The Civil code of the Republic of China

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中華民國民法

第一編 總則
(中華民國十八年五月二十三日公布）

THE CIVIL CODE

OF THE

REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Book I—General Principles

(Promulgated by the National Government on the
23rd May，1929.)

Translated into English

BY

CHING-LIN HSIA, M.A., B.Sc” Ph.D. (Edin.)
Member of Shanghai Bar Association.

AND

JAMES L. E. CHOW, B.A. (Cantab)

Of Gray’s Inn, Barrister-at-law,

Member of Shanghai Bar Association.

1929e

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中華民

民法

第一編 總則
(中華民國十八年五月二十三日公布)

THE CIVIL CODE

OF THE

REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Book I—General Principles

(Promulgated by the National Government on the
23rd May, 1929.)

Translated into English

BY

CHING-LIN HSIA, M.A., B.Sc” Ph.D. (Edin.)
Member of Shanghai Bar Association.

AND

JAMES L. E. CHOW, B.A. (Cantab)

Of Gray’s Inn, Barrister-at-law,

Member of Shanghai Bar Association.

1929.


g夏
福晉
慶麟

同

è­¯


“Laws are the very bulwarks of liberty. They define every man's
rights, and stand between and defend the individual liberties
of alir

J. G. Holland.




TRANSLATORS’ PREFACE

Legal reform in China started in the closing years
of the Manchu regime and formed part of the general
reform movement in the opening of the present century.
The immediate cause of the restlessness of this vast
people and of the desire of its thinking classes to carry
out radical changes lay in the repeated shocks received
by China from the impact of foreign nations culminating
in the humiliation following her unsuccessful war with
Japan in 1895 and the Boxer outbreak in 1900. As soon
as Western books began to be translated and young men
began to go abroad to study, the dispersal of China’s
age-long mental paralysis was assured. The phenomenal
success of the westernisation of Japan, started in 1868,
also exercised a profound influence. By comparison
it made China conscious of her own weakness; it caused
her thinking people to look upon the methods adopted
by Japan as necessary also to Chinese regeneration.

A further spur to reform was the inevitable difficulties
of a country where foreigners, owing allegiance to other
and varied jurisdictions, lived in treaty ports and in the
interior. Each time an official was faced with extrater-
ritorial perplexities, his zeal for a speedy reform was
increased in proportion to the acuteness of his problem.
And when extraterritoriality was abolished in Japan in
1899, largely on the strength of her judicial reform,
China had no further delusions as to the necessity of
revising her laws.

The first definite step towards the desired goal was
China’s formally expressed wish “to reform the judicial
system and bring it into accord with that of the Western
nations.” In this she met with a ready response. On
the 5th September, 1902, Great Britain engaged to surren-
der her extraterritorial rights “when the state of Chinese
laws and the arrangements for their administration
warrant us in so doing;” on the 8th October, 1903, the
United States of America concluded a similar treaty,
followed by Japan on the 29th January, 1904.


II

PREFACE

In pursuance of the reform policy Prince Tsai Chen,
Yuan Shih-kai and Wu Ting-fang were appointed Im-
perial Commissioners to compile a code of commercial
laws, and in 1904 they submitted a draft on general law
regarding merchants and another on company law.
Drafts were also drawn up regarding trade-marks and
mining. In 1906 a “Code of Civil and Criminal Procedure
for the Chinese Empire” was prepared. On 30th March,
1912, the first modern Chinese Criminal Code was enacted.
The making of the Civil Code, however, proved to be a
much more formidable task. There were no less than
nine attempts to make the Civil Code; but none ever
went beyond the drafting stage.

Soon after the inauguration of the Legislative Yuan
in the Autumn of 1928, a Drafting Committee of the Civil
Code was appointed. The Committee consisted of Mr.
Foo Ping-sheung (傅秉常），Mr. Chao Yeh-tang (焦易堂〕，
Mr. Sze Shang-quan (史尙寬），Mr. Lin Ping t 林彬），
and Dr. Soumi Cheng (咖毓秀）.Mr. Foo was the
Chairman of the Committee. The Committee was also
fortunate to have as its advisers, Dr. Wang Chung-hui
(王寵惠），President of the Judicial Yuan, Mr. Tai
Chi-tao (念季陶），President of the Examination Yuan
and M. Georges Padoux, Counsellor of the Legislative
and the Judicial Yuans. The Committee tackled the
work in a most businesslike manner and with extra-
ordinary energy. It met almost daily in long and
strenuous sessions. It held 50 meetings in all and was
able to submit on the 15th April, 1929，the Draft Bill
of the General Principles of the Civil Code to the
Legislative Yuan. The Legislative Yuan took up articles
one by one and discussed each in detail, making
amendments as the discussion proceeded. After the
third reading these General Principles were finally
adopted by the Legislative Yuan on the 20th April，
and were immediately submitted by President Hu
Han-min of the Yuan to the State Council. They were
approved by the State Council at the meeting held on
the 10th May, and promulgated on the 23rd May, 1929.
These General Principles will come into force beginning
as from the 10th October, 1929.


PREFACE

III

The members of the Drafting Committee have been
fully aware of the fact that in statute-law the literary
expression is an essential part of the law itself, so that
great care has been taken to make the language
of this Code clear and simple. But the Committee
has found it necessary to introduce a number of
new terms and technical expressions, which will no
doubt in time acquire general usage but which may
at present sound strange even to the ears of Chinese
legal practitioners. This fact makes the Translation
peculiarly important for it has unwittingly assumed
the character of a kind of commentary of the
Code. Therefore, though the Translation is primarily
for use of English-speaking persons, we venture to
believe that it will also prove of some assistance to the
Chinese lawyers who are not perfectly familiar with some
of the terms and expressions found in the Chinese text.

Finally, we desire to acknowledge our great indebted-
ness to Dr. Wang Chung-hui, Mr. Foo Ping-sheung and
M. Georges Padoux for their kind and valuable assistance
given to us in the preparation of the Translation.

C. L. HSIA
J. L. E. CHOW

Medhurst College,
Shanghai, China.

11th June, 1929.


民法總則目錄

第一編 總則

BOOK I—GENERAL PRINCIPLES

第~章 法例 4
第二章 人 6

第~節 自然人 6
第二節 法人 10

第~款通則 10
第二款社團 16
第三款財團 20

第三章 物 26
第四章 法律行爲 28

第一節 通則 28
第二節行爲能力 28
第三節 意思表示 32
第四節條件及期限 36
第五節 代理 38
第六節無效及撤銷 40

第五章 期日及期間 44
第六章消滅時效 48
第七章權利之行使 56

CONTENTS

Page

Chapter I APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION
OF LAWS 5

Chapter II PERSONS 7

Title 1 Natural Persons 7

Title 2 Juristic Persons 11

Part 1 General Provisions 11

Part 2 Associations 17

Part 3 Foundations 21

Chapter III THINGS 27

Chapter IV JURISTIC ACTS 29

Title 1 General Provisions 29

Title 2 Disposing Capacity 29

Title 3 Declaration of Intention 33

Title 4 Conditions—Time of Commencement and

Ending 37

Title 5 Agency 39

Title 6 Void and Voidable Acts 41

Chapter V DATES AND PERIODS 45

Chapter VI EXTINCTIVE PRESCRIPTION 49

Chapter VII EXERCISE OF RIGHTS

57


4

民法總則

General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code

5

民法

第一編 總則
第一章 法例

第~條 民事，法律所未規定者，依習慣。無習慣
者，依法理。

第二條 民事所適用之習慣，以不背於公共秩
序或善良風俗者爲限。

第三條 依法律之規定，有使用文字之必要者，
得不由本人自寫。但必須親自簽名。

如有用印章代簽名者，其蓋章與簽名生同等之

效力。

如以指印，十字或其他符號,代簽名者，在文件上，
經二人簽名證明，亦與簽名生同等之效力。

第四條 關於~定之數量，同時以文字及號碼
表示者，其文字與號碼有不符合時，如法院不能决定
何者，爲當事人之原意，應以文字爲準。

第五條 關於一定之數量，以文字或號碼爲數
次之表示者，其表示有不符合時，如法院不能决定何
者爲當事人之原意，應以最低額爲準。

CHAPTER FIRST

APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION

OF LAWS

Article 1.—In civil matters if there is no provision
of law applicable to a case, the case shall be decided
according to custom. If there is no such custom, the
case shall be decided in accordance with the general
principles of law.

Article 2.—A custom is applicable to civil cases only
when it is not contrary to public order or good morals.

Article 3.—Whenever a writing is required by law,
it is not necessary that it be written by the person from
whom it is required, but it must be signed by him.

If a person uses a seal in lieu of signature, the affix-
ing of such seal is equivalent to a signature.

If a fingerprint, cross or other mark is used in lieu
of signature in a document, it is equivalent to a signature
provided that it is certified by the signature of two
witnesses.

Article 4.—Whenever a sum or quantity is expressed
in characters and in figures, if the two expressions do
not agree and the Court cannot ascertain which of them
was the real intention of the parties, the expression in
characters shall be held good.

Article 5.―Whenever a sum or quantity is expressed
several times in characters or several times in figures, if
the several expressions do not agree and the Court cannot
ascertain which of them was the real intention of the
parties, the lowest expression shall be held good.


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7

第二章 人
第一節 自然人

第六條人之權利能力，始於出生，終於死亡。

第七條胎兒以將來非死產者爲限，關於其個
人利益之保護，視爲旣已出生。

第八條失蹤人失蹤,滿十年後，法院得因利害
關係人之聲請，爲死亡之宣吿。

失蹤人爲七十歲以上者，得於失蹤滿五年後，爲
死亡之宣吿。

失蹤人爲遭遇特別災難者，得於失蹤滿三年後,
爲死亡之宣吿。

第九條受死亡宣吿者，以判决內所確定死亡
之時，推定其爲死亡。

前項死亡之時，應篇前條各項所定期間最後口
終止之時。但有反證者，不在此限。

第十條失蹤人失蹤後，未受死亡宣吿前，其財
產之管理，依非訟事件法之規定。

CHAPTER SECOND

PERSONS

Title 1.—Natural Persons

Article 6/—The legal capacity of a human being
begins from the moment of birth and terminates at the
moment of death.

Article 7.——A child en ventre sa mere is considered
as if he were already born in respect to the protection of
his personal interest, provided that he was subsequently
born alive.

Article 8.一A missing person may be declared dead
by the Court upon the application of any interested party
if for ten years no news has been received that he is
alive.

A missing person who is over seventy years of age
may be declared dead if for five years no news has been
received that he is alive.

A missing person who has been in special peril of
his life may be declared dead if for three years no news
has been received that he is alive.

Article 9.—A person who has been declared dead is
presumed to have been dead from the date fixed in the
judicial decree.

In the absence of proof to the contrary, the date of
death specified in the preceding paragraph shall be the
date of the expiration of the period fixed in the preceding
article.

Article 10.—The property of the missing person, after
his disappearance and up to the declaration of death,
shall be administered in accordance with the regulations
governing non-contentious matters.


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9

第十~條 二人以上同時遇難，不能證明其死
亡之先後時，推定其爲同時死亡。

第十二條滿二十歲爲成年。

第十三條未滿七歲之未成年人,無行爲能力。

滿七歲以上之未成年人，有限制行爲能力。

未成年人，已結婚者，有行爲能力。

第十四條對於心祌喪失，或精祌耗弱,致不能
處理自己事務者，法院得因本人，配偶或最近親屬二
人之聲請，宣吿禁治產。

禁治產之原因消滅時，應撤銷其宣吿。

第十五條禁治產人，無行爲能力。

第十六條權利能力及行爲能力，不得抛棄。

第十七條 自由不得抛棄。

自由之限制，以不背於公共秩序或善良風俗者

爲限。

第十八條人格權受侵害時，得請求法院除去
其侵害。

前項情形，以法律有特別規定者爲限，得請求損
害賠償，或慰撫金。

第十九條姓名權受侵害者，得請求法院除去
其侵害。並得請求損害賠償。

第二十條以久住之意思，住於~定之地域奢。
卽爲設定其住所於該地。

Article 11.—If several persons have perished in a
common peril and it is not possible to ascertain which of
them perished first, they are presumed to have died
simultaneously.

Article 12.一Majority begins with the completion of
the twentieth year of age.

Article 13.—A minor who has not completed his
seventh year of age has no disposing capacity.

A minor who is over seven years of age has a limited
disposing capacity.

A minor who marries acquires thereby full disposing
capacity.

Article 14.—Insane persons and persons who are in
such a state of mental infirmity that they are unable to
manage their own affairs, may be interdicted by the
Court on the application of the person himself, or his
spouse, or two of his nearest relatives.

The interdiction shall be revoked if the cause thereof
disappears.

Article 15.一Interdicted persons have no disposing
capacity.

Article 16.——No person shall be allowed to waive his
legal capacity or his disposing capacity.

Article 17.—No person shall be allowed to waive his
liberty.

Liberty may not be restricted in a manner con-
trary to public order or good morals.

Article 18.一If any right appertaining to one’s
personality is infringed application may be made to the
Court for the removal of the injury.

Under the above circumstances an action for damages
or for solatium may be brought only in those cases which
are specifically provided by law.

Article 19.一A person who sustains an injury to the
right to the use of his name may apply to the Court for
the removal of the injury and for the payment of
damages.

Article 20.—A person who resides in a place with
the intention of remaining there permanently, establishes
his domicile at that place.


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11

一人同時不得有兩住所。

第二十一條無行爲能力人,及限制行爲能力
人，以其法定代理人之住所爲住所。

第二十二條 遇有左列情形之~者，其居所視
爲住所。

(-)住所無可考者。

(二）在中國無住所者。但依法須依住所地法者,
不在此限。

第二十三條 因特定行爲選定居所者,關於其
行爲，視爲住所。

第二十四條 以廢止之意思，離去其住所者，卽
爲廢止其住所。

A person may not have more than one domicile at
one and the same time.

Article 21.一The domicile of a person incapable of
disposing or limited in disposing capacity is determined
by the domicile of his statutory agent.

Article 22.—In either of the following cases a
person’s residence is deemed to be his domicile:

1. Where his domicile is unknown;

2. Where he has no domicile in China, except when
otherwise provided by law regarding the lex
domicilii.

Article 23.一If a person has chosen a residence for
a special purpose, the residence is deemed to be his
domicile for that purpose.

Article 24.一Domicile is lost if residence is discon-
tinued with the intention of abandoning it.

第二節 法人
第一款 通則

第二十五條法人非依本法或其他法律之規
定，不得成立6

第二十六條 法人於法令限制內，有享受權利
負擔義務之能力。但專屬於自然人之權利義務，不在
此限。

第二十七條法人須設董事。

董事就法人~切事務，對外代表法人。

對於董事代表權所加之限制，不得對抗善意第

三人。

Title 2.一Juristic Persons

Part 1.一General Provisions

Article 25.—A juristic person can come into existence
only in accordance with the provisions of this Code or
of any other law.

Article 26.一Within the limits prescribed by law, a
juristic person has the capacity of enjoying rights and
assuming obligations with the exception of those rights
and obligations which appertain exclusively to natural
persons.

Article 27.—A juristic person must have at least one
director.

For the management of its affairs, a juristic person
is represented by its directors.

Any limitation placed upon the right of representa-
tion of a director cannot be set up against bona fide third
parties.


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13

第二十八條法人對於其董事或職員因執行
職務所加於他人之損害，與該行爲人連帶負賠償之
責任。

第二十九條 法人以其主事務所之所在地爲

住所。

第三十條法人非經向主管官署登記，不得成
立。

第三十~條 法人登記後，有應登記之事項，而
不登記，或已登記之事項有變更，而不爲變更之登記
者，不得以其事項，對抗第三人。

第三十二條受設立許可之法人，其業務屬於
主管官署監督。主管官署得檢查其財產狀況，及其有
無違反許可條件，與其他法律之規定。

第三十三條受設立許可法人之董事,不遵主
管官署監督之命令，或妨礙其檢查者，得處以五百元
以下之罰鍰。

第三十四條 法人違反設立許可之條件者，主
管官署得撤銷其許可。

第三十五條法人之財產，不能淸償債務時，董
事應卽向法院聲請破產。

不為前項聲請，致法人之債權人受損害時，其有
過失之董事，應負賠償之責任。

第三十六條 法人之目的或其行爲，有違反法
律，公共秩序或善良風俗者，法院得因主管官署，檢察
官或利害關係人之請求，宣吿解散。

Article 28.—A juristic person is jointly liable with
tKe wrongdoer for the consequences of the wrongful acts
done by its directors or employees in the performance of
their duties.

Article 29.—The domicile of a juristic person is at
the place where it has its principal office.

Article 30.一A juristic person cannot come into
existence unless registered with the competent authorities.

Article 31.一A registered juristic person cannot, as
against third parties, avail itself of unregistered matters
which should have been registered, or of unregistered
changes in registered matters.

Article 32.—If a juristic person has been authorized
by grant, the competent authorities of its domicile have
the right to supervise its activities. The competent
authorities may examine its financial situation, and
ascertain whether the conditions of the grant and other
legal requirements have been complied with.

Article 33.一If a director of a juristic person author-
ized by grant disobeys any supervising order of, or
obstructs an inspection by the competent authorites, he
may be punished with a fine not exceeding five hundred
yuan.

Article 34.—If a juristic person violates any of the
conditions under which the authorization has been
granted, the grant may be revoked by the competent
authorities.

Article 35.—When the assets of a juristic person are
insufficient to meet its liabilities, the directors shall
forthwith apply to the Court for a declaration of bank-
ruptcy.

If a director has caused injury to the creditors of the
juristic person through failure to apply to the Court for
a declaration of bankruptcy, as provided in the preceding
paragraph, he shall be responsible for damages.

Article 36.—Whenever the object or the activities
of a juristic person are found to be contrary to law, public
order or good morals, the Court may order the dissolution
of the juristic person on the application of the competent
authorities, the public procurator or any interested
person.


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15

第三十七條法人解散後,其財產之淸算，由董
事爲之。但其章程有特別規定，或總會另有决議者，不
在此限。

第三十八條不能依前條規定，定其淸算人時，
法院得因利害關係人之聲請，選任淸算人。

第三十九條淸算人，法院認爲有必要時，得解
除其任務。

第四十條淸算人之職務如左。

(~) 了結現務。

(二） 收取債權，淸償債務。

(三） 移交賸餘財產於應得者。

法人至淸算終結止，在淸算之必要範圍內，視爲

存績。

第四十一條淸算之程序，除本通則有規定外,
準用股份有限公司淸算之規定。

第四十二條 法人之淸算，屬於法院監督，法院
得隨時爲監督上必要之檢查。

第四十三條淸算人不遵法院監督命令或妨
礙檢查者，得處以五百元以下之罰鍰。

第四十四條 法人解散後，除淸償債務外，其賸
餘財產之歸屬，應依其章程之規定，或總會之决議。

如無前項章程之規定或總會之决議時,其賸餘
財產，屬於法人住所所在地之地方自治團體。

Article 37.—On the dissolution of a juristic person
the liquidation is effected by its directors, unless otherwise
provided by the constitution or by a resolution of the
general meeting of members.

Article 38.—When there are no persons to act as
liquidators under the preceding article, the Court may
appoint liquidators on the application of any interested
party.

Article 39.—All liquidators may be removed by the
Court whenever the Court deems it necessary.

Article 40.—It shall be the duty of the liquidators:

1. to wind up pending business;

2. to collect the assets and discharge the liabilities;

3. to deliver the surplus of assets, if any, to the
persons entitled thereto.

Before the completion of the liquidation, the dissolved
juristic person is deemed to continue to exist in so far
as is necessary for the purpose of the liquidation.

Article 41.一Unless otherwise provided by the
General Provisions of this Code, the liquidation shall be
carried out, as far as possible, in conformity with the
law concerning the liquidation of limited companies.

Article 42.一The liquidation of a juristic person shall
be subject to the supervision of the Court.

The Court may from to time make such inspection
as is necssary for the supervision.

Article 43.一A liquidator who disobeys a supervising
order of the Court or who obstructs an inspection by the
Court may be punished with a fine not exceeding five
hundred yuan.

Article 44.一After the liquidation the remaining assets
of the juristic person shall be delivered to the persons or
institutions specified in the constitution or in a resolution
of the general meeting of members.

In the absence of any such provision in the constitu-
tion or in a resolution of the general meeting of members,
the remaining assets devolve upon the local public
institutions of the place in which the juristic person is
domiciled.


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17

第二款 社團

第四十五條 以營利爲目的之社團，其取得法
人資格，依特別法之規定。

第四十六條 以公益爲目的之社團，於登記前,
應得主管官署之許可。

第四十七條 設立社團者，應訂定章程。其應記
載之事項如左。

(一） 目的。

(二） 名稱。

(三） 董事之任免。

(四） 總會召集之條件，程序及其决議證明之方
法。

(五） 社員之出資。

(六） 社員資格之取得與喪失。

第四十八條社團設立時，應登記之事項如左。
(~)目的。

(二） 名稱。

(三） 主事務所及分事務所。

(四） 董事之姓名及住所。

(五） 財產之總額。 .

(六） 應受設立許可者，其許可之年月 日。

(七） 定有出資方法者，其方法。

(八） 限制董事代表權者，其限制。

(九) 定有存立時期者，其時期。

Part 2.Associations

Article 45.—An association whose object is to make
profits acquires juristic personality in accordance with
the provisions of special laws.

Article 46.一An association whose object is for the
promotion of public welfare must, prior to registering
itself, be authorized by a grant from the competent
authorities.

Article 47.—An association must have a constitution
which must contain the following particulars:

1. Object;

2. Name;

3. Provisions relating to the appointment and dis-
missal of directors;

4. The conditions under which the general meeting
of members shall be called, the procedure for the
calling of meetings, and the authentification of
its resolutions;

5. Provisions concerning the contributions of the
members;

6. Provisions concerning the acquisition and loss
of membership.

Article 48.—Upon the formation of an association the
following particulars shall be registered:

1. Object;

2. Name;

3. The principal and branch offices;

4. The names and domiciles of its directors;

5. The total amount of its assets;

6. If the association has been authorized by grant,
the date and particulars of the grant;

7. The method of contributing property, if such
method has been fixed;

8. The limitation of the power of the directors to
represent the association, if such limitation has
been made;

9. The period of its existence, if such period has
been fixed.


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社團之登記，由董事向其主事務所及分事務所
所在地之主管官署行之，並應附具章程備案。

第四十九條社團之組織及社團與社員之關
係，以不違反第五十條至第五十八條之規定爲限，得
以章程定之。

第五十條社團以總會爲最高機關。

左列事項應經總會之决議。

(~)變更章程。

(二） 任免董事。

(三） 監督董事職務之執行。

(四） 開除社員。但以有正當理由時爲限。

第五十一條總會由董事召集之。

如有全體社員十分-•以上之請求，表明會議目
的及召集理由，請求召集時，董事須召集之。

董事受前項之請求後,一個月內，不爲召集者，得
由請求之祉員，經法院之許可，召集之。

第五十二條總會决議，除本法有特別規定外,
以出席社員過半數决之。

社員有平等之表决權。

第五十三條社團變更章程之决議，應有全體
社員過半數之出席，出席社員四分三以上之同意，或
有全體社員三分二以上書面之同意。

The association shall be registered by the directors
with the competent authorities of the place where its
principal and branch offices are situated. A copy of the
constitution shall be filed.

Article 49.—The constitution may provide for the
organisation of the association and the relations of the
association with its members, provided that nothing
therein shall contravene the provisions of Articles 50 to
58.

Article 50.—The general meeting of members of an
association is the organ in which the supreme power of
the association is vested.

The following matteis shall be decided by a resolu-
tion of the general meeting of members:

1. Alterations in the constitution;

2. Appointment and dismissal of directors;

3. Supervision of the directors in the performance
of their duties;

4. Expulsion of members for a proper cause.

Article 51.―The general meeting of members shall
be called by the directors.

If over one-tenth of the members of an association
request the directors to call a general meeting, specifying
the objects of the meeting and the reasons for its convoca-
tion, the directors must call the meeting accordingly.

If no general meeting is called by the directors within
one month after the receipt of the above request, the
members who have made the request may call the
meeting, subject to the authorization of the Court.

Article 52.—Unless otherwise provided in this Code,
a resolution of the general meeting of members is valid
if passed by a majority vote of the members present.

Members shall have equal votes.

Article 53.—A resolution involving an alteration in
the constitution of an association can be passed only at a
meeting at which the majority of the members of the
association are present, and by a majority of three-fourths
of the members present; or when two-thirds of the
members of the association declare in writing their
consent thereto.


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受設立許可之社團，變更章程時，並應得主管官
署之許可。

第五十四條社員得隨時退社。但章程限定於
事務年度終，或經.過預吿期間後，始准退社者，不在此
限。

前項預吿期間，不得超過六個月。

第五十五條 已退社或開除之祉員，對於社團
之財產,無請求權。但非公益法人，其章程另有规定者,
不在此限。

前項社員，對於其退社或開除以前，應分擔之出
資，仍負淸償之義務。

第五十六條 總會之决議，有違反法令或章程
者，對該决議原不同意之社員，得請求法院宣吿其决
議爲無效。

前項之請求，應於决議後三個月內爲之。

第五十七條社團得隨時以全體社員三分二
以上之可决，解散之。

第五十八條社團之事務，無從依章程所定進
行時，法院得因利害關係人之聲請解散之。

第三款財團

第五十九條財團於登記前，應得主管官署之

許可。

If an association has been authorized by grant, no
resolution involving an alteration in the constitution is
valid unless it has been approved by the competent
authorities.

Article 54.—Members may withdraw from the
association at any time unless according to the constitu-
tion they have to remain until the expiration of the
business year, or unless previous notice of withdrawal
is required by the constitution.

The period of notice as mentioned above cannot
exceed six months.

Article 55.—A retired or dismissed member has no
right to demand his share in the property of the associa-
tion unless it is otherwise provided in the constitution of
an association whose object is not for the promotion of
public welfare.

The above mentioned member continues to be liable
for his share of the contribution which has become due
before his retirement or dismissal.

Article 56.—When a resolution passed by a general
meeting of members is contrary to law or to the con-
stitution of the association, any member who has not
assented thereto may apply to the Court for having the
resolution declared null and void.

The application as mentioned above must be made
within three months from the date of the resolution.

Article 57.■—An association may be dissolved at any
time by a resolution of the general meeting of members
passed by a majority vote of two-thirds of all the members
of the association.

Article 58.—An association may be dissolved by an
order of the Court on the application of any interested
person when circumstances are such that it cannot be
managed any more in accordance with its constitution.

Part 3.—Foundations

Article 59.一A foundation must, before registration,
receive an authorization by grant from the competent
authorities.


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第六十條 設立財團者，應訂立捐助章程。但以
遺囑捐助者，不在此限。

捐助章程，應訂明法人目的，及所捐財產。

第六十一條 財團設立時，應登記之事項如左。
(-)目的。

(二） 名稱。

(三） 主事務所及分事務所。

(四） 財產之總額。

(五） 受許可之年月 日。

(六） 董事之姓名及住所。

(七） 限制董事代表權者，其限制。

(八） 定有存立時期者，其時期。

財團之登記，由董事向其主事務所及分事務所
所在地之主管官署行之。並應附具捐助章程備案。

第六十二條財團之組織及其管理方法，由捐
助人以捐助章程定之。

捐助章程所定之組織不完全，或重要之管理方
法不具備者，法院得因利害關係人之聲請，爲必要之
處分。

第六十三條 爲維持財團之目的，或保存其财
產，法院得因捐助人，董事或利害關係人之聲請，變更
其組織。

第六十四條財團董事，有違反捐助章程之行
爲時，法院得因利害關係人之聲請，宣吿其行爲爲無
效。

Article 60.一The founder of a foundation must draw
up an act of endowment, except in the case of donation
by will.

The act of endowment must specify the object of the
foundation and the property donated.

Article 61.—Upon the formation of a foundation, the
following particulars shall be registered:

1. Object;

2. Name;

3. The principal and branch offices;

4. The total amount of its assets;

5. The date of the grant;

6. Th忐 names and domiciles of the directors;

7. The limitation of the power of the directors to
represent the foundation, if such limitation has
been made.

8. The period of its existence, if such period has
been fixed.

The foundation shall be registered by the directors
with the competent authorities of the principal office
and branch offices. The act of endowment must be
filed at the time of registration.

Article 62.―The organization and method of adminis-
tration of the foundation shall be determined by the
founder in the act of endowment.

If the organization as provided in the act of endow-
ment is insufficient or if the important provisions are
lacking concerning the method of administration, the
Court may on the application of any interested party
take such measures as may be necessary.

Article 63.—For the purpose of maintaining the object
of the foundation or of preserving its property, the Court
may modify the organization of the foundation on the
application of the founder, or the directors, or any
interested party.

Article 64.—If the directors act contrary to the act
of endowment, their decisions may on the application of
any interested party be declared null and void by the
Court.


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第六十五條 因情事變更，致財團之目的不能
達到時，主管官署得斟酌捐助人之意思，變更其目的
及其必要之組織，或解散之。

Article 65.—If circumstances are such that the object
of the foundation cannot be carried out, the competent
authorities may, after taking into consideration the
intention of the founder, alter the object of the foundation
or effect the necessary reorganization, or dissolve the
foundation.


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第三章 物

CHAPTER THIRD

THINGS

第六十六條稱不動產者，謂土地及其定着物。

不動產之出產物，尙未分離者，爲該不動產之部
分。

第六十七條 稱動產者，爲前條所稱不動產以
外之物。

第六十八條 非主物之成分，常助主物之效用,
而同屬於一人者，爲從物。但交易上有特別習慣者，依
其習慣。

主物之處分，及於從物。

第六十九條稱天然孳息者，謂果實，動物之產
物及其他依物之用法所收穫之出產物。

稱法定孳息者，謂利息，租金，及其他因法律關係
所得之收益。

第七十條有收取天然孽息權利之人,其權利
存續期間內，取得與原物分離之孳息。

有收取法定孳息權利之人，按其權利存續期間
內之日數,取得其拳息。

Article 66.—Immovables are land and things perma-
nently affixed thereto.

The products of an immovable constitute a part of
the immovable so long as they are not separated there-
from.

Article 67.一All things other than immovables
mentioned in the preceding article are movables.

Article 68.—Accessories are things which, without
being component parts of the principal thing, are intended
to serve the purpose of the principal thing and belong to
the same owner. But, if there is a special custom
prevailing in trade, such custom shall be applied.

The disposal of the principal thing extends to its
accessories.

Article 69.一Natural fruits are produce such as fruits,
offspring of animals, and such other yield as is obtained
from the thing consistently with the use for which the
thing is intended.

Legal fruits are interest, rent and other profits
obtained by virtue of a legal relation.

Article 70.一A person who is entitled to the natural
fruits of a thing acquires during the existence of his
right such fruits upon their separation from the thing.

A person who is entitled to the legal fruits of a thing
acquires them in proportion to the number of days during
which his right exists.


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第四章 法律行爲
第一節 通則

第七十一條法律行爲，違反強制或禁止之規
定者，無效。但其規定並不以之爲無效者，不在此限。

第七十二條法律行爲，有背於公共秩序或善
良風俗者,無效。

第七十三條法律行爲，不依法定方式者,無效。
但法律另有規定者，不在此限。

第七十四條法律行爲，係乘他人之急迫，輕率
或無經驗，使其爲財產上之給付，或爲給付之約定，依
當時情形顯失公平者，法院得因利害關係人之聲請，
撤銷其法律行爲，或減輕其給付。

前項聲請,應於法律籽爲後一年內爲之。

第二節 行爲能力

第七十五條無行爲能力人之意思表示,無效。
雖非無行爲能力人，而其意思表示，係在無意識或精
神錯亂中所爲者，亦同。

第七十六條無行爲能力人，由法定代理人代
爲意思表示，並代受意思表示。

CHAPTER FOURTH

JURISTIC ACTS

Title 1.—General Provisions

Article 71.—A juristic act which is contrary to a legal
prohibition or other imperative provision of law is void,
unless the nature of the provision be such that it may
not be voided or a contrary intention appears from the
prohibition.

Article 72.—A juristic act which is contrary to public
order or good morals is void.

Article 73.一A juristic act which is not in the form
prescribed by law is void，unless otherwise provided by
law.

Article 74.—In the case of a juristic act whereby a
person profiting by the difficulties, indiscretion or
inexperience of another causes to be delivered or
promised to himself pecuniary advantages which exceed
the consideration for it to such an extent that having
regard to the circumstances, the unfairness of the trans-
action is obvious, the Court may, on the application of the
injured party, cancel the juristic act or reduce the
obligation.

The application as mentioned above must be made
•within one year from the date of the juristic act.

Title 2.一-Disposing Capacity

Article 75.一The declaration of intention of a person
incapable of disposing is void. A declaration is also
void which is made by a person who, though not incapable
of disposing, is in a condition of unconsciousness or
morbid disturbance of the mental activity.

Article 76.—For the making or receiving of a declar-
ation of intention a person incapable of disposing is
represented by his statutory agents.


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第七十七條限制行爲能力人爲意思表示及
受意思表示，應得法定代理人之允許。但純獲法律上
利益，或依其年齡及身分，日常生活所必需者，不在此
限。

第七十八條限制行爲能力人,未得法定代理
人之允許，所爲之單獨行爲，無效。

第七十九條 限制行爲能力人,未得法定代理
人之允許，所訂立之契約，須經法定代理人之承認，始
生效力。

第八十條前條契約相對人，得定~個月以上
之期限,催吿法定代理人，確答是否承認。

， 於前項期限內，法定代理人不爲確答者，視爲拒
絶承認。

第八十~條限制行爲能力人，於限制原因消
滅後，承認其所訂立之契約者，其承亂與法定代理人
之承認，有同~效力。

前條規定，於前項情形準用之。

第八十二條 限制行爲能力人所訂立之契糸勺，.
未經承認前，相對人得撤囘之。但訂立契約時,知其宋
得有允許者，不在此限。

第八十三條 限制行爲能力人,用詐術使人信
其爲有行爲能力人或已得法定代理人之允許者，其
法律行爲爲有效。

Article 77.—Where a person limited in disposing
capacity makes or receives a declaration of intention, the
approval of the statutory agent is necessary, unless the
declaration of intention relates to the mere acquisition
of a legal advantage or to the necessaries of life according
to the age and social standing of the person limited in
disposing capacity.

Article 78.一A unilateral juristic act which a person
limited in disposing capacity enters into without the
approval of his statutory agent is void.

Article 79.—If a person limited in disposing capacity
enters into a contract without the approval of his statutory
agent, the contract becomes valid upon ratification by
the statutory agent.

Article 80.—The other party to the contract men-
tioned in the preceding Article may fix a period, not
less than one month, and request the statutory agent tc
declare within such period whether or not he ratifies
the contract.

If the statutory agent does not give a definite answer
within the above-mentioned period, the ratification is
deemed to have been refused.

Article 81.—When the cause for which a person’s
disposing capacity is limited has disappeared, the
ratification of the contract which he has previously
entered into has the same validity as that of his statutory
agent.

The provision of the preceding Article apply mutatis
mutandis to the case provided for in the preceding
paragraph.

Article 82.—Before ratification of the contract made
by a person limited in disposing capacity, the other party
is entitled to rescind it, unless he knew, at the time when
it was entered into, that the approval of the statutory
agent had not been given.

Article 83.—A juristic act done by a person limited
in disposing capacity is valid if such person by using
deceitful means has induced the other party to believe


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第八十四條法定代理人，允許限制行爲能力
人處分之財產,限制行爲能力人，就該財產有處分之
能力。

第八十五條 法定代理人，允許限制行爲能力
人獨立營業者，限制行爲能力人，關於其營業,有行爲
能力。

限制行爲能力人，就其營業有不勝任之情形時，
法定代理人，得將其允許撤銷或限制之。

第三節 意思表示

第八十六條表意人無欲爲其意思表示所枸
束之意，而爲意思表示者，其意思表示，不因之無效。但
其情形爲相對人所明知者，不在此限。

第八十七條表意人與相對人通謀而爲虛僞
意思表示者,其意思表示無效。但不得以其無效，對抗
善意第三人。 。

虛僞意思表示，隱藏他項法律行爲者，適用關於
該項法律行爲之規定。

第八十八條意思表示之內容有錯誤,或表意
人若知其事情卽不爲意思表示者，表意人得將其意
思表示撤銷之。但以其錯誤或不知事情，非由表意人
自己之過失者爲限。

當事人之資格，或物之性質，若交易上認爲重要
者，其錯誤，視爲意思表示內容之錯誤。

that he had full capacity or that he had obtained the
approval of his statutory agent.

Article 84.—If the statutory agent of a person limited
in disposing capacity has authorized the latter to dispose
of a certain property, the person has full disposing cap-
acity in respect to the said property.

Article 85.—If the statutory agent of a person limited
in disposing capacity has authorized the latter to carry on
a business independently, such person has full disposing
capacity in respect to the said business.

The authorization may be revoked, or restricted by
the statutory agent if the person limited in disposing
capacity proves himself to be incapable of carrying on the
business thus authorized.

Title 3.—Declaration of Intention

Article 86.—A declaration of intention is not void by
reason of the fact that the declarant did not intend to be
bound by it, unless such fact was known to the other
party.

Article 87.—A fictitious declaration of intention made
by the declarant in collusion with the other party is void,
but the fact of its being void cannot be set up against a
bona fide third party.

If the fictitious declaration of intention was intended
to cover another juristic act, the provisions of law con-
cerning the such other juristic act shall apply.

Article 88.—A declaration of intention may be
avoided by the declarant if he was acting under a mistake
as to the purport of the declaration of intention or had
he known the real state of affairs, he would not have
made the declaration; provided that the mistake or the
ignorance of the real state of affairs was not due to the
declarant’s negligence.

A mistake concerning the qualifications of the other
party or the nature of a thing which，according to
ordinary dealings, are regarded as essential, shall be
deemed a mistake as to the purport of the declaration of
intention.


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第八十九條意思表示，因傳達人或傳達機關
傳達不實者，得比照前條之規定，撤銷之。

第九十條前二條之撤銷權，自意思表示後，經
過~年而消滅。

第九十~條依第八十八條及第八十九條之
規定，撤銷意思表示時，表意人對於信其意思表示爲
有效而受損害之相對人或第三人，應負賠償責任。但
其撤銷之原因，受害人明知或可得而知者，不在此限。

第九十二條 因被詐欺或被脅迫，而爲意思表
示者，表意人得撤銷其意思表示。但詐欺係由第三人
所爲者，以相對人明知其事實或可得而知者爲限，始
得撤銷之。

被詐欺而爲之意思表示，其撤銷不得以之對抗
善意第三人。

第九十三條前條之撤銷，應於發見詐欺或脅
迫終止後，~年內爲之。但自意思表示後,經過十年，不
得撤銷。

第九十四條 對話人爲意思表示者，其意思表
示，以相對人了解時，發生效力。

第九十五條 非對話而爲意思表示者，其意思
表示，以通知達到相對人時,發生效力。但故囘之通知，
同時或先時達到者，不在此限。

Article 89.—A declaration of intention which has
been incorrectly transmitted by the person or institution
employed for its transmission may be avoided under the
same conditions as provided for in the preceding Article.

Article 90.一The right of avoidance provided in the
above two Articles is extinguished by prescription if not
exercised within one year from the date of the declaration.

Article 91.—If a declaration of intention is avoided
under Article 88 or Article 89，the declarant shall make
compensation for any damage which the other party or
any third party may have sustained by relying upon the
validity of the declaration, unless the injured party knew,
or had the means of knowing, of the ground on which
the declaration was voidable.

Article 92.一If a declaration of intention is procured
by fraud or by duress the declarant may avoid it. If a
third party was guilty of the fraud the declaration may be
avoided only if the other party knew the fraud or had
the means of knowing it.

The avoidance of a declaration of intention on the
ground of fraud cannot be set up against a bona fide
third party.

Article 93.—The right of avoidance under the preced-
ing Article shall be exercised within one year from the
date when the fraud was discovered or when the duress
ceased. The right of avoidance is barred if ten years have
elapsed since the making of the declaration of intention.

Article 94.一A declaration of intention inter pre-
sentes* becomes effective at the moment when the person
to whom it is made understands it.

* TRANSLATORS’ NOTE.—For lack of a better expres-
sion, the Chinese characters “ 相對人 ” is here translated as
inter presentes. It should be noted, however, that the
Chinese characters includes persons who, though not strictly
inter presentes, communicate with each other by telephone.

Article 95.一A declaration of intention inter absentes
becomes effective at the moment when the notification
of the declaration reaches the other party, unless a
notification of revocation reaches such other party
previously or simultaneously.


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表意人，於發出通知後死亡或喪失行爲能力，或
其行爲能力受限制者，其意思表示，不因之失其效力。

第九十六條 向無行爲能力人或限制行爲能
力人爲意思表示者，以其通知達到其法定代理人時，
發生效力。

第九十七條表意人，非因自己之過失不知相
對人之姓名，居所者，得依民事訴訟法公示送達之規
定，以公示送達爲意思表示之通知。

第九十八條解釋意思表示，應探求當事人之
眞意，不得拘泥於所用之辭句。

第四節 條件及期限

第九十九條附停止條件之法律行爲,於條件
成就時，發生效力。

附解除條件之法律行爲，於條件成就時,失其效
力。

依當事人之特約，使條件成就之效果，不於條件
成就之時發生者，依其特約。

第一百條 附條件之法律行爲當事人，於條件
成否未定前，若有損害相對人因條件成就所應得利
益之行爲者，負賠償損害之責任。

第一百零一條 因條件成就而受不利益之當
事人，如以不正當行篇阻其條件之成就者，視爲條件
已成就。

The fact that the declarant dies, or becomes incapable
of disposing, or is limited in disposing capacity after the
despatch of the notification of the declaration shall not
impair the validity of the declaration of intention.

Article 96.—A declaration of intention made to a
person incapable of disposing or limited in disposing
capacity becomes effective when the notification of the
declaration reaches the statutory agent.

Article 97.—If a declarant, due to no fault on his
part, is ignorant of the name and residence of the other
party the notification of the declaration may be effected
by service by public notice in accordance with the
provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure governing
service by public notice.

Article 98.—In the interpretation of a declaration of
intenfion the true intention must be sought rather than
the literal meaning of the words or expressions.

Title 4.一Conditions一Time of Commencement
and Ending

Article 99.—-A juristic act subject to a condition
precedent becomes effective on the fulfilment of the
condition.

A juristic act subject to a condition subsequent ceases
to be effective on the fulfilment of the condition.

If, according to the special agreement of the parties
the consequences of the fulfilment of the condition shall
take place at another time than the time of fulfilment,
such special agreement shall govern.

Article 100.—In the case of a juristic act entered into
subject to a condition precedent, the preson who has,
during the time pending the fulfilment, done any act
diminishing the advantages which the other party would
have derived from the fulfilment of the condition, is
responsible for any damage resulting therefrom.

Article 101.—If the fulfilment of a condition is
prevented by improper means by the party to whose
disadvantage it would operate, the condition is deemed
to have been fulfilled.


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因條件成就而受利益之當事人，如以不正當行
爲促其條件之成就者，視爲條件不成就。

第~百零二條 附始期之法律行爲，於期限屆
至時，發生效力。

附終期之法律行爲，於期限屆滿時，失其效力。
第一百條之規定，於前二項情形準用之。

If the fulfilment of tlie condition is brought about by
improper means by the party to whose advantage it
would operate, the condition is deemed not to have been
fulfilled.

Article 102,_A juristic act subject to a time for its
commencement, becomes operative when the time arrives.

A juristic act subject to a time for its termination
ceases to be operative when the time arrives.

In cases under the two preceding paragraphs, the
provision of Article 100 applies mutatis mutandis.

第五節 代理

第~百零三條代理人於代理權限內,以本人
名義所爲之意思表示，直接對本人發生效力。

前項規定，於應向本人爲意思表示，而向其代理
人爲之者，準用之。

第~百零四條 代理人所爲或所受意思表示
之效力，不因其爲限制行爲能力人，而受影響。

第™百零五條 代理人之意思表示，因其意思
欠缺，被詐欺，被脅迫，或明知其事情，或可得而知其事
情，致其效力受影響時，其事實之有無，應就代理人决
之。但代理人之代理權係以法律行爲授與者,其意思
表示，如依照本人所指示之意思而爲時，其事實之有
無，應就本人决之。

第~百零六條代理人，非經本人之許諾，不得
爲本人與自己之法律行爲，亦不得旣爲第三人之代
理人，而爲本人與第三人之法律行爲。但其法律行爲,
係專履行債務者，不在此限。

Title 5.—Agency

Article 103.一A declaration of intention which an
agent makes in the name of the principal within the
scope of his delegated authority takes effect directly both
in favour of or against the principal.

The provision of the preceding paragraph applies
mutatis mutandis if a declaration of intention required
to be made to the principal is made to his agent.

Article 104.—The validity of a declaration of inten-
tion made by or to an agent is not impaired by the fact
that he is limited in disposing capacity.

Article 105.—In so far as the legal effectiveness of a
declaration of intention of an agent is vitiated by defective
intention, by fraud（ or by duress or by knowledge or by
culpable ignorance of certain circumstances the question
of the fact shall be determined with regard to the agent.
But if the agent derives his authority from a juristic act
and the declaration of intention was made according to
definite instructions of the principal, the question of fact
shall be determined with regard to the principal.

Article 106.—Without the consent of the principal,
an agent may not enter into a juristic act in the name of
his principal with himself in his own name, nor may he,
as agent of a third party, enter into a juristic act in the
name of the principal with such third party unless the
juristic act consists exclusively in the fulfilment of an
obligation.


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第一百零七條代理權之限制及撤囘，不得以
之對抗善意第三人。但第三人，因過失而不知其事實
者，不在此限。

第一百零八條代理權之消滅，依其所由授與
之法律關係定之。

代理權，得於其所由授與之法律關係存續中，撤
囘之。但依該法律之性質不得撤囘者，不在此限。

第~百零九條代理權消滅或撤囘時,代理人
須將授權書，交還於授權者，不得留置。

第_百„十條無代理權人，以他人之代理人
名義所爲之法律行爲，對於善意之相對人，負损害賠
償之責。

第六節 無效及撤銷

第一苗~十~條法律行爲之~部分無效者，
全部皆爲無效。但除去該部分亦可成立者，則其他部
分，仍爲有效。

第„百一十二條無效之法律行爲，若具備他
法律行爲之要件，並因其情形，可認當事人若知其無
效，卽欲爲他法律行爲者，其他法律行爲，仍爲有效。

第一百一十三條無效法律行爲之當事人，於
行爲當時，知其無效，或可得而知者，應負囘復原狀或
損害賠償之責任。

第一百一十四條 法律行爲經撤鎗者，視爲自
始無效。

Article 107.—No limitation or revocation of the power
conferred on an agent can be set up against a bona fide
third party unless the third party through mistake of his
own does not know the facts.

Article 108.一The power of agency is terminated
according to the legal relation upon which its creation is
based.

The power of agency is revocable during the existence
of the legal relation upon which its creation is based,
unless according to the nature of the legal relation it
cannot be revoked.

Article 109.—At the termination of the power of
agency the agent has to return the written power of
agency to the party who gave it; he has no right of lien on
it.

Article 110.—Whoever not having authority as agent，
enters into a juristic act in the name of agent of another
person is responsible for damages to the other party in
good faith.

Title 6.一Void and Voidable Acts

Article 111.—If part of a juristic act is void, the
whole juristic act is void, unless it may be assumed that
it would equally have been entered into if the void part
has been omitted.

Article 112.If a void juristic act satisfies the require-
ment of a different juristic act, the latter is valid if
according to the circumstances it may be assumed that
its validity would have been intended by the parties on
knowing of the invalidity of the former.

Article 113.—A party who at the moment when a void
juristic act was entered into knew or had the means of
knowing that it was void, is bound to restore the state
of things to its former condition, or to make good any
injury resulting therefrom.

Article 114.一If a voidable juristic act is avoided, it
is deemed to have been void ab initio.


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當事人知其得撤銷，或可得而知者，其法律行爲
撤銷時，準用前條之規定。

第„百一十五條 經承認之法律行爲，如無特
別訂定，溯及爲法律行爲時，發生效力。

第一百一十六條撤銷及承認，應以意思表示

爲之。

如相對人確定者，前項意思表示，應向相對人爲
之。

第_百一十七條法律行爲，須得第三人之同
意，始生效力者，其同意或拒絕，得向當事人之~方爲
之。

第_百„十八條無權利人，就權利標的物所
爲之處分，經有權利人之承離，始生效力。

無權利人，就權利標的物爲處分後取得其權利
者，其處分自始有效。

前項情形，若數處分相抵觸時，以其最初之處分
爲有效。

If its voidability was known or ought to have been
known to the parties concerned the provision of the
preceding Article applies mutatis mutandis to the
avoidance of the juristic act.

Article 115.—If a voidable juristic act is ratified it is
deemed to have been valid from the moment when the
juristic act was entered into unless it is otherwise
agreed upon.

Article 116.—An avoidance or ratification is made by
a declaration of intention.

If the other party is known the declaration of inten-
tion is to be made to him.

Article 117.—If the validity of a juristic act depends
upon the consent of a third party the giving or the refusal
of the consent may be declared as well to the one as to the
other party.

Article 118.—A disposition affecting any object which
is made by a person without title is valid upon the
ratification of the person entitled.

The disposition is valid ab initio, if the person without
title acquires title to the object after having made the
disposition.

In the case provided in the preceding paragraph, if
several incompatible dispositions have been made, only
the earliest disposition is effective.


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第五章期日及期間

CHAPTER FIFTH

DATES AND PERIODS

第一百~十九條法令，審判或法律行爲所定
之期日及期間，除有特別訂定外，其計算，依本章之規
定。

第~百二十條 以時定期間者，卽時起算。

以日，星期，月或年定期間者，其始日不算入。

第一百二十~條以日，星期，月或年定期間者，
以期間末日之終止，爲期間之終止。

期間不以星期，月或年之始日起算者，以最後之
屋期，月或年與起算日相當日之前一日，爲期間之末
日。但以月或年定期間，於最後之月，無相當日者，以其
月之末日，爲期間之末日。

第一百二十二條於一定期日或期間內，應爲
意思表示或給付者，其期日或其期間之末日，爲屋期
日，紀念日或其他休息日時，以其休息日之次日代之。

第~百二十三條稱月或年者，依曆計算。

月或年，非連績計算者，毎月爲三十日。每年爲三

百六十五日

Article 119.一Unless otherwise provided, the calcula-
tion of dates and periods specified in law, ordinances,
judicial decisions and juristic acts shall be made in
accordance with the provisions of the present chapter.

Article 120.一A period fixed by hours shall commence
immediately.

When a period is fixed by days, weeks, months or
years，the first day is not included in the calculation.

Article 121.—A period fixed by days, weeks, months
or years ends with the expiration of the last day of the
period

If a period fixed by weeks, months or years does not
run from the beginning of a week, month or year, it
ends with the expiration of the day preceding the day of
the last week, month or year which corresponds to that
on which it began to run. But if there is no.such corres-
ponding day in the last month, the period ends with the
expiration of the last day of the last month.

Article 122.一If on a given date, or within a given
period a declaration of intention is required to be made
or an act of performance is to be effected and if the given
day or the last day of the given period, falls on a Sunday,
Commemoration day or any other holiday, the day
following the holiday shall take its place.

Article 123.一A period fixed by months or years is to
be calculated according to the official calendar.

If a period of time is fixed by months or years in
such a manner that they need not run consecutively, a
month is reckoned as thirty days, a year as three hundred
and sixty five days.


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第一百二十四條年齡自出生之日起算。

出生之月 日，無從確定時，推定其爲七月一日出
生。知其出生之月，而不知出生之日者，推定其爲該月
十五日出生。

Article 124.—Age is reckoned from the day of birth.

If it is not possible to ascertain the month of birth
of a person, he is presumed to have been born on the
first day of July. If the month of birth is known and
it is not possible to ascertain the day, he is presumed to
have been born on the fifteenth day of the month.


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第六章消滅時效

第一百二十五條請求權，因十五年間不行使
而消滅。但法律所定期間較短者，依其規定。

第一百二十六條利息，紅利，租金，膽養费，退職
金，及其他一年或不及一年之定期給付債權,其各期
給付請求權，因五年間不行使而消滅。

第™百二十七條左列各款請求權，因二年間
不行使而消滅。

(~)旅店，飮食店及娛樂場之住宿費，飮食費，座
費，消費物之代價及其塾款。

(二） 運送費及運送人所塾之款。

(三） 以租賃動產爲營業者之租價。

(四） 醫生，藥師，看謹生之診費，藥费，報酬及其蟄
款。

(五） 律師，會計師，公證人之報酬及其墊款。

(六） 律師，會計師,公證人所收當事人物件之交

(七） 技師，承攬人之報酬及其墊款。

(八） 商人，製造人，手工業人所供給之商品及產
物之代價。

CHAPTER SIXTH

EXTINCTIVE PRESCRIPTION

Article 125.—A right of claim is extinguished by
prescription if not exercised within fifteen years，unless
shorter periods are prescribed by law.

Article 126.—For the payment of interest, dividends,
rent, maintenance, pensions，and for the payment of
money due at stated intervals of one year or less, the
right of claim for each successive payment is extinguished
by prescription if not exercised within five years.

Article 127.—Right of claim in respect of the follow-
ing are extinguished by prescription if not exercised
within two years:

1° Charges for lodging, food or drink, hire of
rooms or seats, or for the price of articles for consump-
tion, and for disbursements made by inns, restaurants
and places of amusement.

2° Cost of transportation and the disbursements by
carriers.

3° Rent due to a person who carries on a business
of letting movables.

4° Fees and remuneration or charges for medicine
of medical practitioners, druggists, and nurses, and their
disbursements.

5° Fees and remuneration of attorneys, public
accountants and notaries and their disbursements.

6° Restoration of things received from the parties
io an action by attorneys, public accountants and
parties.

7° Fees and remuneration of technical experts and
contractors including their disbursements.

8° Claims of merchants, manufacturers and those
who practise industrial arts for the price of goods or
products supplied.


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第一百二十八條消滅時效，自請求權可行使
時起算。以不行爲爲目的之請求權，自爲行爲時起算。

第一百二十九條消滅時效，因左列事由而中
斷。

(~)請求。

(二） 承認。

(三） 起訴•

左列事項，與起訴有同~效力。

(~)依督促程序，送達支付命令。

(二） 因和解而傳喚。

(三） 報明破產債權。

(四） 吿知訴訟。

(五） 開始執行行爲或聲請強制執行。

第~百三十條時效，因請求而中斷者,若於請
求後六個月內不起訴,視爲不中斷。

第~百三十一條時效，因起訴而中斷者，若撒
囘其訴，或因不合法而受駁囘之判决其判决確定，親
爲不中斷。

第™百三十二條 時效,因送達支付命令而中
斷者，若訴訟拘束失其效力時，視爲不中斷。

第~百三十三條 時效，因和解傳喚而中斷者r
若相對人不到庭或和解不成時，視爲不中斷。

Article 128.—Extinctive prescription begins to run
from the time when the claim can be enforced. If the
claim is for a forbearance, the prescription begins to
run from the moment when the right is first infringed.

Article 129.—Extinctive prescription is interrupted by
any of the following causes:

1. A demand (for the satisfaction of the claim);

2. An acknowledgment (of the claim);

3. An action brought for the satisfaction of the
claim.

The following are equivalent to bringing an action:

1. The service of an order for payment in a
hortatory process;

2. The service of a summons for the purpose of
effecting a compromise;

3. The presentation of a claim in bankruptcy
proceedings;

4. The notice of the pendency of an action;

5. The institution of proceedings in execution of
the presentation of an application for compulsory
execution.

Article 130.—In the case of interruption by the
making of a demand, if within six months an action iti
Court has not been brought for the satisfaction of a claim,
the prescription is deemed not to have been interrupted.

Article 131.—In the case of interruption by bringing
action，if the action is withdrawn or dismissed as non-
conformable to law by a judgment which has become
final, the prescription is deemed not to have been inter-
rupted.

Article 132.一In the case of interruption by service
of an order for payment if the pendency of the action
loses its effect, the prescription is deemed not to have
been interrupted.

Article 133.一In the case of interruption by service
of a summons for the purpose of effecting a compromise,
if the other party does not appear or if no compromise
is arrived at, the prescription is deemed not be have been
interrupted.


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第~百三十四條時效，因報明破產債權而中
斷者，若債權人撤囘其報明時,視爲不中斷。

第一百三十五條時效，因吿知訴訟而中斷者，
若於訴訟終結後，六個月內不起訴，視爲不中斷。

第~百三十六條時效,因開始執行行爲而中
斷者，若囚權利人之聲請，或法律上要件之欠缺，而撤
銷其執行處分時，視爲不中斷。

時效，因強制執行而中斷者，若撤囘其聲請，或其
聲請被駁囘時，視爲不中斷。

第一百三十七條時效中斷者,自中斷之事由
終止時，重行起算。

因起訴而中斷之時效，自受確定判决，或因其他
方法訴訟終結時，重行起算。

第一百三十八條時效中斷，以當事人，繼承人,
受讓人之間爲眼，始有效力。

第~百三十九條 時效之期間終止時，因天災
或其他不可避之事變，致不能中斷其時效者，自其妨
礙事由消滅時起，一個月內，其時效不完成。

第~百四十條屬於繼承財產之權利，或對於
繼承財產之權利，自繼承人確定或管理人選定，或破
產之宣吿時起,六個月內，其時效不完成。

Article 134.一In the case of interruption by presen-
tation of a petition in bankruptcy proceedings if the
creditor withdraws the petition, the prescription is
deemed not to have been interrupted.

Article 135.—In the case of interruption by notice
of the pendency of an action if no action is brought
within six months after termination of the process, the
prescription is deemed not to have been interrupted.

Article 136.—In the case of interruption by institution
of proceedings in execution if the order for execution is
cancelled upon the application of the person entitled, or
on account of the non-fulfilment of legal requirements,
the prescription is deemed not to have been interrupted.

In the case of interruption by presentation of an
application for compulsory execution if the application
is withdrawn or dismissed, the prescription is deemed
not to have been interrupted.

Article 137.—A prescription which has been inter-
rupted recommences to run from the moment when the
cause of interruption ceases.

A prescription which has been interrupted by an
action brought for the satisfaction of the claim recom-
mences to run from the time when the case is decided
or otherwise disposed of without any right of appeal.

Article 138.一An interruption of prescription takes
effect only as between the parties and their successors
and assignees.

Article 139.一If，at the time when the period for
prescription would otherwise mature, the prescription
cannot be interrupted owing to vis major or any other
unavoidable cause, the prescription is not complete before
the expiration of one month from the time when such
obstruction ceases.

Article 140.一The prescription of a claim in favour
of or against the property of a succession is not complete
before the expiration of six months from the time when
the heir is determined, an adminstrator is appointed or
a declaration of bankruptcy is made.


54

民法總則

General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code

55

第~百四十~條無行爲能力人，或限制行爲
能力人之權利，於時效期間終止前六個月內,若無法
定代理人者，自其成爲行爲能力人，或其法定代理人
就職時起，六個月內，其時效不完成。

第一百四十二條無行爲能力人，或限制行爲
能力人，對於其法定代理人之權利，於代理關係消滅
後一年內，其時效不完成。

第~百四十三條夫對於妻或妻對於夫之權
利，於婚姻關係消滅後~年內，其時效不完成。

第一百四十四條時效完成後，債務人得拒絕

給付。

請求權已經時效消滅，債務人仍爲履行之給付
者，不得以不知時效爲理由，請求返還。其以契約承認
該債務,或提出擔保者，亦同。

第一百四十五條以抵押槪質權或留置權擔
保之請求槪雖經時效消滅，債權人仍得就其抵押物
質物或留置物取償。

前項規定，於利息及其他定期給付之各期給付
請求權，經時效消滅者，不適用之。

第一百四十六條主權利因時效消滅者，其效
力及於從權利。但法律有特別規定者，不在此限。

第„百四十七條 時效期間，不得以法律行爲
加長或減短之。並不得預先抛棄時效之利益。

Article 141.—If a person incapable of disposing or
limited in disposing capacity is left without a statutory
agent within six months before the expiration of the
period of prescription, the prescription running against
him is not complete before the expiration of six months
from the time when such person becomes capable of
disposing or when his statutory agent enters upon his
duties.

Article 142.—The prescription of claims of a person
incapable of disposing or limited in disposing capacity
against his statutory agent is not complete before the
expiration of one year after his legal relation to the
statutory agent has ceased.

Article 143.一The prescription of claim of a husband
against his wife or of a wife against her husband is not
complete before the expiration of one year after the
dissolution of marriage.

Article 144.一After the lapse of prescription the
debtor is entitled to refuse performance.

If any act of performance is done in satisfaction of
a claim extinguished by prescription, the value of such
performance may not be demanded back on the ground
that performance has been effected in ignorance of the
prescription. The same rule applies to a contractual
acknowledgment of liability and to the giving of security
by the debtor.

Article 145.—The prescription of a claim for which
there is a mortgage, or a right of pledge, or a right of
retention does not prevent the creditor from satisfying
himself out of the security.

The provision of the preceding paragraph does not
apply when the claim for interest or other periodical
acts of performance has been extinguished by prescrip-
tion.

Article 146.—Unless otherwise provided in this Code,
the extinctive prescription of the principal claim affects
the accessory claims.

Article 147.—The period of prescription cannot be
extended or reduced. The benefit of prescription cannot
be renounced beforehand.


56

民法總則

General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code

57



第七章 權利之行使

第一百四十八條權利之行使，不得以損害他
人爲主要目的。

第一百四十九條對於現時不法之侵害，爲防
衞自己或他人之權利所爲之行爲，不負損害賠償之
責。但已逾越必要程度者，仍應負相當賠償之責。

第一否五十條 因避免自己或他人生命，身體,
自由或財產上急迫之危險，所爲之行爲，不負損害賠
償之責。但以避免危險所必要，並未逾越危險所能致
之損害程度者爲限。

前項情形，其危險之發生，如行爲人有責任者，應
負損害賠償之責。

第一百五十一條爲保護自己權利，對於他人
之自由或財產,施以拘束，押收或毀損者，不負損害賠
償之責。但以不及受官署援助，並非於其時爲之，則請
求權不得實行或其實行顯有困難者爲限。

第一百五十二條依前條之規定，拘束他人自
由，或押收他人財產者，須卽時向官署聲請援助。

前項聲請被駁囘，或其聲請遲延者，行爲人應負
損害賠償之責。

CHAPTER SEVENTH

EXERCISE OF RIGHTS

Article 148.—A right cannot be exercised for the
main purpose of causing injury to another person.

Article 149.一A person acting for the purpose of
defending his own rights or the rights of another person
against any imminent unlawful infringement, is not liable
to make compensation, provided that if anything is done
in excess of what is required for necessary defence, a
reasonable compensation is due.

Article 150.一A person acting for the purpose of
averting an imminent danger threatening the life, body,
liberty or property of himself or of another person, is
not liable to make compensation, provided that the act
is necessary for averting the danger and that the damage
done does not exceed the damage which would have been
caused by the danger.

In the case provided in the preceding paragraph if the
person so acting has contributed to cause the danger,
he is liable to make compensation.

Article 151.一A person who, in order to protect his
rights, exercises constraint over the liberty, or seizes or
destroys the property of another person, is not liable to
make compensation, provided that under the circum-
stances the assistance of the authorities is not obtainable
in due time and there is a danger that if the person does
not act immediately, the exercise of his right will be
rendered impossible or obviously difficult.

Article 152.一A person who takes advantage of the
provisions of the preceding Article in restraining the
liberty of another person or seizing his property must
apply for assistance from the authorities.

If he fails to make such application in due time or
if the application is rejected, he is liable to make
compensation for any injury resulting from his action.

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5C O,<Æ ! 56 _ ˜î¾d_è+£Iô+nÔ¿±+nÔÔ¯®˜ôMœÇ˜d(НHÝûêéfK,dXnâ_ ˜\¿_ ~_p˜ë·dø”<ÀKždnâKžd^n☝›!"dn{øÝû›˜fKždnâ_ ø<6!ð÷Úëf8+r°Ð¾<6˜@QDf_nn»ÝûfZ‚5è+fg9–è+n˜nBf,ršð_pf(øÞM…#_Û!"fKždSnâ<6_è+r«˜f½ÞŒ_pd±høj˜ËdŒü6DfY¿r«#_dËr«Ûdè+r²r«˜fè+aÃr°˜ËrSHÜ«d”!r«kdn{_˘Àpd¾,똢dr«˜fKždZnâ<6@QDdðI,Þ$9›.rø©_p@p@Q˜f_pÞ;r˜Œ@QÆfKždgnâ_ n»Ýû˜@QDdÐތ_p@p˜©d©_p,±gøj˜dÐތ_pg±Zøjã&˜f' / ',. /),2/')/ 4/'/'+//A/'/ -/'4'/ ),'-/A/)%2-/' //A/ ',-)%#$@6%' //A/+2B)-/'. /-/' /)/'/ -/' /4/'/ ++, #B))/'//'./' '/B/'B -/ :;/:C%#$:;%'.+/.-++, / /'.4''/' A+4-/' / B /)%'-4.+// ',))),2 AG/-/'.+/.-++, >5%// /' //A/E7%/+/)) + -)/ E8%"AB -/')/ /'-+-/')A/ E@%DA -++, -A %#$:5%&·'.+/.-++, ',),2/')/ %-B!//'-/'++, /KA //')/ /.+/.# -2./',F/ -/'+/.)/' -/ BG/#/')/ +A //'+/.).2%-.+/. ),2/')/ 4/'+/'-//'/-/',BKA /#/'++, 4''B+)/'KA /+2/'+/.# A,F///'A/'H/-/'A/%#$:7% /'4 B))/' )# A/-/'.+/.-++, B)),2+F/2B/-/'++, /%$+, ''BKAB/ %#$:8% A/BB.///' //A//, )2/+/./4''/'+F/2-/'++, -/' / /#),2+F/2-/'!-A/' -/'++, /E4'/4!/') -/'++, -/' /)4/./' //'/%

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7; O,<Æ ! 75 a£m¢˜_ dn»ÝûÛd(Ðn{ôMœÇ˜¢fKžd,nâ_pn{‡Û×_f(Ýû"›õ+nË^dо@k*‚rœdX×_kd”¯ä"fÃr°k*‚rœd”n{rt@¬HÜfKždžnâŠ×_Ðršð˜ÀpdÁõ_ ˜Ì*rÌËÆf(¢®B,[dIÝû$Þ?›kr”¯ä"fÃr°_pdÁõI×_ÐršðøÃdбĘd•9rµ˜ÈnfKžd¬nâ<6˜@QDdÞ<À,ÐÝûkdÁ@QDa”˜_pdn{Ë,ë*I@QD!ÌÖfÃr°˜ËdÐõ@QDgHÜ«!˜fKždVnâ_ n{‡ÛøŒ_pg±Zøj˜@Qds˜fKžd^nâ_ ˜+ndÌn}1Ýûԛr†Ûd,ën{ª;”ë·[˜Js˜fKg›Ì KždXnâÌ õî¾ÃdÐn{ôMœÇ˜¢f/' ,A/'H),2./# A/BB.///' //A/ B)A /' ,B),2/'+//A/'/ %#$:@%$+, +24/')4-+/' //2/+A ).//' //AG//'2'B/+A//'D/-/',A 2#A BA /-4/')4 KA),2/' //A/%')-/ +/),B/D) D+/' %#$::%/)) + )++,' .'//)+)' '/'/2-/' G/A / /'4 B))/' //A//4' ,F/ /-/'+/-A,4-%',B+/)++,/A /,,-' '-/'/,A/4''' ,+)A,-' /+/) + %#$:<%1' A/ ),2.+/.-++, /2/4//'G //A/-/' /#2++,4'' / /)/'/+22//'A/-'B./' A/))A)B)%'/ +/),B+A /,+)4/'/'+/' -+/')/-/' A/%#$:M%¾ /+2,) B)/2/+,2 A/-/'.+/.-++, ),2+F/2B/-/4!/') -/'++, -/' /%#$:C% /+2,) B),2)-/'A//'/-2/ /) 4'A+ / A'/'///,+.)2+)4/'/ //A/%{% #$:6%S-A)/+A /#,-. //#BA/'H/,2./-+/'+//A/'/ %

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77 O,<Æ ! 78 K¬dnâ£mÌ kdÐmÏ?Ýûf(ørÏ?kd”¯ä"fÏ?ÝûdÐü,[fYd¿ÔÏÌ*fK¬dSnâÌ £mÛdÐ+r°½8fnfYfZ¤Hfgô+nÔ¿±+nÔf,Ì*˜5%,F/E7%+E8%'),'-E@%'//+A/-/ / E:%')/-/'./E<%'+ ))+ -/')/ EM%'+//-/'4-/')/ / //'-A)/#A'+//' ,+)%C%')-/ D /#A')' ,-D)%'-A)/ ',. /),2/')/ 4/'/'+//A/'/ -/'--),'-%'/-)4+/+A /,-)//'/+-. //%#$<7%&·'.H/)+/')-)+ G//-/'-A)/ ',)/+),2/'-A)/'/-)4+/%-/'.H/ B))/'/-)4G+/ A--/-/'+//B ../'+/')-)+ //#/'A/+2/'/-2/ /)/2/ A'+ A +2, 2%#$<8%/'A -+/./',F/-/'-A)/B./ /2#/'A/+2+)-2/'.H/-/'-A)//'/-/'-A)#/')/ #2/ /)/2%#$<@%-/')/ //2//'/-)4+/#/') +2/'/-2/ /)/2,))A)B),2/'A/%

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8; O,<Æ ! 85 KVdVnâ"S!b[! Œj¿a ŒjdÐn{,›þ#[˜ª¢f(q,j;BdÐ1IËg¿±dÚnl[zÔ@êkd”¯ä"fKVd^nâ"S!b[rJn{,›þ#[˜ª¢dÔ!˜nù!dÌÖfKVdXnâ"S!b[rJn{,›þ#[˜ª¢dÔm˜ð"dr²¾,›þ#[˜'©d[ÖbfK^dnâÃnâð"´Á[dn{›_HÜøj˜‚"rrÅ*,›þ#[d½rJI'©fdõÃr°‚"«d,›þ#[”!½rkdrV!ÜÔ'©fK^d_nâ"S!b[dõ"SaªnXd'©IÔm˜ð"kdI'r¾~,›þ#[˜'©dޝ_ÖbfÃn❛dõÃr°n‹–_\˜fK^dZnâ"S!b[Ôm˜ðøvdJ¾'©Ãd´Á[n{Þ+טf(mð"Ûr]I‚n{Þª¢kd”¯ä"fK^dgnâ"S!b[r\r_”4[¦I!Þ!b[Њn{,›þ#[˜ª¢kdI,!!ÞÖf#$MM%1' +/)) ./2+ B )/-//#/'B-/' //A/2./ 2#A /')/-/// //'+KA /-.)B/.//' --).//'.) /).-/' +/)) ./2%#$MC%SA/FA //4'' +/)) ./2/ /4/'A//'B-' //A/2./ B)%#$M6%+/)) ./2/ ///4/'A//'B-' //A/2./#/'//,+ B)A/-/,2/' //A/2./%#$C;%'/'/2//'//+G/)/')./+2-D)#/ /'+/'#)KA //' //A/2.//)4/' A')4'/'/'//'//%-/' //A/2./) /.B)-/ 44/'/',B!+/))#/'/-/ )+)/'B,-A )%#$C5%1'/'A -4'' 3 ) ./2 +/)' ) )#/'/-/-/'//4'''' BA 2/)/' /' +B)/2 /'/-' //A/2./%'B -/')./2 //' B))-/')..'%#$C7%-/-/-/'//+),2 +/)) ./2#/'/'/2 //)/ )/#A '4#//'/+4'/4 /)/#/'//'B-/' //A/2./')/,.B%#$C8%FA //),2 +/)) ./2 B)A' ,2A .)/-A+ ' )A)/'/'/2/,B

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87 O,<Æ !88 K^d,nâ,›þ#[dª¢"S!b[ˆ±˜Ì*r"S!b[d1Ì*ވ±˜bfK^džnâ,›þ#[dª¢"S!b[ùm8kd"S!b[dëõI8rÞ!bf"S!b[d1I8ޔ÷‚˜n‹–Ûd,›þ#[dn{nZIª¢ÞVÐ"S˜fKg· ŒjK^d¬nâŒ[Ìnç!I ŒjÔ`¼˜dþ! ŒjkdI Œjd”ª˜ÌÖf(In‹–!´Á[Ôü]kd”¯ä"fK^dVnâŒ[~´Á[·Qþ!rH@1 ŒjkrI ŒjÌÖf(”n{øIÌÖdÁ¤rKg[ffrH@1 Œjd¯ür°,!kdG\ëõr°,!˜›fK^d^n⠌j˜«™Þy¬rЌ[ð]I+n‹I”! ŒjkdŒ[n{nZI ŒjÞV˜f(øIy¬Ð”]+n‹d¢_Œ[‰˜@0k!"f…+[˜ødÐJ˜Ì/dðtøj©! kdIy¬drV! Œj«™˜y¬f/'/'')-A/2/'/''),/)/'B-' //A/2./%#$C@%-/' //A/2./+/)) ./2' A/'H)/'///) -//2#/' ' -A) .G/2 ///' )/2%#$C:%-/' //A/2./+/)) ./2' A/'H)/'///2,A ))/2# A' ' -A) ./2 ///' ),A %'A/'H/+2,B)# //),2/' //A/2./-/' +/)) ./2B '+ -/,,-2./',A /'A A/'H)%8%!"#$C<%)/-// /B),2 -/'-//'//')/))//)/,,A),2/#A A'-/4 4//'/'/2%#$CM%-//A )/-//+),2/')/A 4/'/'/'/2 B)#,A//'-/-/ ,.B)/, /A. /'/')/2%-/'-//A )/-//4 /))/B/'FA //#/'B -4G./' A'/'FA // '2%#$CC%)/-//+2,B)),2/')/-'4 /.A)+ / //'A/-/')/-//')'4/' //--#'4A)/'B+)/')/EB))/'//'+ //'.-/' //--4 /)A//')/3 ..%+ /./'KA-/ -/'/'/2/'/A-/'.4''d)./)2). #.)) /# ',)+)+ / //'A/-/')/-//%

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8@ O,<Æ ! 8: K^dXn⠌jdªrÂ:[ÐrÂ:ÚërÂ:”¼kdn{âkÃn☝›dÞV˜fKXdnâÃZnâ˜ÞVÆd Œjd¾@_ËþnXfKXd_nâ1K^d^nâ¿K^dXn☝›dÞV ŒjÛdŒ[Áõ¦I Œj!ÞÖþa&”˜´Á[ÐKg[dÐ&µª‚f(IÞV˜aªda”[ü]Ðn{þ]kd”¯ä"fKXdZn⪗r_œÐ—‰dþ! ŒjkdŒ[n{ÞVI Œjf(r_œ·_Kg[Ô!kdø´Á[ü]I+¼Ðn{þ]k!"dn{ÞV˜f—r_œþ!˜ ŒjdIÞV”n{ø˜Á¤rKg[fKXdgnâÃnâ˜ÞVdÐõïr_œÐ‰^ßd_Ë«!˜f( Œjr¾@dËd”n{ÞVfKXd,nâÁ[! ŒjkdI Œjdø´Á[YÛdï[ÖbfKXdžnâ¢Áþ! ŒjkdI Œjdø·]:Q´Á[Ûrï[Öbf(B+ט·]dÛЋÛ:Qkd”¯ä"f#$C6%)/-//4''' ,/2/ +//),2/' //A/+2)-/ / + +2,B))A)/' +)/ B))-/')./%#$6;%S'.'/-B)B))/',B/4/ D/.A '),2 /-/D )4/'2-+/')/-/')/%#$65%-)/-// B))A)/CC/C6d/')/ '++ /-2)+.4''/'/'/22/')/2+2'B A /),22.A/'B)/2-/')/#A /'FA)/24#')/'+ -4.#-/'.A)4''/')/4 B),%#$67%S-)/-// A),2-A),2)A /')/+2B)/%-/')/24 .A/2-/'-A)/')/+2,B))2-/'/'/24/'-A)')/'+ -4./%'B)-)/-///'.A)--A)/, /A. /'/')/2%#$68%'.'/-B)A)/')G./ ',D )4/'2-+/')/4'/'-A)4 ) B)4'/')A )%'.'/-B) ,)-/2 'B ) /'+.-/')/-//%#$6@%S)/-//() *,+ --/B//'++/4'/' /4'+/ +)A) /) /%Q""3%-,//D G #/'' '/ ¨´Á[ '/ /) ( / 'A),/)#'4B#/'//'' '/ A) 4'#/'A.'/ //2( "++A/4/''/',2/'%#$6:%S)/-// ,+ --/B//'++/4'/'/-/-/')/' /'/'/2#A /-/-B/' A'/'/2BA 2 +A/A 2%

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8< O,<Æ ! 8M Œ[dõï·]åsÐ0!bdÐI!ba"SkdI Œjd”ª˜0IÖbfKXd¬nâ£Ì!b[Ð"S!b[! ŒjkdøI·]:QI,›þ#[Ûdï[ÖbfKXdVnâŒ[d¢ª‰˜@0”]´Á[˜‘¤d¢Ôkdn{1O+ra¤,®jÔ:˜›dø®jÔ:! Œj˜·]fKXd^nâQ ŒjdÐnžË…+[˜BÞd”n{í%õÔ\˜Ø)fK,·nⁿ‚"KXdXnâþßn⁘,!rõnâ"1Ûdï[Öbfðn⁘,!dõnâ"1Ûr0IÖbf1…+[˜$"d4nâ"1˜Öd”õnâ"1˜Ûï[kd1I$"fKSõnân⁘,!…+[dõnâ"IJ›ÃdðÞ&”´Á[ªnâ"1ÔÐn{;B˜!kd&µ&”˜ª‚fKSõgSnâªnâ"1þa”;B˜…+[d½ø”M…ÐœIn⁘"1kdrV!n⁊"1f'-//'//')/) #,+ ,-) .# +/)) ./2-//') /'-/'/-/-/')/ '/+/'B)/2-/')/-//%#$6<%)/-//+)/ ,-) .+/)) ./2,+ --/B4'/'/-/-/')/' /' //A/2./%#$6M%-)/#)A/-A/' /# ./-/'+) )-/'/'/2/'/-/-/')/+2,--/),2 B,2A,/)4/'/'B -/')-B)A.B. B,2A,/%#$6C%/'///-)/-/-/'/A//+A /, A.'//'/'/'/+.-/'4) D %@%SS#!###$#$66%!FA // A,F//)/)/,+ --/B/'-A-+/-/')/%FA // A,F//)/ A, KA/ /,--/B/'-A-+/-/')/%-#).//' .+/-/'/ /' KA -/'-A-+/-/')/ '///'/+/'/'/+--A-+/# A' .+/ '.B%#$5;;%/' -FA ///)/ A,F//)/)/#/' 4'' #)A./'/+)./'-A-+/#)2/)+ './')B/. 4''/'/'/24A)'B)B)-+/'-A-+/-/')/# ,-2)+. A/./'-+%#$5;5%-/'-A-+/-)/ B/),2++ ,2/'/2/4' ) )B/./4A)/#/')/ )+)/'B,-A-)%

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