•¸å†³ä¹‹ã€‚
社員有平ç‰ä¹‹è¡¨å†³æ¬Šã€‚
第五å三æ¢ç¤¾åœ˜è®Šæ›´ç« 程之决è°ï¼Œæ‡‰æœ‰å…¨é«”
社員éŽåŠæ•¸ä¹‹å‡ºå¸ï¼Œå‡ºå¸ç¤¾å“¡å››åˆ†ä¸‰ä»¥ä¸Šä¹‹åŒæ„,或
有全體社員三分二以上書é¢ä¹‹åŒæ„。
The association shall be registered by the directors
with the competent authorities of the place where its
principal and branch offices are situated. A copy of the
constitution shall be filed.
Article 49.—The constitution may provide for the
organisation of the association and the relations of the
association with its members, provided that nothing
therein shall contravene the provisions of Articles 50 to
58.
Article 50.—The general meeting of members of an
association is the organ in which the supreme power of
the association is vested.
The following matteis shall be decided by a resolu-
tion of the general meeting of members:
1. Alterations in the constitution;
2. Appointment and dismissal of directors;
3. Supervision of the directors in the performance
of their duties;
4. Expulsion of members for a proper cause.
Article 51.―The general meeting of members shall
be called by the directors.
If over one-tenth of the members of an association
request the directors to call a general meeting, specifying
the objects of the meeting and the reasons for its convoca-
tion, the directors must call the meeting accordingly.
If no general meeting is called by the directors within
one month after the receipt of the above request, the
members who have made the request may call the
meeting, subject to the authorization of the Court.
Article 52.—Unless otherwise provided in this Code,
a resolution of the general meeting of members is valid
if passed by a majority vote of the members present.
Members shall have equal votes.
Article 53.—A resolution involving an alteration in
the constitution of an association can be passed only at a
meeting at which the majority of the members of the
association are present, and by a majority of three-fourths
of the members present; or when two-thirds of the
members of the association declare in writing their
consent thereto.
20
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
21
å—è¨ç«‹è¨±å¯ä¹‹ç¤¾åœ˜ï¼Œè®Šæ›´ç« 程時,並應得主管官
署之許å¯ã€‚
第五åå››æ¢ç¤¾å“¡å¾—éš¨æ™‚é€€ç¤¾ã€‚ä½†ç« ç¨‹é™å®šæ–¼
事務年度終,或經.éŽé å¿æœŸé–“後,始准退社者,ä¸åœ¨æ¤
é™ã€‚
å‰é …é å¿æœŸé–“,ä¸å¾—超éŽå…個月。
第五åäº”æ¢ å·²é€€ç¤¾æˆ–é–‹é™¤ä¹‹ç¥‰å“¡ï¼Œå°æ–¼ç¤¾åœ˜
之財產,無請求權。但éžå…¬ç›Šæ³•äººï¼Œå…¶ç« 程å¦æœ‰è§„定者,
ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
å‰é …社員,å°æ–¼å…¶é€€ç¤¾æˆ–開除以å‰ï¼Œæ‡‰åˆ†æ“”之出
資,ä»è² 淸償之義務。
第五åå…æ¢ ç¸½æœƒä¹‹å†³è°ï¼Œæœ‰é•åæ³•ä»¤æˆ–ç« ç¨‹
者,å°è©²å†³è°åŽŸä¸åŒæ„之社員,得請求法院宣å¿å…¶å†³
è°çˆ²ç„¡æ•ˆã€‚
å‰é …之請求,應於决è°å¾Œä¸‰å€‹æœˆå…§çˆ²ä¹‹ã€‚
第五å七æ¢ç¤¾åœ˜å¾—隨時以全體社員三分二
以上之å¯å†³ï¼Œè§£æ•£ä¹‹ã€‚
第五åå…«æ¢ç¤¾åœ˜ä¹‹äº‹å‹™ï¼Œç„¡å¾žä¾ç« 程所定進
è¡Œæ™‚ï¼Œæ³•é™¢å¾—å› åˆ©å®³é—œä¿‚äººä¹‹è²è«‹è§£æ•£ä¹‹ã€‚
第三款財團
第五åä¹æ¢è²¡åœ˜æ–¼ç™»è¨˜å‰ï¼Œæ‡‰å¾—主管官署之
許å¯ã€‚
If an association has been authorized by grant, no
resolution involving an alteration in the constitution is
valid unless it has been approved by the competent
authorities.
Article 54.—Members may withdraw from the
association at any time unless according to the constitu-
tion they have to remain until the expiration of the
business year, or unless previous notice of withdrawal
is required by the constitution.
The period of notice as mentioned above cannot
exceed six months.
Article 55.—A retired or dismissed member has no
right to demand his share in the property of the associa-
tion unless it is otherwise provided in the constitution of
an association whose object is not for the promotion of
public welfare.
The above mentioned member continues to be liable
for his share of the contribution which has become due
before his retirement or dismissal.
Article 56.—When a resolution passed by a general
meeting of members is contrary to law or to the con-
stitution of the association, any member who has not
assented thereto may apply to the Court for having the
resolution declared null and void.
The application as mentioned above must be made
within three months from the date of the resolution.
Article 57.■—An association may be dissolved at any
time by a resolution of the general meeting of members
passed by a majority vote of two-thirds of all the members
of the association.
Article 58.—An association may be dissolved by an
order of the Court on the application of any interested
person when circumstances are such that it cannot be
managed any more in accordance with its constitution.
Part 3.—Foundations
Article 59.一A foundation must, before registration,
receive an authorization by grant from the competent
authorities.
22
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
23
第å…åæ¢ è¨ç«‹è²¡åœ˜è€…,應訂立æåŠ©ç« ç¨‹ã€‚ä½†ä»¥
éºå›‘æ助者,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
æåŠ©ç« ç¨‹ï¼Œæ‡‰è¨‚æ˜Žæ³•äººç›®çš„ï¼ŒåŠæ‰€æ財產。
第å…åä¸€æ¢ è²¡åœ˜è¨ç«‹æ™‚ï¼Œæ‡‰ç™»è¨˜ä¹‹äº‹é …å¦‚å·¦ã€‚
(-)目的。
(二) å稱。
(三) 主事務所åŠåˆ†äº‹å‹™æ‰€ã€‚
(四) 財產之總é¡ã€‚
(五) å—許å¯ä¹‹å¹´æœˆ 日。
(å…) 董事之姓ååŠä½æ‰€ã€‚
(七) é™åˆ¶è‘£äº‹ä»£è¡¨æ¬Šè€…,其é™åˆ¶ã€‚
(八) 定有å˜ç«‹æ™‚期者,其時期。
財團之登記,由董事å‘其主事務所åŠåˆ†äº‹å‹™æ‰€
所在地之主管官署行之。並應附具æåŠ©ç« ç¨‹å‚™æ¡ˆã€‚
第å…å二æ¢è²¡åœ˜ä¹‹çµ„ç¹”åŠå…¶ç®¡ç†æ–¹æ³•ï¼Œç”±æ
助人以æåŠ©ç« ç¨‹å®šä¹‹ã€‚
æåŠ©ç« ç¨‹æ‰€å®šä¹‹çµ„ç¹”ä¸å®Œå…¨ï¼Œæˆ–é‡è¦ä¹‹ç®¡ç†æ–¹
法ä¸å…·å‚™è€…ï¼Œæ³•é™¢å¾—å› åˆ©å®³é—œä¿‚äººä¹‹è²è«‹ï¼Œçˆ²å¿…è¦ä¹‹
處分。
第å…åä¸‰æ¢ çˆ²ç¶æŒè²¡åœ˜ä¹‹ç›®çš„,或ä¿å˜å…¶è´¢
ç”¢ï¼Œæ³•é™¢å¾—å› æ助人,董事或利害關係人之è²è«‹ï¼Œè®Šæ›´
其組織。
第å…åå››æ¢è²¡åœ˜è‘£äº‹ï¼Œæœ‰é•åæåŠ©ç« ç¨‹ä¹‹è¡Œ
çˆ²æ™‚ï¼Œæ³•é™¢å¾—å› åˆ©å®³é—œä¿‚äººä¹‹è²è«‹ï¼Œå®£å¿å…¶è¡Œçˆ²çˆ²ç„¡
效。
Article 60.一The founder of a foundation must draw
up an act of endowment, except in the case of donation
by will.
The act of endowment must specify the object of the
foundation and the property donated.
Article 61.—Upon the formation of a foundation, the
following particulars shall be registered:
1. Object;
2. Name;
3. The principal and branch offices;
4. The total amount of its assets;
5. The date of the grant;
6. Thå¿ names and domiciles of the directors;
7. The limitation of the power of the directors to
represent the foundation, if such limitation has
been made.
8. The period of its existence, if such period has
been fixed.
The foundation shall be registered by the directors
with the competent authorities of the principal office
and branch offices. The act of endowment must be
filed at the time of registration.
Article 62.―The organization and method of adminis-
tration of the foundation shall be determined by the
founder in the act of endowment.
If the organization as provided in the act of endow-
ment is insufficient or if the important provisions are
lacking concerning the method of administration, the
Court may on the application of any interested party
take such measures as may be necessary.
Article 63.—For the purpose of maintaining the object
of the foundation or of preserving its property, the Court
may modify the organization of the foundation on the
application of the founder, or the directors, or any
interested party.
Article 64.—If the directors act contrary to the act
of endowment, their decisions may on the application of
any interested party be declared null and void by the
Court.
24
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
25
第å…åäº”æ¢ å› æƒ…äº‹è®Šæ›´ï¼Œè‡´è²¡åœ˜ä¹‹ç›®çš„ä¸èƒ½
é”到時,主管官署得斟酌æ助人之æ„æ€ï¼Œè®Šæ›´å…¶ç›®çš„
åŠå…¶å¿…è¦ä¹‹çµ„織,或解散之。
Article 65.—If circumstances are such that the object
of the foundation cannot be carried out, the competent
authorities may, after taking into consideration the
intention of the founder, alter the object of the foundation
or effect the necessary reorganization, or dissolve the
foundation.
26
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code 27
ç¬¬ä¸‰ç« ç‰©
CHAPTER THIRD
THINGS
第å…åå…æ¢ç¨±ä¸å‹•ç”¢è€…,謂土地åŠå…¶å®šç€ç‰©ã€‚
ä¸å‹•ç”¢ä¹‹å‡ºç”¢ç‰©ï¼Œå°™æœªåˆ†é›¢è€…,爲該ä¸å‹•ç”¢ä¹‹éƒ¨
分。
第å…åä¸ƒæ¢ ç¨±å‹•ç”¢è€…ï¼Œçˆ²å‰æ¢æ‰€ç¨±ä¸å‹•ç”¢ä»¥
外之物。
第å…åå…«æ¢ éžä¸»ç‰©ä¹‹æˆåˆ†ï¼Œå¸¸åŠ©ä¸»ç‰©ä¹‹æ•ˆç”¨,
而åŒå±¬æ–¼ä¸€äººè€…,爲從物。但交易上有特別習慣者,ä¾
其習慣。
主物之處分,åŠæ–¼å¾žç‰©ã€‚
第å…åä¹æ¢ç¨±å¤©ç„¶å³æ¯è€…,謂果實,動物之產
物åŠå…¶ä»–ä¾ç‰©ä¹‹ç”¨æ³•æ‰€æ”¶ç©«ä¹‹å‡ºç”¢ç‰©ã€‚
稱法定å³æ¯è€…,謂利æ¯ï¼Œç§Ÿé‡‘,åŠå…¶ä»–å› æ³•å¾‹é—œä¿‚
所得之收益。
第七åæ¢æœ‰æ”¶å–天然å½æ¯æ¬Šåˆ©ä¹‹äºº,其權利
å˜çºŒæœŸé–“內,å–得與原物分離之å³æ¯ã€‚
有收å–法定å³æ¯æ¬Šåˆ©ä¹‹äººï¼ŒæŒ‰å…¶æ¬Šåˆ©å˜çºŒæœŸé–“
內之日數,å–得其拳æ¯ã€‚
Article 66.—Immovables are land and things perma-
nently affixed thereto.
The products of an immovable constitute a part of
the immovable so long as they are not separated there-
from.
Article 67.一All things other than immovables
mentioned in the preceding article are movables.
Article 68.—Accessories are things which, without
being component parts of the principal thing, are intended
to serve the purpose of the principal thing and belong to
the same owner. But, if there is a special custom
prevailing in trade, such custom shall be applied.
The disposal of the principal thing extends to its
accessories.
Article 69.一Natural fruits are produce such as fruits,
offspring of animals, and such other yield as is obtained
from the thing consistently with the use for which the
thing is intended.
Legal fruits are interest, rent and other profits
obtained by virtue of a legal relation.
Article 70.一A person who is entitled to the natural
fruits of a thing acquires during the existence of his
right such fruits upon their separation from the thing.
A person who is entitled to the legal fruits of a thing
acquires them in proportion to the number of days during
which his right exists.
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29
ç¬¬å››ç« æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²
第一節 通則
第七å一æ¢æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œé•å強制或ç¦æ¢ä¹‹è¦
定者,無效。但其è¦å®šä¸¦ä¸ä»¥ä¹‹çˆ²ç„¡æ•ˆè€…,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
第七å二æ¢æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œæœ‰èƒŒæ–¼å…¬å…±ç§©åºæˆ–å–„
良風俗者,無效。
第七å三æ¢æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œä¸ä¾æ³•å®šæ–¹å¼è€…,無效。
但法律å¦æœ‰è¦å®šè€…,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
第七åå››æ¢æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œä¿‚乘他人之急迫,輕率
或無經驗,使其爲財產上之給付,或爲給付之約定,ä¾
ç•¶æ™‚æƒ…å½¢é¡¯å¤±å…¬å¹³è€…ï¼Œæ³•é™¢å¾—å› åˆ©å®³é—œä¿‚äººä¹‹è²è«‹ï¼Œ
撤銷其法律行爲,或減輕其給付。
å‰é …è²è«‹,應於法律籽爲後一年內爲之。
第二節 行爲能力
第七å五æ¢ç„¡è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººä¹‹æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤º,無效。
é›–éžç„¡è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººï¼Œè€Œå…¶æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œä¿‚在無æ„è˜æˆ–ç²¾
神錯亂ä¸æ‰€çˆ²è€…,亦åŒã€‚
第七åå…æ¢ç„¡è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººï¼Œç”±æ³•å®šä»£ç†äººä»£
爲æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œä¸¦ä»£å—æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºã€‚
CHAPTER FOURTH
JURISTIC ACTS
Title 1.—General Provisions
Article 71.—A juristic act which is contrary to a legal
prohibition or other imperative provision of law is void,
unless the nature of the provision be such that it may
not be voided or a contrary intention appears from the
prohibition.
Article 72.—A juristic act which is contrary to public
order or good morals is void.
Article 73.一A juristic act which is not in the form
prescribed by law is void,unless otherwise provided by
law.
Article 74.—In the case of a juristic act whereby a
person profiting by the difficulties, indiscretion or
inexperience of another causes to be delivered or
promised to himself pecuniary advantages which exceed
the consideration for it to such an extent that having
regard to the circumstances, the unfairness of the trans-
action is obvious, the Court may, on the application of the
injured party, cancel the juristic act or reduce the
obligation.
The application as mentioned above must be made
•within one year from the date of the juristic act.
Title 2.一-Disposing Capacity
Article 75.一The declaration of intention of a person
incapable of disposing is void. A declaration is also
void which is made by a person who, though not incapable
of disposing, is in a condition of unconsciousness or
morbid disturbance of the mental activity.
Article 76.—For the making or receiving of a declar-
ation of intention a person incapable of disposing is
represented by his statutory agents.
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31
第七å七æ¢é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººçˆ²æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºåŠ
å—æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œæ‡‰å¾—法定代ç†äººä¹‹å…許。但純ç²æ³•å¾‹ä¸Š
利益,或ä¾å…¶å¹´é½¡åŠèº«åˆ†ï¼Œæ—¥å¸¸ç”Ÿæ´»æ‰€å¿…需者,ä¸åœ¨æ¤
é™ã€‚
第七åå…«æ¢é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äºº,未得法定代ç†
人之å…許,所爲之單ç¨è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œç„¡æ•ˆã€‚
第七åä¹æ¢ é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äºº,未得法定代ç†
人之å…è¨±ï¼Œæ‰€è¨‚ç«‹ä¹‹å¥‘ç´„ï¼Œé ˆç¶“æ³•å®šä»£ç†äººä¹‹æ‰¿èªï¼Œå§‹
生效力。
第八åæ¢å‰æ¢å¥‘約相å°äººï¼Œå¾—定~個月以上
之期é™,催å¿æ³•å®šä»£ç†äººï¼Œç¢ºç”是å¦æ‰¿èªã€‚
, æ–¼å‰é …期é™å…§ï¼Œæ³•å®šä»£ç†äººä¸çˆ²ç¢ºç”者,視爲拒
絶承èªã€‚
第八å~æ¢é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººï¼Œæ–¼é™åˆ¶åŽŸå› 消
滅後,承èªå…¶æ‰€è¨‚立之契約者,其承亂與法定代ç†äºº
之承èªï¼Œæœ‰åŒ~效力。
å‰æ¢è¦å®šï¼Œæ–¼å‰é …情形準用之。
第八åäºŒæ¢ é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººæ‰€è¨‚立之契糸勺,.
未經承èªå‰ï¼Œç›¸å°äººå¾—撤囘之。但訂立契約時,知其宋
得有å…許者,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
第八åä¸‰æ¢ é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äºº,用è©è¡“使人信
其爲有行爲能力人或已得法定代ç†äººä¹‹å…許者,其
法律行爲爲有效。
Article 77.—Where a person limited in disposing
capacity makes or receives a declaration of intention, the
approval of the statutory agent is necessary, unless the
declaration of intention relates to the mere acquisition
of a legal advantage or to the necessaries of life according
to the age and social standing of the person limited in
disposing capacity.
Article 78.一A unilateral juristic act which a person
limited in disposing capacity enters into without the
approval of his statutory agent is void.
Article 79.—If a person limited in disposing capacity
enters into a contract without the approval of his statutory
agent, the contract becomes valid upon ratification by
the statutory agent.
Article 80.—The other party to the contract men-
tioned in the preceding Article may fix a period, not
less than one month, and request the statutory agent tc
declare within such period whether or not he ratifies
the contract.
If the statutory agent does not give a definite answer
within the above-mentioned period, the ratification is
deemed to have been refused.
Article 81.—When the cause for which a person’s
disposing capacity is limited has disappeared, the
ratification of the contract which he has previously
entered into has the same validity as that of his statutory
agent.
The provision of the preceding Article apply mutatis
mutandis to the case provided for in the preceding
paragraph.
Article 82.—Before ratification of the contract made
by a person limited in disposing capacity, the other party
is entitled to rescind it, unless he knew, at the time when
it was entered into, that the approval of the statutory
agent had not been given.
Article 83.—A juristic act done by a person limited
in disposing capacity is valid if such person by using
deceitful means has induced the other party to believe
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民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code 33
第八åå››æ¢æ³•å®šä»£ç†äººï¼Œå…許é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›
人處分之財產,é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººï¼Œå°±è©²è²¡ç”¢æœ‰è™•åˆ†ä¹‹
能力。
第八åäº”æ¢ æ³•å®šä»£ç†äººï¼Œå…許é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›
人ç¨ç«‹ç‡Ÿæ¥è€…,é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººï¼Œé—œæ–¼å…¶ç‡Ÿæ¥,有行爲
能力。
é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººï¼Œå°±å…¶ç‡Ÿæ¥æœ‰ä¸å‹ä»»ä¹‹æƒ…形時,
法定代ç†äººï¼Œå¾—將其å…許撤銷或é™åˆ¶ä¹‹ã€‚
第三節 æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤º
第八åå…æ¢è¡¨æ„人無欲爲其æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºæ‰€æž¸
æŸä¹‹æ„,而爲æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºè€…,其æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œä¸å› 之無效。但
其情形爲相å°äººæ‰€æ˜ŽçŸ¥è€…,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
第八å七æ¢è¡¨æ„人與相å°äººé€šè¬€è€Œçˆ²è™›åƒž
æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºè€…,å…¶æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºç„¡æ•ˆã€‚但ä¸å¾—以其無效,å°æŠ—
å–„æ„第三人。 。
虛僞æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œéš±è—ä»–é …æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²è€…ï¼Œé©ç”¨é—œæ–¼
è©²é …æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ä¹‹è¦å®šã€‚
第八åå…«æ¢æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºä¹‹å…§å®¹æœ‰éŒ¯èª¤,或表æ„
人若知其事情å½ä¸çˆ²æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºè€…,表æ„人得將其æ„
æ€è¡¨ç¤ºæ’¤éŠ·ä¹‹ã€‚但以其錯誤或ä¸çŸ¥äº‹æƒ…,éžç”±è¡¨æ„人
自己之éŽå¤±è€…爲é™ã€‚
ç•¶äº‹äººä¹‹è³‡æ ¼ï¼Œæˆ–ç‰©ä¹‹æ€§è³ªï¼Œè‹¥äº¤æ˜“ä¸Šèªçˆ²é‡è¦
者,其錯誤,視爲æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºå…§å®¹ä¹‹éŒ¯èª¤ã€‚
that he had full capacity or that he had obtained the
approval of his statutory agent.
Article 84.—If the statutory agent of a person limited
in disposing capacity has authorized the latter to dispose
of a certain property, the person has full disposing cap-
acity in respect to the said property.
Article 85.—If the statutory agent of a person limited
in disposing capacity has authorized the latter to carry on
a business independently, such person has full disposing
capacity in respect to the said business.
The authorization may be revoked, or restricted by
the statutory agent if the person limited in disposing
capacity proves himself to be incapable of carrying on the
business thus authorized.
Title 3.—Declaration of Intention
Article 86.—A declaration of intention is not void by
reason of the fact that the declarant did not intend to be
bound by it, unless such fact was known to the other
party.
Article 87.—A fictitious declaration of intention made
by the declarant in collusion with the other party is void,
but the fact of its being void cannot be set up against a
bona fide third party.
If the fictitious declaration of intention was intended
to cover another juristic act, the provisions of law con-
cerning the such other juristic act shall apply.
Article 88.—A declaration of intention may be
avoided by the declarant if he was acting under a mistake
as to the purport of the declaration of intention or had
he known the real state of affairs, he would not have
made the declaration; provided that the mistake or the
ignorance of the real state of affairs was not due to the
declarant’s negligence.
A mistake concerning the qualifications of the other
party or the nature of a thing which,according to
ordinary dealings, are regarded as essential, shall be
deemed a mistake as to the purport of the declaration of
intention.
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35
第八åä¹æ¢æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œå› 傳é”人或傳é”æ©Ÿé—œ
傳é”ä¸å¯¦è€…,得比照å‰æ¢ä¹‹è¦å®šï¼Œæ’¤éŠ·ä¹‹ã€‚
第ä¹åæ¢å‰äºŒæ¢ä¹‹æ’¤éŠ·æ¬Šï¼Œè‡ªæ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºå¾Œï¼Œç¶“
éŽ~年而消滅。
第ä¹å~æ¢ä¾ç¬¬å…«åå…«æ¢åŠç¬¬å…«åä¹æ¢ä¹‹
è¦å®šï¼Œæ’¤éŠ·æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºæ™‚,表æ„人å°æ–¼ä¿¡å…¶æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºçˆ²
有效而å—æ害之相å°äººæˆ–ç¬¬ä¸‰äººï¼Œæ‡‰è² è³ å„Ÿè²¬ä»»ã€‚ä½†
å…¶æ’¤éŠ·ä¹‹åŽŸå› ï¼Œå—害人明知或å¯å¾—而知者,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
第ä¹åäºŒæ¢ å› è¢«è©æ¬ºæˆ–被脅迫,而爲æ„æ€è¡¨
示者,表æ„人得撤銷其æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºã€‚但è©æ¬ºä¿‚由第三人
所爲者,以相å°äººæ˜ŽçŸ¥å…¶äº‹å¯¦æˆ–å¯å¾—而知者爲é™ï¼Œå§‹
得撤銷之。
被è©æ¬ºè€Œçˆ²ä¹‹æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œå…¶æ’¤éŠ·ä¸å¾—以之å°æŠ—
å–„æ„第三人。
第ä¹å三æ¢å‰æ¢ä¹‹æ’¤éŠ·ï¼Œæ‡‰æ–¼ç™¼è¦‹è©æ¬ºæˆ–è„…
迫終æ¢å¾Œï¼Œ~年內爲之。但自æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºå¾Œ,經éŽå年,ä¸
得撤銷。
第ä¹åå››æ¢ å°è©±äººçˆ²æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºè€…,其æ„æ€è¡¨
示,以相å°äººäº†è§£æ™‚,發生效力。
第ä¹åäº”æ¢ éžå°è©±è€Œçˆ²æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºè€…,其æ„æ€
表示,以通知é”到相å°äººæ™‚,發生效力。但故囘之通知,
åŒæ™‚或先時é”到者,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
Article 89.—A declaration of intention which has
been incorrectly transmitted by the person or institution
employed for its transmission may be avoided under the
same conditions as provided for in the preceding Article.
Article 90.一The right of avoidance provided in the
above two Articles is extinguished by prescription if not
exercised within one year from the date of the declaration.
Article 91.—If a declaration of intention is avoided
under Article 88 or Article 89,the declarant shall make
compensation for any damage which the other party or
any third party may have sustained by relying upon the
validity of the declaration, unless the injured party knew,
or had the means of knowing, of the ground on which
the declaration was voidable.
Article 92.一If a declaration of intention is procured
by fraud or by duress the declarant may avoid it. If a
third party was guilty of the fraud the declaration may be
avoided only if the other party knew the fraud or had
the means of knowing it.
The avoidance of a declaration of intention on the
ground of fraud cannot be set up against a bona fide
third party.
Article 93.—The right of avoidance under the preced-
ing Article shall be exercised within one year from the
date when the fraud was discovered or when the duress
ceased. The right of avoidance is barred if ten years have
elapsed since the making of the declaration of intention.
Article 94.一A declaration of intention inter pre-
sentes* becomes effective at the moment when the person
to whom it is made understands it.
* TRANSLATORS’ NOTE.—For lack of a better expres-
sion, the Chinese characters “ 相å°äºº †is here translated as
inter presentes. It should be noted, however, that the
Chinese characters includes persons who, though not strictly
inter presentes, communicate with each other by telephone.
Article 95.一A declaration of intention inter absentes
becomes effective at the moment when the notification
of the declaration reaches the other party, unless a
notification of revocation reaches such other party
previously or simultaneously.
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General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
37
表æ„人,於發出通知後æ»äº¡æˆ–喪失行爲能力,或
其行爲能力å—é™åˆ¶è€…,其æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œä¸å› 之失其效力。
第ä¹åå…æ¢ å‘無行爲能力人或é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½
力人爲æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºè€…,以其通知é”到其法定代ç†äººæ™‚,
發生效力。
第ä¹å七æ¢è¡¨æ„人,éžå› 自己之éŽå¤±ä¸çŸ¥ç›¸
å°äººä¹‹å§“å,居所者,得ä¾æ°‘事訴訟法公示é€é”之è¦
定,以公示é€é”爲æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºä¹‹é€šçŸ¥ã€‚
第ä¹åå…«æ¢è§£é‡‹æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œæ‡‰æŽ¢æ±‚當事人之
眞æ„,ä¸å¾—拘泥於所用之è¾å¥ã€‚
第四節 æ¢ä»¶åŠæœŸé™
第ä¹åä¹æ¢é™„åœæ¢æ¢ä»¶ä¹‹æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²,æ–¼æ¢ä»¶
æˆå°±æ™‚,發生效力。
附解除æ¢ä»¶ä¹‹æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œæ–¼æ¢ä»¶æˆå°±æ™‚,失其效
力。
ä¾ç•¶äº‹äººä¹‹ç‰¹ç´„,使æ¢ä»¶æˆå°±ä¹‹æ•ˆæžœï¼Œä¸æ–¼æ¢ä»¶
æˆå°±ä¹‹æ™‚發生者,ä¾å…¶ç‰¹ç´„。
ç¬¬ä¸€ç™¾æ¢ é™„æ¢ä»¶ä¹‹æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ç•¶äº‹äººï¼Œæ–¼æ¢ä»¶
æˆå¦æœªå®šå‰ï¼Œè‹¥æœ‰æ害相å°äººå› æ¢ä»¶æˆå°±æ‰€æ‡‰å¾—利
ç›Šä¹‹è¡Œçˆ²è€…ï¼Œè² è³ å„Ÿæ害之責任。
ç¬¬ä¸€ç™¾é›¶ä¸€æ¢ å› æ¢ä»¶æˆå°±è€Œå—ä¸åˆ©ç›Šä¹‹ç•¶
事人,如以ä¸æ£ç•¶è¡Œç¯‡é˜»å…¶æ¢ä»¶ä¹‹æˆå°±è€…,視爲æ¢ä»¶
å·²æˆå°±ã€‚
The fact that the declarant dies, or becomes incapable
of disposing, or is limited in disposing capacity after the
despatch of the notification of the declaration shall not
impair the validity of the declaration of intention.
Article 96.—A declaration of intention made to a
person incapable of disposing or limited in disposing
capacity becomes effective when the notification of the
declaration reaches the statutory agent.
Article 97.—If a declarant, due to no fault on his
part, is ignorant of the name and residence of the other
party the notification of the declaration may be effected
by service by public notice in accordance with the
provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure governing
service by public notice.
Article 98.—In the interpretation of a declaration of
intenfion the true intention must be sought rather than
the literal meaning of the words or expressions.
Title 4.一Conditions一Time of Commencement
and Ending
Article 99.—-A juristic act subject to a condition
precedent becomes effective on the fulfilment of the
condition.
A juristic act subject to a condition subsequent ceases
to be effective on the fulfilment of the condition.
If, according to the special agreement of the parties
the consequences of the fulfilment of the condition shall
take place at another time than the time of fulfilment,
such special agreement shall govern.
Article 100.—In the case of a juristic act entered into
subject to a condition precedent, the preson who has,
during the time pending the fulfilment, done any act
diminishing the advantages which the other party would
have derived from the fulfilment of the condition, is
responsible for any damage resulting therefrom.
Article 101.—If the fulfilment of a condition is
prevented by improper means by the party to whose
disadvantage it would operate, the condition is deemed
to have been fulfilled.
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39
å› æ¢ä»¶æˆå°±è€Œå—利益之當事人,如以ä¸æ£ç•¶è¡Œ
爲促其æ¢ä»¶ä¹‹æˆå°±è€…,視爲æ¢ä»¶ä¸æˆå°±ã€‚
第~ç™¾é›¶äºŒæ¢ é™„å§‹æœŸä¹‹æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œæ–¼æœŸé™å±†
至時,發生效力。
附終期之法律行爲,於期é™å±†æ»¿æ™‚,失其效力。
第一百æ¢ä¹‹è¦å®šï¼Œæ–¼å‰äºŒé …情形準用之。
If the fulfilment of tlie condition is brought about by
improper means by the party to whose advantage it
would operate, the condition is deemed not to have been
fulfilled.
Article 102,_A juristic act subject to a time for its
commencement, becomes operative when the time arrives.
A juristic act subject to a time for its termination
ceases to be operative when the time arrives.
In cases under the two preceding paragraphs, the
provision of Article 100 applies mutatis mutandis.
第五節 代ç†
第~百零三æ¢ä»£ç†äººæ–¼ä»£ç†æ¬Šé™å…§,以本人
å義所爲之æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œç›´æŽ¥å°æœ¬äººç™¼ç”Ÿæ•ˆåŠ›ã€‚
å‰é …è¦å®šï¼Œæ–¼æ‡‰å‘本人爲æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œè€Œå‘其代ç†
人爲之者,準用之。
第~ç™¾é›¶å››æ¢ ä»£ç†äººæ‰€çˆ²æˆ–所å—æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤º
之效力,ä¸å› 其爲é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººï¼Œè€Œå—影響。
ç¬¬â„¢ç™¾é›¶äº”æ¢ ä»£ç†äººä¹‹æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œå› å…¶æ„æ€
æ¬ ç¼ºï¼Œè¢«è©æ¬ºï¼Œè¢«è„…迫,或明知其事情,或å¯å¾—而知其事
情,致其效力å—影響時,其事實之有無,應就代ç†äººå†³
之。但代ç†äººä¹‹ä»£ç†æ¬Šä¿‚以法律行爲授與者,å…¶æ„æ€
表示,如ä¾ç…§æœ¬äººæ‰€æŒ‡ç¤ºä¹‹æ„æ€è€Œçˆ²æ™‚,其事實之有
無,應就本人决之。
第~百零å…æ¢ä»£ç†äººï¼Œéžç¶“本人之許諾,ä¸å¾—
爲本人與自己之法律行爲,亦ä¸å¾—旣爲第三人之代
ç†äººï¼Œè€Œçˆ²æœ¬äººèˆ‡ç¬¬ä¸‰äººä¹‹æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ã€‚但其法律行爲,
係專履行債務者,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
Title 5.—Agency
Article 103.一A declaration of intention which an
agent makes in the name of the principal within the
scope of his delegated authority takes effect directly both
in favour of or against the principal.
The provision of the preceding paragraph applies
mutatis mutandis if a declaration of intention required
to be made to the principal is made to his agent.
Article 104.—The validity of a declaration of inten-
tion made by or to an agent is not impaired by the fact
that he is limited in disposing capacity.
Article 105.—In so far as the legal effectiveness of a
declaration of intention of an agent is vitiated by defective
intention, by fraud( or by duress or by knowledge or by
culpable ignorance of certain circumstances the question
of the fact shall be determined with regard to the agent.
But if the agent derives his authority from a juristic act
and the declaration of intention was made according to
definite instructions of the principal, the question of fact
shall be determined with regard to the principal.
Article 106.—Without the consent of the principal,
an agent may not enter into a juristic act in the name of
his principal with himself in his own name, nor may he,
as agent of a third party, enter into a juristic act in the
name of the principal with such third party unless the
juristic act consists exclusively in the fulfilment of an
obligation.
40
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
41
第一百零七æ¢ä»£ç†æ¬Šä¹‹é™åˆ¶åŠæ’¤å›˜ï¼Œä¸å¾—以
之å°æŠ—å–„æ„ç¬¬ä¸‰äººã€‚ä½†ç¬¬ä¸‰äººï¼Œå› éŽå¤±è€Œä¸çŸ¥å…¶äº‹å¯¦
者,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
第一百零八æ¢ä»£ç†æ¬Šä¹‹æ¶ˆæ»…,ä¾å…¶æ‰€ç”±æŽˆèˆ‡
之法律關係定之。
代ç†æ¬Šï¼Œå¾—於其所由授與之法律關係å˜çºŒä¸ï¼Œæ’¤
囘之。但ä¾è©²æ³•å¾‹ä¹‹æ€§è³ªä¸å¾—撤囘者,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
第~百零ä¹æ¢ä»£ç†æ¬Šæ¶ˆæ»…或撤囘時,代ç†äºº
é ˆå°‡æŽˆæ¬Šæ›¸ï¼Œäº¤é‚„æ–¼æŽˆæ¬Šè€…ï¼Œä¸å¾—留置。
第_百„åæ¢ç„¡ä»£ç†æ¬Šäººï¼Œä»¥ä»–人之代ç†äºº
å義所爲之法律行爲,å°æ–¼å–„æ„之相å°äººï¼Œè² æŸå®³è³
償之責。
第å…節 無效åŠæ’¤éŠ·
第一苗~å~æ¢æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ä¹‹~部分無效者,
全部皆爲無效。但除去該部分亦å¯æˆç«‹è€…,則其他部
分,ä»çˆ²æœ‰æ•ˆã€‚
第„百一å二æ¢ç„¡æ•ˆä¹‹æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œè‹¥å…·å‚™ä»–
法律行爲之è¦ä»¶ï¼Œä¸¦å› 其情形,å¯èªç•¶äº‹äººè‹¥çŸ¥å…¶ç„¡
效,å½æ¬²çˆ²ä»–法律行爲者,其他法律行爲,ä»çˆ²æœ‰æ•ˆã€‚
第一百一å三æ¢ç„¡æ•ˆæ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ä¹‹ç•¶äº‹äººï¼Œæ–¼
行爲當時,知其無效,或å¯å¾—è€ŒçŸ¥è€…ï¼Œæ‡‰è² å›˜å¾©åŽŸç‹€æˆ–
æå®³è³ å„Ÿä¹‹è²¬ä»»ã€‚
第一百一åå››æ¢ æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ç¶“æ’¤éŽ—è€…ï¼Œè¦–çˆ²è‡ª
始無效。
Article 107.—No limitation or revocation of the power
conferred on an agent can be set up against a bona fide
third party unless the third party through mistake of his
own does not know the facts.
Article 108.一The power of agency is terminated
according to the legal relation upon which its creation is
based.
The power of agency is revocable during the existence
of the legal relation upon which its creation is based,
unless according to the nature of the legal relation it
cannot be revoked.
Article 109.—At the termination of the power of
agency the agent has to return the written power of
agency to the party who gave it; he has no right of lien on
it.
Article 110.—Whoever not having authority as agent,
enters into a juristic act in the name of agent of another
person is responsible for damages to the other party in
good faith.
Title 6.一Void and Voidable Acts
Article 111.—If part of a juristic act is void, the
whole juristic act is void, unless it may be assumed that
it would equally have been entered into if the void part
has been omitted.
Article 112.If a void juristic act satisfies the require-
ment of a different juristic act, the latter is valid if
according to the circumstances it may be assumed that
its validity would have been intended by the parties on
knowing of the invalidity of the former.
Article 113.—A party who at the moment when a void
juristic act was entered into knew or had the means of
knowing that it was void, is bound to restore the state
of things to its former condition, or to make good any
injury resulting therefrom.
Article 114.一If a voidable juristic act is avoided, it
is deemed to have been void ab initio.
42
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code 43
當事人知其得撤銷,或å¯å¾—而知者,其法律行爲
撤銷時,準用å‰æ¢ä¹‹è¦å®šã€‚
第„百一åäº”æ¢ ç¶“æ‰¿èªä¹‹æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œå¦‚無特
別訂定,溯åŠçˆ²æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²æ™‚,發生效力。
第一百一åå…æ¢æ’¤éŠ·åŠæ‰¿èªï¼Œæ‡‰ä»¥æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤º
爲之。
如相å°äººç¢ºå®šè€…,å‰é …æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºï¼Œæ‡‰å‘相å°äººçˆ²
之。
第_百一å七æ¢æ³•å¾‹è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œé ˆå¾—第三人之åŒ
æ„,始生效力者,其åŒæ„或拒絕,得å‘當事人之~方爲
之。
第_百„åå…«æ¢ç„¡æ¬Šåˆ©äººï¼Œå°±æ¬Šåˆ©æ¨™çš„物所
爲之處分,經有權利人之承離,始生效力。
無權利人,就權利標的物爲處分後å–得其權利
者,其處分自始有效。
å‰é …情形,若數處分相抵觸時,以其最åˆä¹‹è™•åˆ†
爲有效。
If its voidability was known or ought to have been
known to the parties concerned the provision of the
preceding Article applies mutatis mutandis to the
avoidance of the juristic act.
Article 115.—If a voidable juristic act is ratified it is
deemed to have been valid from the moment when the
juristic act was entered into unless it is otherwise
agreed upon.
Article 116.—An avoidance or ratification is made by
a declaration of intention.
If the other party is known the declaration of inten-
tion is to be made to him.
Article 117.—If the validity of a juristic act depends
upon the consent of a third party the giving or the refusal
of the consent may be declared as well to the one as to the
other party.
Article 118.—A disposition affecting any object which
is made by a person without title is valid upon the
ratification of the person entitled.
The disposition is valid ab initio, if the person without
title acquires title to the object after having made the
disposition.
In the case provided in the preceding paragraph, if
several incompatible dispositions have been made, only
the earliest disposition is effective.
44
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
45
ç¬¬äº”ç« æœŸæ—¥åŠæœŸé–“
CHAPTER FIFTH
DATES AND PERIODS
第一百~åä¹æ¢æ³•ä»¤ï¼Œå¯©åˆ¤æˆ–法律行爲所定
之期日åŠæœŸé–“,除有特別訂定外,其計算,ä¾æœ¬ç« 之è¦
定。
第~百二åæ¢ ä»¥æ™‚å®šæœŸé–“è€…ï¼Œå½æ™‚起算。
以日,星期,月或年定期間者,其始日ä¸ç®—入。
第一百二å~æ¢ä»¥æ—¥ï¼Œæ˜ŸæœŸï¼Œæœˆæˆ–年定期間者,
以期間末日之終æ¢ï¼Œçˆ²æœŸé–“之終æ¢ã€‚
期間ä¸ä»¥æ˜ŸæœŸï¼Œæœˆæˆ–年之始日起算者,以最後之
屋期,月或年與起算日相當日之å‰ä¸€æ—¥ï¼Œçˆ²æœŸé–“之末
日。但以月或年定期間,於最後之月,無相當日者,以其
月之末日,爲期間之末日。
第一百二å二æ¢æ–¼ä¸€å®šæœŸæ—¥æˆ–期間內,應爲
æ„æ€è¡¨ç¤ºæˆ–給付者,其期日或其期間之末日,爲屋期
日,紀念日或其他休æ¯æ—¥æ™‚,以其休æ¯æ—¥ä¹‹æ¬¡æ—¥ä»£ä¹‹ã€‚
第~百二å三æ¢ç¨±æœˆæˆ–年者,ä¾æ›†è¨ˆç®—。
月或年,éžé€£ç¸¾è¨ˆç®—者,毎月爲三å日。æ¯å¹´çˆ²ä¸‰
百å…å五日
Article 119.一Unless otherwise provided, the calcula-
tion of dates and periods specified in law, ordinances,
judicial decisions and juristic acts shall be made in
accordance with the provisions of the present chapter.
Article 120.一A period fixed by hours shall commence
immediately.
When a period is fixed by days, weeks, months or
years,the first day is not included in the calculation.
Article 121.—A period fixed by days, weeks, months
or years ends with the expiration of the last day of the
period
If a period fixed by weeks, months or years does not
run from the beginning of a week, month or year, it
ends with the expiration of the day preceding the day of
the last week, month or year which corresponds to that
on which it began to run. But if there is no.such corres-
ponding day in the last month, the period ends with the
expiration of the last day of the last month.
Article 122.一If on a given date, or within a given
period a declaration of intention is required to be made
or an act of performance is to be effected and if the given
day or the last day of the given period, falls on a Sunday,
Commemoration day or any other holiday, the day
following the holiday shall take its place.
Article 123.一A period fixed by months or years is to
be calculated according to the official calendar.
If a period of time is fixed by months or years in
such a manner that they need not run consecutively, a
month is reckoned as thirty days, a year as three hundred
and sixty five days.
46
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
47
第一百二åå››æ¢å¹´é½¡è‡ªå‡ºç”Ÿä¹‹æ—¥èµ·ç®—。
出生之月 日,無從確定時,推定其爲七月一日出
生。知其出生之月,而ä¸çŸ¥å‡ºç”Ÿä¹‹æ—¥è€…,推定其爲該月
å五日出生。
Article 124.—Age is reckoned from the day of birth.
If it is not possible to ascertain the month of birth
of a person, he is presumed to have been born on the
first day of July. If the month of birth is known and
it is not possible to ascertain the day, he is presumed to
have been born on the fifteenth day of the month.
48
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
49
第å…ç« æ¶ˆæ»…æ™‚æ•ˆ
第一百二å五æ¢è«‹æ±‚æ¬Šï¼Œå› å五年間ä¸è¡Œä½¿
而消滅。但法律所定期間較çŸè€…,ä¾å…¶è¦å®šã€‚
第一百二åå…æ¢åˆ©æ¯ï¼Œç´…利,租金,膽養费,退è·
金,åŠå…¶ä»–一年或ä¸åŠä¸€å¹´ä¹‹å®šæœŸçµ¦ä»˜å‚µæ¬Š,å…¶å„期
çµ¦ä»˜è«‹æ±‚æ¬Šï¼Œå› äº”å¹´é–“ä¸è¡Œä½¿è€Œæ¶ˆæ»…。
第™百二å七æ¢å·¦åˆ—å„æ¬¾è«‹æ±‚æ¬Šï¼Œå› äºŒå¹´é–“
ä¸è¡Œä½¿è€Œæ¶ˆæ»…。
(~)旅店,飮食店åŠå¨›æ¨‚å ´ä¹‹ä½å®¿è²»ï¼Œé£®é£Ÿè²»ï¼Œåº§
費,消費物之代價åŠå…¶å¡¾æ¬¾ã€‚
(二) é‹é€è²»åŠé‹é€äººæ‰€å¡¾ä¹‹æ¬¾ã€‚
(三) 以租賃動產爲營æ¥è€…之租價。
(四) é†«ç”Ÿï¼Œè—¥å¸«ï¼Œçœ‹è¬¹ç”Ÿä¹‹è¨ºè²»ï¼Œè—¥è´¹ï¼Œå ±é…¬åŠå…¶èŸ„
款。
(五) 律師,會計師,公è‰äººä¹‹å ±é…¬åŠå…¶å¢Šæ¬¾ã€‚
(å…) 律師,會計師,å…¬è‰äººæ‰€æ”¶ç•¶äº‹äººç‰©ä»¶ä¹‹äº¤
(七) æŠ€å¸«ï¼Œæ‰¿æ”¬äººä¹‹å ±é…¬åŠå…¶å¢Šæ¬¾ã€‚
(八) å•†äººï¼Œè£½é€ äººï¼Œæ‰‹å·¥æ¥äººæ‰€ä¾›çµ¦ä¹‹å•†å“åŠç”¢
物之代價。
CHAPTER SIXTH
EXTINCTIVE PRESCRIPTION
Article 125.—A right of claim is extinguished by
prescription if not exercised within fifteen years,unless
shorter periods are prescribed by law.
Article 126.—For the payment of interest, dividends,
rent, maintenance, pensions,and for the payment of
money due at stated intervals of one year or less, the
right of claim for each successive payment is extinguished
by prescription if not exercised within five years.
Article 127.—Right of claim in respect of the follow-
ing are extinguished by prescription if not exercised
within two years:
1° Charges for lodging, food or drink, hire of
rooms or seats, or for the price of articles for consump-
tion, and for disbursements made by inns, restaurants
and places of amusement.
2° Cost of transportation and the disbursements by
carriers.
3° Rent due to a person who carries on a business
of letting movables.
4° Fees and remuneration or charges for medicine
of medical practitioners, druggists, and nurses, and their
disbursements.
5° Fees and remuneration of attorneys, public
accountants and notaries and their disbursements.
6° Restoration of things received from the parties
io an action by attorneys, public accountants and
parties.
7° Fees and remuneration of technical experts and
contractors including their disbursements.
8° Claims of merchants, manufacturers and those
who practise industrial arts for the price of goods or
products supplied.
50
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
51
第一百二åå…«æ¢æ¶ˆæ»…時效,自請求權å¯è¡Œä½¿
時起算。以ä¸è¡Œçˆ²çˆ²ç›®çš„之請求權,自爲行爲時起算。
第一百二åä¹æ¢æ¶ˆæ»…æ™‚æ•ˆï¼Œå› å·¦åˆ—äº‹ç”±è€Œä¸
斷。
(~)請求。
(二) 承èªã€‚
(三) 起訴•
å·¦åˆ—äº‹é …ï¼Œèˆ‡èµ·è¨´æœ‰åŒ~效力。
(~)ä¾ç£ä¿ƒç¨‹åºï¼Œé€é”支付命令。
(二) å› å’Œè§£è€Œå‚³å–šã€‚
(三) å ±æ˜Žç ´ç”¢å‚µæ¬Šã€‚
(四) å¿çŸ¥è¨´è¨Ÿã€‚
(五) 開始執行行爲或è²è«‹å¼·åˆ¶åŸ·è¡Œã€‚
第~百三åæ¢æ™‚æ•ˆï¼Œå› è«‹æ±‚è€Œä¸æ–·è€…,若於請
求後å…個月內ä¸èµ·è¨´,視爲ä¸ä¸æ–·ã€‚
第~百三å一æ¢æ™‚æ•ˆï¼Œå› èµ·è¨´è€Œä¸æ–·è€…,若撒
å›˜å…¶è¨´ï¼Œæˆ–å› ä¸åˆæ³•è€Œå—é§å›˜ä¹‹åˆ¤å†³å…¶åˆ¤å†³ç¢ºå®šï¼Œè¦ª
爲ä¸ä¸æ–·ã€‚
第™百三åäºŒæ¢ æ™‚æ•ˆ,å› é€é”支付命令而ä¸
斷者,若訴訟拘æŸå¤±å…¶æ•ˆåŠ›æ™‚,視爲ä¸ä¸æ–·ã€‚
第~百三åä¸‰æ¢ æ™‚æ•ˆï¼Œå› å’Œè§£å‚³å–šè€Œä¸æ–·è€…r
若相å°äººä¸åˆ°åºæˆ–和解ä¸æˆæ™‚,視爲ä¸ä¸æ–·ã€‚
Article 128.—Extinctive prescription begins to run
from the time when the claim can be enforced. If the
claim is for a forbearance, the prescription begins to
run from the moment when the right is first infringed.
Article 129.—Extinctive prescription is interrupted by
any of the following causes:
1. A demand (for the satisfaction of the claim);
2. An acknowledgment (of the claim);
3. An action brought for the satisfaction of the
claim.
The following are equivalent to bringing an action:
1. The service of an order for payment in a
hortatory process;
2. The service of a summons for the purpose of
effecting a compromise;
3. The presentation of a claim in bankruptcy
proceedings;
4. The notice of the pendency of an action;
5. The institution of proceedings in execution of
the presentation of an application for compulsory
execution.
Article 130.—In the case of interruption by the
making of a demand, if within six months an action iti
Court has not been brought for the satisfaction of a claim,
the prescription is deemed not to have been interrupted.
Article 131.—In the case of interruption by bringing
action,if the action is withdrawn or dismissed as non-
conformable to law by a judgment which has become
final, the prescription is deemed not to have been inter-
rupted.
Article 132.一In the case of interruption by service
of an order for payment if the pendency of the action
loses its effect, the prescription is deemed not to have
been interrupted.
Article 133.一In the case of interruption by service
of a summons for the purpose of effecting a compromise,
if the other party does not appear or if no compromise
is arrived at, the prescription is deemed not be have been
interrupted.
52
民法總則
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53
第~百三åå››æ¢æ™‚æ•ˆï¼Œå› å ±æ˜Žç ´ç”¢å‚µæ¬Šè€Œä¸
æ–·è€…ï¼Œè‹¥å‚µæ¬Šäººæ’¤å›˜å…¶å ±æ˜Žæ™‚,視爲ä¸ä¸æ–·ã€‚
第一百三å五æ¢æ™‚æ•ˆï¼Œå› å¿çŸ¥è¨´è¨Ÿè€Œä¸æ–·è€…,
若於訴訟終çµå¾Œï¼Œå…個月內ä¸èµ·è¨´ï¼Œè¦–爲ä¸ä¸æ–·ã€‚
第~百三åå…æ¢æ™‚效,å› é–‹å§‹åŸ·è¡Œè¡Œçˆ²è€Œä¸
斷者,若囚權利人之è²è«‹ï¼Œæˆ–法律上è¦ä»¶ä¹‹æ¬ 缺,而撤
銷其執行處分時,視爲ä¸ä¸æ–·ã€‚
æ™‚æ•ˆï¼Œå› å¼·åˆ¶åŸ·è¡Œè€Œä¸æ–·è€…,若撤囘其è²è«‹ï¼Œæˆ–å…¶
è²è«‹è¢«é§å›˜æ™‚,視爲ä¸ä¸æ–·ã€‚
第一百三å七æ¢æ™‚效ä¸æ–·è€…,自ä¸æ–·ä¹‹äº‹ç”±
終æ¢æ™‚,é‡è¡Œèµ·ç®—。
å› èµ·è¨´è€Œä¸æ–·ä¹‹æ™‚效,自å—ç¢ºå®šåˆ¤å†³ï¼Œæˆ–å› å…¶ä»–
方法訴訟終çµæ™‚,é‡è¡Œèµ·ç®—。
第一百三åå…«æ¢æ™‚效ä¸æ–·ï¼Œä»¥ç•¶äº‹äººï¼Œç¹¼æ‰¿äºº,
å—讓人之間爲眼,始有效力。
第~百三åä¹æ¢ 時效之期間終æ¢æ™‚ï¼Œå› å¤©ç½
或其他ä¸å¯é¿ä¹‹äº‹è®Šï¼Œè‡´ä¸èƒ½ä¸æ–·å…¶æ™‚效者,自其妨
礙事由消滅時起,一個月內,其時效ä¸å®Œæˆã€‚
第~百四åæ¢å±¬æ–¼ç¹¼æ‰¿è²¡ç”¢ä¹‹æ¬Šåˆ©ï¼Œæˆ–å°æ–¼
繼承財產之權利,自繼承人確定或管ç†äººé¸å®šï¼Œæˆ–ç ´
產之宣å¿æ™‚èµ·,å…個月內,其時效ä¸å®Œæˆã€‚
Article 134.一In the case of interruption by presen-
tation of a petition in bankruptcy proceedings if the
creditor withdraws the petition, the prescription is
deemed not to have been interrupted.
Article 135.—In the case of interruption by notice
of the pendency of an action if no action is brought
within six months after termination of the process, the
prescription is deemed not to have been interrupted.
Article 136.—In the case of interruption by institution
of proceedings in execution if the order for execution is
cancelled upon the application of the person entitled, or
on account of the non-fulfilment of legal requirements,
the prescription is deemed not to have been interrupted.
In the case of interruption by presentation of an
application for compulsory execution if the application
is withdrawn or dismissed, the prescription is deemed
not to have been interrupted.
Article 137.—A prescription which has been inter-
rupted recommences to run from the moment when the
cause of interruption ceases.
A prescription which has been interrupted by an
action brought for the satisfaction of the claim recom-
mences to run from the time when the case is decided
or otherwise disposed of without any right of appeal.
Article 138.一An interruption of prescription takes
effect only as between the parties and their successors
and assignees.
Article 139.一If,at the time when the period for
prescription would otherwise mature, the prescription
cannot be interrupted owing to vis major or any other
unavoidable cause, the prescription is not complete before
the expiration of one month from the time when such
obstruction ceases.
Article 140.一The prescription of a claim in favour
of or against the property of a succession is not complete
before the expiration of six months from the time when
the heir is determined, an adminstrator is appointed or
a declaration of bankruptcy is made.
54
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
55
第~百四å~æ¢ç„¡è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººï¼Œæˆ–é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²
能力人之權利,於時效期間終æ¢å‰å…個月內,若無法
定代ç†äººè€…,自其æˆçˆ²è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººï¼Œæˆ–其法定代ç†äºº
å°±è·æ™‚起,å…個月內,其時效ä¸å®Œæˆã€‚
第一百四å二æ¢ç„¡è¡Œçˆ²èƒ½åŠ›äººï¼Œæˆ–é™åˆ¶è¡Œçˆ²
能力人,å°æ–¼å…¶æ³•å®šä»£ç†äººä¹‹æ¬Šåˆ©ï¼Œæ–¼ä»£ç†é—œä¿‚消滅
後一年內,其時效ä¸å®Œæˆã€‚
第~百四å三æ¢å¤«å°æ–¼å¦»æˆ–妻å°æ–¼å¤«ä¹‹æ¬Š
利,於婚姻關係消滅後~年內,其時效ä¸å®Œæˆã€‚
第一百四åå››æ¢æ™‚效完æˆå¾Œï¼Œå‚µå‹™äººå¾—拒絕
給付。
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者,ä¸å¾—以ä¸çŸ¥æ™‚效爲ç†ç”±ï¼Œè«‹æ±‚返還。其以契約承èª
該債務,或æ出擔ä¿è€…,亦åŒã€‚
第一百四å五æ¢ä»¥æŠµæŠ¼æ§ªè³ªæ¬Šæˆ–留置權擔
ä¿ä¹‹è«‹æ±‚槪雖經時效消滅,債權人ä»å¾—就其抵押物
質物或留置物å–償。
å‰é …è¦å®šï¼Œæ–¼åˆ©æ¯åŠå…¶ä»–定期給付之å„期給付
請求權,經時效消滅者,ä¸é©ç”¨ä¹‹ã€‚
第一百四åå…æ¢ä¸»æ¬Šåˆ©å› 時效消滅者,其效
力åŠæ–¼å¾žæ¬Šåˆ©ã€‚但法律有特別è¦å®šè€…,ä¸åœ¨æ¤é™ã€‚
第„百四åä¸ƒæ¢ æ™‚æ•ˆæœŸé–“ï¼Œä¸å¾—以法律行爲
åŠ é•·æˆ–æ¸›çŸä¹‹ã€‚並ä¸å¾—é 先抛棄時效之利益。
Article 141.—If a person incapable of disposing or
limited in disposing capacity is left without a statutory
agent within six months before the expiration of the
period of prescription, the prescription running against
him is not complete before the expiration of six months
from the time when such person becomes capable of
disposing or when his statutory agent enters upon his
duties.
Article 142.—The prescription of claims of a person
incapable of disposing or limited in disposing capacity
against his statutory agent is not complete before the
expiration of one year after his legal relation to the
statutory agent has ceased.
Article 143.一The prescription of claim of a husband
against his wife or of a wife against her husband is not
complete before the expiration of one year after the
dissolution of marriage.
Article 144.一After the lapse of prescription the
debtor is entitled to refuse performance.
If any act of performance is done in satisfaction of
a claim extinguished by prescription, the value of such
performance may not be demanded back on the ground
that performance has been effected in ignorance of the
prescription. The same rule applies to a contractual
acknowledgment of liability and to the giving of security
by the debtor.
Article 145.—The prescription of a claim for which
there is a mortgage, or a right of pledge, or a right of
retention does not prevent the creditor from satisfying
himself out of the security.
The provision of the preceding paragraph does not
apply when the claim for interest or other periodical
acts of performance has been extinguished by prescrip-
tion.
Article 146.—Unless otherwise provided in this Code,
the extinctive prescription of the principal claim affects
the accessory claims.
Article 147.—The period of prescription cannot be
extended or reduced. The benefit of prescription cannot
be renounced beforehand.
56
民法總則
General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code
57
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第一百四åå…«æ¢æ¬Šåˆ©ä¹‹è¡Œä½¿ï¼Œä¸å¾—以æ害他
人爲主è¦ç›®çš„。
第一百四åä¹æ¢å°æ–¼ç¾æ™‚ä¸æ³•ä¹‹ä¾µå®³ï¼Œçˆ²é˜²
衞自己或他人之權利所爲之行爲,ä¸è² æå®³è³ å„Ÿä¹‹
責。但已逾越必è¦ç¨‹åº¦è€…,ä»æ‡‰è² ç›¸ç•¶è³ å„Ÿä¹‹è²¬ã€‚
第一å¦äº”åæ¢ å› é¿å…自己或他人生命,身體,
自由或財產上急迫之å±éšªï¼Œæ‰€çˆ²ä¹‹è¡Œçˆ²ï¼Œä¸è² æ害è³
償之責。但以é¿å…å±éšªæ‰€å¿…è¦ï¼Œä¸¦æœªé€¾è¶Šå±éšªæ‰€èƒ½è‡´
之æ害程度者爲é™ã€‚
å‰é …情形,其å±éšªä¹‹ç™¼ç”Ÿï¼Œå¦‚行爲人有責任者,應
è² æå®³è³ å„Ÿä¹‹è²¬ã€‚
第一百五å一æ¢çˆ²ä¿è·è‡ªå·±æ¬Šåˆ©ï¼Œå°æ–¼ä»–人
之自由或財產,施以拘æŸï¼ŒæŠ¼æ”¶æˆ–毀æ者,ä¸è² æ害è³
償之責。但以ä¸åŠå—官署æ´åŠ©ï¼Œä¸¦éžæ–¼å…¶æ™‚爲之,則請
求權ä¸å¾—實行或其實行顯有困難者爲é™ã€‚
第一百五å二æ¢ä¾å‰æ¢ä¹‹è¦å®šï¼Œæ‹˜æŸä»–人自
ç”±ï¼Œæˆ–æŠ¼æ”¶ä»–äººè²¡ç”¢è€…ï¼Œé ˆå½æ™‚å‘官署è²è«‹æ´åŠ©ã€‚
å‰é …è²è«‹è¢«é§å›˜ï¼Œæˆ–å…¶è²è«‹é²å»¶è€…,行爲人應è²
æå®³è³ å„Ÿä¹‹è²¬ã€‚
CHAPTER SEVENTH
EXERCISE OF RIGHTS
Article 148.—A right cannot be exercised for the
main purpose of causing injury to another person.
Article 149.一A person acting for the purpose of
defending his own rights or the rights of another person
against any imminent unlawful infringement, is not liable
to make compensation, provided that if anything is done
in excess of what is required for necessary defence, a
reasonable compensation is due.
Article 150.一A person acting for the purpose of
averting an imminent danger threatening the life, body,
liberty or property of himself or of another person, is
not liable to make compensation, provided that the act
is necessary for averting the danger and that the damage
done does not exceed the damage which would have been
caused by the danger.
In the case provided in the preceding paragraph if the
person so acting has contributed to cause the danger,
he is liable to make compensation.
Article 151.一A person who, in order to protect his
rights, exercises constraint over the liberty, or seizes or
destroys the property of another person, is not liable to
make compensation, provided that under the circum-
stances the assistance of the authorities is not obtainable
in due time and there is a danger that if the person does
not act immediately, the exercise of his right will be
rendered impossible or obviously difficult.
Article 152.一A person who takes advantage of the
provisions of the preceding Article in restraining the
liberty of another person or seizing his property must
apply for assistance from the authorities.
If he fails to make such application in due time or
if the application is rejected, he is liable to make
compensation for any injury resulting from his action.
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5C O,<Æ ! 56 _ ˜î¾d_è+£Iô+nÔ¿±+nÔÔ¯®˜ôMœÇ˜d(ÃÂHÃûêéfK,dXnâ_ ˜\¿_ ~_p˜ë·dø”<ÀKždnâKžd^nâ˜Â›!Â"dn{øÃû›˜fKždnâ_ ø<6!Âð÷Úëf8Â+r°Ã¾<6˜@QDf_nn»ÃûfZ‚5è+fgÂ9–è+n˜nBf,Âršð_pf(øÞMÂ…#_Û!Â"fKždSnâ<6_è+r«˜f½ÞŒ_pd±høj˜ËdΟ6DfY¿r«#_dËr«Ûdè+r²r«˜fè+aÃr°˜ËrSHÜ«d”!Âr«kdn{_˘Àpd¾,똢dr«˜fKždZnâ<6@QDdðI,Þ$9›.rø©_p@p@Q˜f_pÞ;r˜Œ@QÆfKždgnâ_ n»Ãû˜@QDdÃތ_p@p˜©d©_p,±gøj˜ÂdÃތ_pg±Zøjã&˜Âf' / ',. /),2/')/ 4/'/'+//A/'/ -/'4'/ ),'-/A/)%2-/' //A/ ',-)%#$@6%' //A/+2B)-/'. /-/' /)/'/ -/' /4/'/ ++, #B))/'//'./' '/B/'B -/ :;/:C%#$:;%'.+/.-++, / /'.4''/' A+4-/' / B /)%'-4.+// ',))),2 AG/-/'.+/.-++, >5%// /' //A/E7%/+/)) + -)/ E8%"AB -/')/ /'-+-/')A/ E@%DA -++, -A %#$:5%&·'.+/.-++, ',),2/')/ %-B!//'-/'++, /KA //')/ /.+/.# -2./',F/ -/'+/.)/' -/ BG/#/')/ +A //'+/.).2%-.+/. ),2/')/ 4/'+/'-//'/-/',BKA /#/'++, 4''B+)/'KA /+2/'+/.# A,F///'A/'H/-/'A/%#$:7% /'4 B))/' )# A/-/'.+/.-++, B)),2+F/2B/-/'++, /%$+, ''BKAB/ %#$:8% A/BB.///' //A//, )2/+/./4''/'+F/2-/'++, -/' / /#),2+F/2-/'!-A/' -/'++, /E4'/4!/') -/'++, -/' /)4/./' //'/%
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7; O,<Æ ! 75 a£m¢˜_ dn»ÃûÛd(Ãn{ôMœÇ˜¢fKžd,nâ_pn{‡Û×_f(Ãû"›õ+nË^dþ@k*‚rÂœdÂX×_kd”¯ä"fÃr°k*‚rÂœd”n{rt@¬HÃœfKždžnâŠ×_Ãršð˜ÀpdÃõ_ ˜Ì*rÌËÆf(¢®B,[dIÃû$Þ?›kr”¯ä"fÃr°_pdÃõI×_ÃršðøÃdñĘd•9rµ˜ÈnfKžd¬nâ<6˜@QDdÞ<À,ÃÃûkdÃ@QDa”˜_pdn{Ë,ë*ÂI@QD!ÂÌÖfÃr°˜ËdÃõ@QDgHÜ«!˜fKždVnâ_ n{‡ÛøŒ_pg±Zøj˜@Qds˜fKžd^nâ_ ˜+ndÃŒn}1Ãûԛr†Ûd,ën{ª;”ë·[˜Js˜fKg›Ì KždXnâÌ õî¾ÃdÃn{ôMœÇ˜¢f/' ,A/'H),2./# A/BB.///' //A/ B)A /' ,B),2/'+//A/'/ %#$:@%$+, +24/')4-+/' //2/+A ).//' //AG//'2'B/+A//'D/-/',A 2#A BA /-4/')4 KA),2/' //A/%')-/ +/),B/D) D+/' %#$::%/)) + )++,' .'//)+)' '/'/2-/' G/A / /'4 B))/' //A//4' ,F/ /-/'+/-A,4-%',B+/)++,/A /,,-' '-/'/,A/4''' ,+)A,-' /+/) + %#$:<%1' A/ ),2.+/.-++, /2/4//'G //A/-/' /#2++,4'' / /)/'/+22//'A/-'B./' A/))A)B)%'/ +/),B+A /,+)4/'/'+/' -+/')/-/' A/%#$:M%¾ /+2,) B)/2/+,2 A/-/'.+/.-++, ),2+F/2B/-/4!/') -/'++, -/' /%#$:C% /+2,) B),2)-/'A//'/-2/ /) 4'A+ / A'/'///,+.)2+)4/'/ //A/%{% #$:6%S-A)/+A /#,-. //#BA/'H/,2./-+/'+//A/'/ %
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77 O,<Æ ! 78 K¬dnâ£mÌ kdÃmÃ?Ãûf(ørÃ?kd”¯ä"fÃ?ÃûdÃü,[fYd¿ÔÃÃŒ*fK¬dSnâÌ £mÛdÃ+r°½8fnfYfZ¤HfgÂô+nÔ¿±+nÔf,ÂÃŒ*˜5%,F/E7%+E8%'),'-E@%'//+A/-/ / E:%')/-/'./E<%'+ ))+ -/')/ EM%'+//-/'4-/')/ / //'-A)/#A'+//' ,+)%C%')-/ D /#A')' ,-D)%'-A)/ ',. /),2/')/ 4/'/'+//A/'/ -/'--),'-%'/-)4+/+A /,-)//'/+-. //%#$<7%&·'.H/)+/')-)+ G//-/'-A)/ ',)/+),2/'-A)/'/-)4+/%-/'.H/ B))/'/-)4G+/ A--/-/'+//B ../'+/')-)+ //#/'A/+2/'/-2/ /)/2/ A'+ A +2, 2%#$<8%/'A -+/./',F/-/'-A)/B./ /2#/'A/+2+)-2/'.H/-/'-A)//'/-/'-A)#/')/ #2/ /)/2%#$<@%-/')/ //2//'/-)4+/#/') +2/'/-2/ /)/2,))A)B),2/'A/%
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8@ O,<Æ ! 8: K^dXnâ ÂŒjdªrÂ:[ÃrÂ:ÚërÂ:”¼kdn{âkÃnâ˜Â›dÞV˜fKXdnâÃZnâ˜ÞVÆd ÂŒjd¾@_ËþnXfKXd_nâ1K^d^nâ¿K^dXnâ˜Â›dÞV ÂŒjÛdÂŒ[Ãõ¦I ÂŒj!ÂÞÖþa&”˜´Ã[ÃKg[dÃ&µª‚f(IÞV˜aªda”[ü]Ãn{þ]kd”¯ä"fKXdZn⪗r_œ×‰dþ! ŒjkdÂŒ[n{ÞVI ÂŒjf(r_œ·_Kg[Ô!Âkdø´Ã[ü]I+¼Ãn{þ]k!Â"dÂn{ÞV˜f—r_œþ!˜ ÂŒjdIÞV”n{ø˜Ã¤rKg[fKXdgnâÃnâ˜ÞVdÃõïr_σ^ßd_Ë«!˜f( ÂŒjr¾@dËd”n{ÞVfKXd,nâÃ[! ŒjkdI ÂŒjdø´Ã[YÛdï[ÖbfKXdžnâ¢Ãþ! ŒjkdI ÂŒjdø·]:Q´Ã[Ûrï[Öbf(B+ט·]dÂÛËÛ:Qkd”¯ä"f#$C6%)/-//4''' ,/2/ +//),2/' //A/+2)-/ / + +2,B))A)/' +)/ B))-/')./%#$6;%S'.'/-B)B))/',B/4/ D/.A '),2 /-/D )4/'2-+/')/-/')/%#$65%-)/-// B))A)/CC/C6d/')/ '++ /-2)+.4''/'/'/22/')/2+2'B A /),22.A/'B)/2-/')/#A /'FA)/24#')/'+ -4.#-/'.A)4''/')/4 B),%#$67%S-)/-// A),2-A),2)A /')/+2B)/%-/')/24 .A/2-/'-A)/')/+2,B))2-/'/'/24/'-A)')/'+ -4./%'B)-)/-///'.A)--A)/, /A. /'/')/2%#$68%'.'/-B)A)/')G./ ',D )4/'2-+/')/4'/'-A)4 ) B)4'/')A )%'.'/-B) ,)-/2 'B ) /'+.-/')/-//%#$6@%S)/-//() *,+ --/B//'++/4'/' /4'+/ +)A) /) /%Q""3%-,//D G #/'' '/ ¨´Ã[ '/ /) ( / 'A),/)#'4B#/'//'' '/ A) 4'#/'A.'/ //2( "++A/4/''/',2/'%#$6:%S)/-// ,+ --/B//'++/4'/'/-/-/')/' /'/'/2#A /-/-B/' A'/'/2BA 2 +A/A 2%
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