Simple Malay Grammar for the Use of Schools

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Simple

MALAY GRAMMAR

For the Use of Schools
by R. O. WINSTEDT, c.m.g... D. litt. (OXON).

V ’ - ■

FIRST EDITION (1929)
SECOND EDITION (1949)

KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED

SINGAPORE.

1949




Simple

Malay Grammar

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS

BY

SIR RICHARD WINSTEDT
K. B. E-, C- M. G-, D. LITT. (Oxon)
READER IN MALAY, UNIVERSITY OF LONDON.

FIRST EDITION (l929)

SECOND EDITION (l949)

SINGAPORE.

KELLY & WALSH, LIMITED

19 4 9




PHONETICS.

Pronunciation must be learnt by talking with Malays.
And dialect so holds the field, that the so-called standard Malay
of Riau-Johore is hardly more than a phrase. Every State has
a slightly different dialect: and up the rivers of any one State
(like Perak) there are often as many dialects as there are villages.

The following are general rules.

Vowels.

A long as in path; short as in French patte, nearly like u
in punt.

E as in fete, i.e. as ay in may; short as in pen.

I long as ee in week, short as i in hit, fling, fin, thin.

O long as in bone; short it is close as in pillow, not the
low open o of not, what or even the o of trop.

U long as in truth; short as in pull, put.

E an indeterminate sound like E that would result from
trying to differentiate knot and not, knave and nave, practically
our a in along, abide, attend as ordinarily pronounced in
sentences; an almost imperceptible sound near to an open lax i:
between an explosive and an l or an r it is reduced in standard
Malay practically to nothing—Keling, keying. The symbol is
therefore sometimes omitted in romanized Malay, e.g. bĕrapa or
brapa.

Diphthongs.

AI as in Kaiser and sometimes as in maid.

AU as in cow and sometimes as in know.

In unaccented syllables, the vowels are less clearly defined
than jn accented. Hence the interchange in dialects of A
and E, I and E, O and U, AI and AY, AU and
OW, e.g. angkau, Ä•ngkau; penget, pengit; ekor, ekur; telok, teluk;
tĕrlampau, tĕrlampow; sungai, sungay.

In Peninsular Malay final -ut and -us is pretty constant,
angkut, herut, pĕrut, barut, bagus, utus, putus but in the
same dialect where one gets tidor, tutor, tangkup, there are


2

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

also found atur, tupop, kulop; so that a system of phonetic
spelling wo ild have to take account of exceptions rather than
of rules.

Vowels are generally long in accented syllables ending in a
vowel, e.g. ki-rim, sl ku, iiie-rah, go-poh, be ll

Vowels are short in syllables closed by a consonant, e.g.
ban-tu, g.an-ti, pan-tun, tĕm-pat, bim-bang, bin-tat, lombong, i-kat,
ma-ris, ki-rim, se-ring.

Vowels in final syllables not closed by a consonant are half
long.

Ganti, pipi, biri, kupu, tiga, chinta, sĕmambu, bulu.

Consonants.

B as in English.

CK a palatal, nearly as chat, church.

D as in plunder, finding.

G as geese, get, never as in germ, gin.

H a slight breathing rather than an aspirate except when
great emphasis is desired, e.g. huru-hara; in which case even a
word like ingin which is never spelt with an H is pronounced higin.
It is sounded distinctly between two similar vowels, e.g. bohong,
leher, jahat, Pahang: in words like jahit, pahit, it is merely a semi-
vowel. It is also distinct as a final.

J nearly as in jump, jingle; strictly a superdental, e.g.
anjong, jĕnis, except when followed by A when it is palatal, e.g.
jadi, jantan.

K as in kiss, kick. At the end of a word, it always repre-
sents a ‘glottal check' or abrupt closing of a final vowel repre-
sented by stopping the breath; this ‘gottal check' is sometimes
romanized, e.g. pokok or poko.’

L practically as in English; but the English L is formed
with the tongue flattened, the Malay with the tongue pointed.

M as in English.

N as in mended, banded, rounded.


PHONETICS.

3

NG as in sing, banging, never as in tingle, sponging.

NY as in new, nude, or NI in minion (never as N in no);
the Spanish N.

P as in English but as a final often reduced before a
vowel to a mere glottal check.

R like the Soctch guttural R in Perak , and the Northern
States; in the South as in English only more distinct.

S as in sister or hiss, not his; i.e. always clearly enunciated.

T as in top, toddle: as a final often reduced, like P, before
a vowel to a mere glottal check—empa orang.

W as in English.

Y as in English.

Arabic Sounds.

Though they can rarely pronounce them, Malays have
incorporated in their alphabet letters representing foreign
Arabic sounds.

Tha=TH but commonly pronounced S, e. g. thalatha
pronounced as sĕalasa, ithnain as isnain.

Ha =H a strong aspirate, never omitted in spelling or
pronunciation, e.g. hakim, hukum, hak, haji.

Kha—KH, a hard guttural like CH in loch, commonly
pronounced by Malays as K, e.g. kkabar.

Dzal=dDZ, Z or corrupted J.

Za—English Z, e.g. zaman, often corrupted to J, e.g. zanggi,
janggi.

Shim=SH, often corrupted to S.

Sad=S, often corrupted to S.

D!ad=DL pronounced by the educated as dth, e.g. ha*hir,
retha, kathi but by the ignorant in some words as L, e.g. rela
and sometimes it=D, e.g. feduli.

Ta, a strongly articulated palatal T but pronounced by
Malays as ordinary T.

Tla, a strongly articulated palatal Z but in Malay speech
L or DH, e.g. lohor, dhohor.


4

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

‘ain, a strong guttural commonly pronounced as ordinary
A, e.g. adat. In some Roman systems it is represented by
A A or 'A, e.g. maana, ‘adat.

Chain, GH pronounced as a burred R, e.g. ghaib, arib
maghrib, mashghul.

Fa^F, pronounced as P by Malays, e.g. paham, arip.

Kaf, a deep faucal K, in Malay ordinary K.

These sounds need not trouble the beginner in Malay nor
indeed the advanced student much. The Arabic characters will
be found in the Appendix.

Accent.

There is no strong accent on any syllable in Malay word.

Ordinarily the stress, such as it is, falls on the penultimate,
i.e. the last syllable but one; the only important exception
being that when the penultimate is e in an open syllable and
rarely in a closed, then the stress falls on the last syllable,
e.g. serf, enam, Ä•ntah, Ä•mpat

In words built up of suffixes, e.g. chakap, chakapan, tabu,
ketahui', kereta-nya, the root keeps its original stress and the
new penultimate is prolonged—except that when the suffix -kan
is placed after a stem ending in a consonant, no prolongation
takes place, e.g. tampalkan, tuangkan.

THE ARTICLE.

I. There is no article definite or indefinite in Malay.

Sungai the river, a river; rumah the house, a house; kuching
the cat, a cat; pengail the fisherman, a fisherman; sahaya buat
nimah I build a house; sahaya tangkap ikan I caught a fish; lebar-
lah sungai the river is broad; busoklah ikan (all) the fish is rotten;
jahat-nya budak the naughtiness of the boys; lihat kuasa Tuhan
behold the power of the Lord.

II. There are a few seeming exceptions:—*

(a) When it is desired to indicate particular objects,
the place of the definite article is taken by the demonstrative
pronouns ini this here and itu that yonder.


THE NOUN.

5

Sungai itu the (i.e. yonder) river. Sungai ini the (i.e. this
here) river. Ikan itu busok the (i.e. yon particular) fish is rotten.

(b) In a few contexts and in honorifics the word yang
is used without an antecedent and has the force of a definite
article. In honorifics it corresponds to our idiom ‘his/

Yang merah jadi the red will do; sahaya suka yang tinggi 1

like the tall one; yang chapek datang bĕrtongkat the lame came on
crutches; yang bĕrhormat tuan Resident the Honourable the Resident,
his Honour the Resident.

•(c) Si- is applied to persons in familiar or contemptuous
address and to animals with affection or superstitious respect.
Often it may be translated ‘Mr/ Prefixed to proper names, it
corresponds to the vulgarisms 'our/ ‘old/

Si-mati the deceased; si-bodoh the fool, a fool; si-anu Mr. So
and So; si-cherd&k Mr. Wiseman; si-beruang Mr. Bear; si- Ali
Master Ali, ‘old’ Ali. Datang si-pengail Up came the fisherman.
Si-bodob kĕna tipu A (or the) fool gets cheated. Mana hilang si-
Mĕriam? Where has ‘our’ Mary vanished? Si-chelaka itu The
rascal there.

(d) The numeral satu, sa- one in some contexts corres-
ponds to an indefinite article.

Pada satu masa Once up oft a time. Pada satu hari On a
(certain) day. Ada-lah sa-orang KÄ•ling There was a Tamil. Ada
satu tĕmpat There is a place. Ini-lab satu pasu yang chantek Now

this is a vase which is pretty.

THE NOUN.

The Malay noun undergoes no inflection to denote gender,
number or case.

I. Gender is defined by placing the words laki-laki male
and pĕrĕmpuan female after nouns denoting persons and jantan
male and bĕtina female after nouns denoting animals and coarsely
after nouns denoting persons.

Budak pĕrĕmpuan girl; anak laki-laki, anak jantan boy; orang
beliaa female person; lembu jantan hull; kucbing bĕtina she-cat;
kuching jantan tom cat.


6

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

II. Number is determined

(a) by context.

Bawa sahaya tongkat Bring me a walking-stick. (If more
than the usual one stick is required, it must be expressed in
the ways described in the next sections).

Tuan mau makan buah? Do you wish to eat fruit, sir? Tuan suka
barang perak? You are fond of silver-ware, sir? Oraug China siika
b ain judi Chinese love gambling. Datang orang Ja^va minta kĕrja

tukang kebun A Javanese came asking for a gardener s job.
Sahaya mau beli rokok I want to buy {native) cigarettes. Sahaya
mau isap rokok I want to smoke a cigarette.

(b) By numerals and numerals plus coefficients (p. 29)
and words like banyak, sĕmua, sadikit—for the syntax of these
vide words p.26.

Datang banyak orang Jawa minta kĕrja kĕbun There came a
number of Javanese asking for estate work. BÄ•ri sahaya buah
manggis sadikit Give me a few mangosteens. SÄ•mua tuan suka ba.ang

perak All European gentlemen like silver-ware. BÄ•ri rckok
sa-batang Give me a cigarette.

(c) By reduplication to form a plural with variety in it.
Lĕmbu-lĕmbu different kinds of cattle.

Bunga-bunga different kinds of flowers.

Tuan-tuan gentlemen of various degree.

Barang-barang various sorts of goods.

It is to be noted that very many words like darah blood,
nasi cooked rice, kaki leg, jantong heart, and so on, descriptive
o things of which there is no patent variety, are never re-
duplicated.

III. Case is determined by context and by prepositions.
One noun following another is in the genitive.

Bawa pisau fetch a knife', pisau bĕsi a knife of steel. Kepab ular
the head of a snake. Bĕri Sahaya, or bĕri (ka*) pada sahaya
give to me. Pulang rumah, pulang ka-rumah return to ones
home. Bangun tidor, bangun dari-pada tidor rise from sleep. Potong
cĕngan parang cut with a chopper. Tinggal rumah, tinggal di-rumah


THE ADJECTIVE.

7

stay at home. Mari lain hari, mari pada lain hari! come on
another day l

IV. The more important classes of derivative nouns
are: —

(1) Nouns from prefix pĕ-j-, denoting persons and things.

Rompak to commit piracy, perompak pirate; gerek to bore,
pengerek and; lontar to throw, pĕlontar missile; sidai to hang to
dry, penyidai clothes' line.

(2) Nouns formed from suffix-j-an.

Tutup to shut, tutupan a lid; pakai to pakaian clothes.

Some of these denote collectivity, plurality, extent—laut sea,
lautan ocean; tanam to plant, tanaman plants; and in this sense
are often found with the root reduplicated buah-buahan fruits
of all sorts, tanam-tanaman plants of all kinds.

(3) Nouns of the form pe-j- . . . -(-an, mostly abstract
denoting quality and faculty.

Chari to seek, work for a living, pencharian source of livelihood;
rasa to feel, pĕrasaan feeling; ajar to teach, pengajaran teaching.

(4) Nouns of the form kĕ—(— . . . -)-an, denoting condi-
tion or state.

Sĕmpit narrow, kĕsĕmpitan narrowness, esp. of means; kurus
thin kĕkurusan thinness', lempah to flow, kelempahan out-flowing
esp. of charily', bĕsar great, kĕbĕsaran (1) greatness (2) mark
of greatness, insignia.

These nouns can stand as predicate as well as subject.
Sahaya kĕhilangan tongkat I am in the fix of having lost my stick.

THE ADJECTIVE.

I. As attribute, the adjective follows the noun it qualifies;
the demonstrative pronoun, if employed, coming behind it.

Orang kurus thin man or men.

Orang kurus itu that thin man or those thin men.


8

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

Orang bĕrbini a married man or married men.

Orang bĕrbini itu that married man or those married men.

II. As predicate (a) the adjective may come after the
noun, when, if noun~|-adjective only are used, the predicative
use is distinguished from the attributive merely by intonation:—

Orang kurus the man is thin, stress being laid on kurus-

If a demonstrative or posse;sive pronoun is used, the
pronoun now comes before the adjective.

Orang-nya kurus his man is thin.

Orang itu kurus that man (or' those men) is (or are) thin.

Orang-nya itu kurus that man (or those men) of his (is or
are) thin.

(b) Oftener as predicate, the adjective comes first, (with
or without the emphatic -lah) and the noun follows:—

Kurus (-lah) orang itu thin is the man (or are those men).

Kurus (-lah) orang-nya itu, thin is that man (or are those
men) of his.

NOTE I. Nouns denoting material and place can be
used adjectivally.

Rumah papan wooden house (or houses), lit. a house (or houses)
of wood; adat Pahang Pahang custom (or customs); anak China
a Chinese (or the Chinese).

NOTE II. Adjectives may be reduplicated (p. 18). or
built up of the affixes bĕr + (p. 15), ter + (p. 16), and rarely
of the substantival suffix-]-an-

Comparison of Adjectives.

I. If a person or thing is compared with another as
being like or equal to it in some respect, then this 'compa-
rison of equality of degree as it is called is expressed

(a) by order of words, antithesis and intonation:—


THE ADJECTIVE.

9

Pĕrĕmpuan tinggi laki-laki a woman as tall as a man°. Rumah
bĕsar gunong a house as big as a mountain.

(b) by sama (often abbreviated to sa- where euphony
admits) with and without dĕngan or saperti following:—

A Hindu craftsman is as clever as a Chinese, may be ex-
pressed—

Tukang Hindu tukang China sama pandai-nya.

Sama pandai tukang Hindu tukang China.

Tukang Hindu sama pandai dĕngan (or saperti) tukang China

(juga).

NOTE (1) The words of comparison sama or saperti may
come also before the word denoting the person or thing with
whom or which the subject of the sentence is compared.

Tukang Hindu sama (or saperti) tukang China pandai-nya).

NOTE (2) The person or thing with which the subject
is compared must always be expressed.

Ada-kah tukang pandai ini? Ada-kah tukang sama pandai
saperti ini? Is there a craftsman as clever? In Malay must be
added, as this.

II. No distinction is made between Comparative and
Superlative, botu of these degrees being expressed by—

(a) order, intonation and antithesis.

Tukang Hindu tukang China, pandai tukang China Of Hindu
and Chinese craftsmen, cleverer are the Chinese.

Tukang China, tukang Hindu, tukang Melayu, pandai tukang

China Of Chinese, Hindu and Malay craftsmen, cleverest are
the Chinese.

(b) dari or better dari-pada.

Pandai tukang China daripada tukang Hindu Clever is the
Chinese craftsman above the Hindu. Baripada tukang China,
tukang Hindu, tukang Melayu, pandai takang China Of Chinese,
Hindu and Malay craftsmen, the cleverest is the Chinese. Sa-
orang tukang pandai daripada tukang se:nua The cleverest of all


10

COLLOQUIAL MAI AY.

the craftsmen. Daripada tukang Melayu dia-lah pandai Of Malay
craftsmem he is the cleverest.

These last two constructions can be emphasized by the
addition of—

(c) yang.

Tukang China tukang Hindu, yang pandai tukang China The

Chinese craftsman is cleverer than the Hindu. Tukang China,
tukang Hindu, tukang MÄ•layu, yang pandai tukang China or da-
ripada tukang China tukang Hindu tukang Melayu, yang pandai tu-
kang China Of Chinese, Hindu and Malay craftsmen, the Chinese
is the cleverest.

(d) Intensative adverbs—Iebeh, lagi more, kurang less,
sangat, amat, tĕrlampau, terlalu, sa-kali very.

Tukang China, tukang Hindu, (yang) lĕbeh pandai tukang China.
(Daripada) tukang China, tukang Hindu, tukang Melayu, (yang)
pandai sa-kali tukang China.

III. The superlative absolute may be expressed by

(a) reduplication, which however is not very common: —

Potong pendek-pendek Cut it very short.

Panjang-panjang rambut-nya Very long was his hair.

(b) sa-)-reciuplication, in a few adverbial phrases:—

DÄ•ngan sa-boleh-boleh-nya To the utmost extent of ones
abilities.

(c) a few phrases, e.g. nyamok bukan main, lit. the mosquitoes
were no child's play=were very many.

(d) most commonly of'all, by the above-mentioned in-
tensative adverbs of degree:—

Budak tĕrlampau jahat, budak jahat sangat. budak jahat sa-
kali, budak jahat amat, or budak terlampau jahat sa-kali A very
bad boy..

THE VERB.

Voice.

Context determines the voice of the Malay verb, though
the simple verb generally expresses the active.


THE VERB.

11

Sad*?! sahava buka pĕti itu I’ve opened that box. Choba tengok
surat khabar Please look at the newspaper. Jangan buang sisa itu

Don't throw away the leavings. ?Nak bĕlah papan ini (One) must
split this plank. Sudah helah It has been split. Mau-kah dapat
toiong Do you want to get profit? Apa dapat sahaya tĕrima
Whatever is got or whatever I get I'll take it.

Mood.

There is no inflexion to mark mood.

Sabaya rasa I feel. Supaya sahaya rasa So that I may feel.
Mudah-mudahan sahaya rasa May I feell Rasa-lah Feel it. Rasa
pun jadi-kh To feel it serves. Orang rasa tĕntu suka A. person-
feeling it will assuredly be pleased.

Tense.

There is no inflexion to mark time relation, i.e. tense.

Sahaya deagar I hear or I am hearing. Esok sahaya dĕngar

To-morrow I shall hear or shall be hearing. Dahulu sahaya dĕngar
bagihi I heard to that effect formerly. BÄ•lum orang tahu, sahaya
dĕngar Before folk knew, I had heard of it.

To emphasize present time, words like sĕkarang ini now, lagi
still, tengah in the midst of.

Bila hiak bertolak When will (the ship) start? Sekarang ini
kapal bĕlayar, kelasi tiada naik darat lagi, tĕngah angkat sauh,

Now at once the ship is setting sail, the sailors are not coming
ashore any more, and are engaged in raising the anchor.
Lagi Ä•ngkau bohong So still you lie?

The imperfect is emphasized by words like lagi still, tĕngah,

sĕdang iw the midst of, while.

Lagi dis tidor sahaya pĕrchek ayer While he was still sleeping,
I sprinkled him with water. TÄ•ngah sahaya chukor, pisau hilang

While I was shaving my razor vanished.

The future is emphasized by words such as esok to-morrow,
iusa the day after to-morrow, kemudian afterwards;t lagi any more;
or man desire, will—mainly colloquial; hĕndak (coll, ’nak ’ndak)


12

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

desire, ivish, will; nanti will, lit. await—colloquial and purely
temporal, with no suggestion of wish or desire; akan about
to, will, lit. for, not in colloquial use except in conjunction
with the negative ta’.

Mau datang-kah Will you (lit. do you want to) come? Ya, nanti
sahaya choba Yes, Fit try (lit. wait, I try). Ta* akan (Ä•ngkau)
sĕmpat It is unlikely you'll have time. ’Nak chari jalan juga l

shall seek means dit. a way anyhow).

Past time is emphasized by sudah, habis, (and in literature
tĕlah), also by such context words as kalmarin formerly, sa-
malam the night before last.

Sudah menang Have we won? Sampai sĕkarang kalah-lah
musoh sĕmua Up to date all our enemies have been beaten. Habis,
sahaya pulang In conclusion, I went home.

The imperative, ordinarily expressed by the simple verb
(i.e. without affix), may be softened from command to ex-
hortation by words like hĕndak, mau my wish is [that), harus
it were proper, baik it were well, choba try, please, silakan please,
biar let.

’Nak (or mau) dua orang naik bukit Two of you must climb
the hill. Biar dia bangun Let him arise. Sila tuan dudok Please
be seated.

To be, to have.

The copula is omitted in Malay:—

Kuching itu gemok The cat is fat. Orang itu tĕrlampau lokck

That person is very mean. BÄ•lum baik lagi It is not yet right.
Bukan sikit kerja-nya His occupations are many. Tidak terang It

is not clear.

Ada is, are, be (which the European feels he must use as
a copula) is a word expressing presence, existence:—

Ada sekarang anak-nya His child is in existence now. Masa
pĕrang itu, ĕngkau sudah ada, sahaya belurn At the time of the
war you were in existence, I was not yet born. Ada-lah suatu pulau


THE VERB.

13

There existed a certain island. Tuan ada Is the master at hornet
Ada He is {here).

Ada alone or with a preposition commonly expresses
have:—

Tuan ada topi Have you a hat? Ada I have. Ada kapada
sahaya suatu pĕrahu There belongs to me a vessel.

Have, own, possess is also expressed in literature and
conversation b}’ me-mi!ek especially in speaking of land dia tiada
mĕmilek tanah He has no land; and oftener in literature than
in comersation by mĕmpunyai—Budak yang tiada mempunyai akal

A boy who possessed no sense.

Number, Person.

There is no inflexion to denote number or person:—

Sahaya buang I (or we) throw.

Engkau buang you throw.

Ia, dia buang he, she or they throw.

The Simple Verb.

When the simple uninflected form of the verb is used, the
action or experience denoted by the verb itself is the logical
subject of the sentence, not the agent or patiens denoted by
9 noun or pronoun which according to our syntax is the gram-
matical subject. So in conversation the simple form of the
verb is used almost always in preference to the mĕ-derivative,
which throws stress on the agent or patiens. This is due to
the fact that in Malay it is impolite (and till lately was con-
sidered unlucky) to emphasize the agent (or subject of a state
or condition) to lay stress on ‘I/ ‘we/ thou/ 'you/ ‘he/ 'she/
‘they/ Stress was laid on the act, or the experience.

Jikalau ada ayer, mau basoh tangan If there is water, a wash
will be desirable. Choba engkau bawa Please bring. Hukum
sahaya tĕrima The decision has my acceptance. Itu-lah yang
sahaya buat kalmarin That was my action the other day. Ku-
tĕgahkan, ia pĕrgi juga My forbidding did not prevent his going.


14

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

With this use of the simple verb is associated the idio-
matic form di -j- simple verb (followed by the noun or pronoun
unobtrusively denoting agent or patiens) to express the passi\ e.

Jangan kain di-makan gĕgat Don't let the cloth he moth-eaten.
GÄ•dong di-magan api A shop destroyed by fire. Gula di-hurong
sĕmut Sugar infested by ants. ’Dah naik gunong, di-chari-nya buah

After climbing the mountain, fruit was his quest, lit., fruit was
in the way of being sought by him.

me -\-

This formative causes certain changes in the initial letter
of the root to which it is prefixed:—

(1) When the root begins with N, NG, NY, M, W, Y, L,
R then me- is prefixed and no alteration occurs.

Mĕnilaikan appraise, mĕnganga open one s mouth, mĕnyala
flare, mĕmaki abuse, mĕwakilkan empower as agent, depute, mĕ-
lompat leap, mĕrĕbut snatch.

(2) When it begins with H, K, G, A or any other vowel,
then meng- is prefixed and in the case of K. the initial letter
is dropped.

Menghambat chase, mengamok charge, (kisar) mĕrigisar re-
volve, mĕnggamit beckon, mĕngejek tease, mĕngupah engage for
wages or a fee.

(3) When the initial letter is B, or P, mem- is prefixed
and initial P is dropped.

Membunoh slay, (pikul) memikul carry a weight on the back.

(4) When it is CH, J. D or T, men- is used and initial T
is dropped.

Mĕnchabut extract, menjabat touch, mĕndĕngar (or menĕngar)
hear, (tangkap) menangkap catch hold of.

(5) When it is S then meny- is prefixed and S drops

out.

Sabit, mĕnyabit reap with reaping-hook.


THE VERB.

15

The prefix me -j- can be affixed to simple verbs or secondery
stems lengthened by the suffixes i, or kan.

Prefixed to the former, it commonly forms verbs from
nouns, adjectives, adverbs and other parts of speech.

Gĕtah rubber, lime, mĕnggĕtah to lime {birds)] tepi edge,
menĕpi go aside] kail hook, mĕngail angle] sa-berang over stream,
across, mĕnyaberang to go across.

me-derivatives are really adjectival or rather participial
and connect an action, state or condition with an agent or
subject or primary act, condition, or state.

(1) They are used even in conversation after words like
pergi go, daiang come, mau, hendak desire, wish, boleh be able,

, pandai clever at, tĕmpat place for.

Pĕrgi mĕmburu go hunting; dudok mĕnjahit sit sewing; datang
mĕngamok come charging] pandai mĕnipu clever at cheating;
tĕmpat mĕmbuat rumah place for making a house.

But mau, hĕndak (or ’nak) and boleh have come to have
the force of mere auxiliaries and in colloquial Malay are used
generallay with the simple form of the verb. And after pĕrgi
in the inperative, the simple form is usual—pergi buru go and
hunt.

(2) Otherwise me- derivatives are employed in colloquial
Malay, only where there is great emphasis on the agent, i.e.

on our grammatical subject, e.g. after ada and yang.........Aku

yang mĕmbuat I was the doer of the deed. Ada orang China mĕ-
rampas barang kĕdai There are 'Chinese snatching goods from
the shops.

bĕr 4“

This prefix forms derivatives corresponding exactly to the
Greek middle, as defined in Goodwin's ‘Greek inoods and tenses.’
The subject is represented as acting on himself,’ e.g. berpakai
put on one s clothes, bĕrjalan set out on one s way; ‘for himself/
’berkemas peii pack up ones box] ‘or with reference to himself/
bĕrgadoh quarrel, oneself with another’, berlawan compete, oneself
with another; herchakap talk, oneself with others; bĕrtukar change


16 COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

something of one's own for something belonging to another; bĕrlipat
fold one (original) fold on other folds', berhimpun collect, assemble
one's self with other selves; bernikah marry one s self to a person.

Only acquaintance with the dictionary can teach students
what words take this prefix, but a grasp of the above prin-
ciples will help them to employ it with propriety.

Many of the ber- derivatives are adjectives and not verbs: —

BÄ•rtingkat having tiers on (the original) tier, storey upon
storey; berbaris in rows; herdua oneself and another, two together',
bĕrapa how many in alP. bĕrlaki having a husband for oneself',
berlumpor having mud on one s person; bĕrpĕrahu having a boat
to oneself (a) as owner or (b) as user of it.

ter +

These derivatives denote the accomplished act or realized
experience and state:—

Terdĕngar is [was, shall be) heard distinctly; terlupa clean
forget (forgot or forgotten); terchabut pulled clean out (or able to
be pulled out); tĕrmashhor absolutely famous; tĕrlampau quite
exceedingly.

Denoting absolute result, this prefix connotes decisive
accident:—

Tĕrsĕrdeh-sĕdeh bursting into {uncontrollable) sobs; terseng-
kang stuck (accidentally) in one's throat; pergi terkencbing go
and micf/urate, i.e. obey a call of nature; jatch tĕlĕntang fall
sprawling on one's, back; sampan tĕrtiarap a boat capsized.

Denoting result, it connotes possibility to achieve result:—-

Tĕrchapai having a firm clutch on; bila tĕrchapai? when can
a firm clutch be got?

This last nuance it has especially with negatives or
sentences expecting a negative answer.:—


THE VERB,

17

Ta’ tĕrbilang unable to be counted, lit. not completely counted;
la’ tĕrkata unable to be spoken; ta’ tĕrlawan incontestable (ta*
bĕrlawan peerless).

This prefix is used as an intensative before a small
number of adjectives and adverbs of which the dictionary
furnishes examples. Common are tĕrlangsong, tĕrlalu, tĕrlampau,

â– very, exceedingly.

pĕ
As a verbal prefix, this forms verbs from nouns and
adjectives and very rarely denotes the imperative.

Pĕrgunakan to make use of; pĕristĕrikan make a wife of,
marry, pĕrhatikan lit. take to heart, i.e, notice9 remember.

* -j- kan.

In this suffix survive the various meanings of the preposition
akan to, for, with respect to:—pukulkan hit (at) him; sĕdarkan
hal-nya be conscious of his business, concerning his business.

And if the verb has an indirect object, which would be
governed by akan as a preposition, that indirect object must
follow the verb with the suffix -kan immediately.

Buafkan sahaya kasut make (for) me shoes; kirimkan dia
surat send (to) him letters', ajarkan dia kira-kira teach (to) him
figures. Never can one say ajarkan kira-kira dia, though one
can say clumsily buat kasut akan sahaya, ajar kira-kira akan
dia.

The uses of the suffix are

(a) to form verbs, especially causative, from nouns and
adjectives:—

Bungkus a bundle, bungkuskan to bundle up] ludah spittle»
ludahkan to spit out: ingin longing, desire, inginkan to long for]
isfi contents, isikan to give contents to] to fill] kĕchil small, kechilkan
to make small lessen in size] bunting pregnant buntingkan to
cause to become pregnant.

(b) to turn intransitive verbs into causative transitive
verbs:—


18

COLLOQUIAL MALAY,

Naik to ascend, naikkan (e.g. bidai) cause to ascend, pull up,
put up, raise (e.g. chicks); turun to descend, turunkan to cause
to descend, lower, lari run, larikan cause to run, abduct; jalan
travel, jalankan cause (e.g. machinery, a business) to go; tuju to
aim at {in direction), tujukan to aim (e.g, a gun) at; masok to
enter, masokkan to put in; sampai arrive, sampaikan (1) convey,
(2) accomplish; terbang to fly, tĕrhangkan to blow up (e.g. fort);
jatoh to fall, jatohkan to let fall.

(c) By extension of use, the suffix is affixed to any
verbal stem. The determining factor of this use is merely
euphony:—

Chucbi or chuchikan tangan to clean oneys hand; tĕndang or
tĕndangkan orang to kick a person; bunoh or bunohkan to kill.

+ i

This suffix is very rare in conversation and need hardly
concern us here. Derived from a preposition of place, it
frequently has for its object a noun of place diami tĕmpat
inhabit a place, live at a place. It is met in a few fixed
derivatives like mĕmbaiki do good to, i.e. repair; susui give milk
to, suckle; mulai make a beginning to, begin.

REDUPLICATION.

There are two common methods of reduplication in
Malay:—

(1) Reduplication of the whole word, which is found in
nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, numerals, pronouns and con-
junctions.

(2) Reduplication of the first consonant of the ground-
word with e for its vowel, e.g. jĕjala, net-work, trellis-work;
gĕgasing a top; kĕkili fishing reel; kekura tortoise;> bebĕrapa ever
so many; a method wnich forms mostly nouns denoting things.


REDUPLICATION,

19

Words denoting things that show no obvious variety, like
ayer water, pĕrut belly, kaki leg, gajah elephant, nasi cooked, rice
are never reduplicated.

When number is defined, reduplication is never employed.
Tiga ©rang three men, never tiga orang-orang; kĕdua belah tangan
both hands, never kĕdua belah tangan-tangan. v

Reduplication is used to express indefiniteness—of number
and resemblance in the case of nouns, of degree in the case
of adjectives, verbs and adverbs, of contingency and time in
the case of adverbs and conjunctions. One may conveniently
classify the uses of reduplication as denoting: —

(I) Indefinite plurality and repetition with variety
implied;—

Orang-orang various sorts of men; buah-buah various kinds
of fruit; pokok-pokok various kinds of trees', bĕratus-ratus many
hundreds', ganti-ganti, berganti-ganti in turn, one after another,
bĕrlariTari keep running; tĕrkĕtar-kĕtar keep trembling', bĕrkaseh-
kaseh in perpetual love; bĕrangsor-angsor by repeated instalments.

Under this head may be classed a certain number of words
to be found in the dictionaries denoting animals that go in
swarms, flocks, and shoals, and insects whose many legs
apparently have suggested plurality; also words denoting things
essentially plural in composition or repeating in action. Such
words are never found unreduplicated. Anai-anai white-ants’,
rama-rama, kupu-kupu butterfly, labi-labi turtle; laba-laba spider,
kura-kura tortoise', burong layang-layang the [ever flying) swallow.

(II) Indefinite degree or superlative: —

>

Siang-siang very early in the day, very soon', chantek-chantek

very pretty, jimat-jimat very careful, very economical; tinggi-tinggi
very tall; baik-baik very carefully', sunggoh-sunggoh in very truth',
lamadama after a very long time', mana where, mana-mana
wherever', bila when, bila-bila whenever, apa what, apa-apa


20 COLLOQUIAL MALAY,

whatever; kalau if, kalau-kalau if perchance.

(Ill) Indefinite resemblance to the thing denoted by the
unreduplicated word;—•

Lidah tongue, ikan lidah-lidah a sole; langit heavens, sky,
langit-langit roof of mouth, ceilng cloth’, kĕlip twinkle, kĕlip-kĕlip
fire-fly, spangle', labu gourd, labu-labu, lelabu clay water-vessel
modelled on the gourd’, buat do, buat-buat pretend to do; merah
red, merah-merab reddish, resembling red', kuning yellow, kuning-
kuning yellowish; orang besar a chief, orang bĕsar-bĕsar a lesser
chief’, anak raja a prince's son, anak raja-raja a descendant from
princes.

COMPOUND WORDS.

These are very common in all parts of speech:—

Ibu tangan thumb', bulu roma the down on the human skin
(lit. hair of the pores)', anak orang girl) mata kaki ankle; tukang
chukor barbery orang rumah wife; rumah tangga husband; negĕri
Pahang the country Pahang; burong bĕlatok the wood-pecker (bird);
Raja Muda crown prince; orang puteh European esp. Briton;
kĕreta sombang mail train; wayang gĕlap cinematograph show)
kĕchii hati hurt {of feelings)) kĕmbang bati proud; hitam manis
brown; gĕlang tangan bangle) rantai tangan bracelet; sapu tangan
handkerchief) kĕnapa (—kĕna apa), awat (=apa buat) why.

Also there are compound derivatives. Orang berbini chantek

a man with a pretty wife) kuda bĕrekor panjang a horse with a
long tail.

THE PRONOUN.

Personal Pronouns.

I. The following is a table of personal pronouns and
their uses:—


THE PRONOUN.

21

HE, SHE.
PERSON SPEAKING. I. WE THOU, YOU THEY.
Peasants to one another [ A kit, *ku I Engkau shortened Ia, dia.
Superior pointedly to J Kit a, we to hang Pen., kau
inferior Joh.
f Awak Sel, J.. \
Superior politely to in- Sahaya, l I 1 N.S., kamu Pk.. \ la, dia or
ferior. Kit a. we \ I or name of per- j name.
1 i son addressed )
Malays to Europeans >anava, l 1 Kit a, we J T nan T nan.
Kami: saha-
ya; teman Enche': tuan;
Malay gentry to one_ Pk ; kawan mika Pk., awak r* Enche*. tuan
another. T. Pah. J., Pah., N.S- \
Kita, vve or name J
Inferior to superior Hamha Tuan (hamha) Tuan (hamba).
Malay commoner to com- Hamha {data') Dato’ Dato'.
moner chief.
Malay commoner or raja Patek, hamha Tengku, engku . . Tengku, ehgku,
to raja. tengku J., raja.
Malay subject (commoner Patek Tuanku Tuanku.
or raja) to ruler.
Persons to Chinese Goa Lu Tauke
In letter writing Beta Sahabat beta Name and title.

II. Speaking among themselves Malays shun the use of
personal pronouns.

If the context and circumstances admit of no doubt,
they omit the pronouns altogether. For example:—

When two persons meet, one addresses the other ’nak
ka-mana=z£'Am? (are you) going? the other replies ’nak ka-pekan
(Fm) off to town; and looking .at a third person passing along
the road they may remark miskin sangat (he or she is) very
poor, or mĕnyombong sahaja (he or she) puts on side, or elok
pula (he or she is) fine, to be sure.

III. If some word is necessary for clearness—

(A) The Malay will use nouns denoting real or politely
fictitious relationship between speaker and person accosted or
spoken of in the third person. Common words so used are
dato*, to’ grandfather, grandmother, ayah (polite) bapa (ordinary)
father, bonda (polite) ’mak (ordinary) mother, anak child', abang
elder brother, kakak elder sister, adek younger brother or sister',
chuchu grandchild. A young person wanting to ask where are


22

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

you going? or where is he (or she) going? will address or speak
of any elderly man to’ ka-mana? of any elderly woman ĕmak
ka-mana? of any girl, older or younger than himself, if he de-
sires to preserve a platonic distance, kakak ka-mana? of his
sweetheart, younger or older than himself, adek ka-mana? Any
youth or girl will accost a man, not old enough to be called
‘father/ abang ka-mana?—a girl will so accost casual acquain-
tance or real brother or lover. Each will reply, according to
his or her standing, I am going heme dato’ ’nak pulang, emak
’nak pulang, kakak ’nak pulang, adek’ nak pulang, or abang ’nak
pulang, (or more probably as explained above; any one of
them will reply simply ’nak pulang).

'(B) Again in place of pronouns of the second and third
persons, Malays will use the proper name of person accosted
or spoken of—AH ka-mana Where are you (lit, Ali) going? or
Where has he flit. Ali) gone? Ali sudah pulang He has gone home.
A youth, whose name is unknown, may be addressed as Awang
(R.J.) Kulup, (Pk.)

(C) If the person accosted or spoken of has a title of age,
rank or profession, then that title will be used instead of pro-
nouns of second or third person. Examples are to’ penghulu

headman; tuan kathi priest; baba Straits-born Chinaman', nonya
Chinese or Eurasian married woman', nona unmarried Chinese
girl.

Tuan kathi ’dah bichara-kah? Have [has) you or he (lit.

Mr. Priest) held court? Nanti nonya pulang Wait till I or she (lit.
the Chinese wife) go {goes) home. Baba tĕrlampau kaya You or
he (lit. Mr. Straits-born) are {is) very rich.

The words used for pronouns in (A) will be in first, second
or third person, and in (B) and (C) in second or third person
according to context and circumstances.

Possessive Pronouns.

Possessive pronouns in Malay are simply personal pronouils
placed after the nouns they qualify, just as one noun placed
after another noun is in the genitive or possessive case:—


THE PRONOUN

23

Anak raja son of a prince; anak sahaya, (in nursery talk)
anak Ä•mak my son; anak Ä•ngkau, anak tuan, anak Ali, etc., your
son; anak kita our son. KÄ•pala buaya the head of a crocodile;
kĕpala aku, kĕpala sahaya, my head; kĕpala ĕngkau, kĕpala karma,
kĕpala dato, etc., your head. Bukan anak ĕngkau, anak aku not your
child, my child.

Dia becomes -nya his, her, its, their:—

Anak-nya his, her or their child. Jalan-nya his her or their
walk, carriage. Makanan-nya his, her or their food.

Kaki-nya his, her or its leg. Often it emphasizes the word to
which it is suffixed and so makes for clearness. Anak raja itu
that young prince or child of that raja but anak-nya raja itu
child of that prince. If there is emphasis not on the word
qualified but on the possessor, then not -nya but dia is employed
—bukan anak ĕngkau, anak dia not your child but his child.

Just as the Malay omits the personal pronoun if possible,
so too he omits the possessive, if the context is clear. A servant
will ask tuan mau topi do ypu want (your) hat, sir?

A person will order a gardener bawa pongkis bring( your) rubbish
-basket. A lover will compliment his mistress sanggul tĕrlampau
chantek (your) coiffure is very pretty. And so on.

Reflexive Pronouns.

The usual reflexive pronoun is sendiri 4- a personal pronoun
or noun.

Sahaya sendiri, hamba sendiri, aku sendiri, kami sendiri I myself.
Dia sendiri He himself, she herself, itself, they themselves. Tuan
sendiri The master himself. Tukang sendiri The workman himself.
But again, if the context is clear, the personal pronoun may be
omitted:—

Tanah sendiri tiada-kah? Have you no land of your own?
Tanah sendiri sudah jual My own land I have sold.

Phrases are sa-orang diri by oneself, alone; bunoh diri kill
oneself, commit suicide; (bĕrpĕrang) sama sendiri (fight) with one
another; bawa diri carry oneself off, escape, flee.


24 COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

Demonstrative Pronouns.

Itu the, that, those—the distant, remote in space and time,
the aforesaid:—

Orang itu the person yonder. Bulan itu sahaya sakit In that

month I was ill. Masa itu nanti sahaya senang At the time you
mention I shall he at leisure.

Ini this, these,—the near in space and time, the particular :—

Orang ini the person here. Hari ini sahaya sesak pĕkerjaan

To-day I am occupied. TÄ•mpat ini apa nama-nya? This place
.here, what is its name? Dua bulan ini tiada dia bekĕrja These two
months he has had no work.

Their syntax :-

(1) Itu, ini follow the word they qualify (as shown in the
above examples) and follow all the words, if any, denoting its
attributes:—

Dia itu He there. Rumah tinggi itu That tall house. Rumah
tinggi yang chondong itu That tall house which slants. Budak
kechil ini This small hoy. Budak kechil yang buta ini This small
hoy who is blind. But rumah itu tinggi that house is tall; rumah
yang chondong itu tinggi that house which leans is tall; itu dia that is
he.

(2) They can qualify a verb or clause as well as a noun
or pronoun.

Sahaya datang ini I come now. Sudah itu After that (lit. that
done). BÄ•layar itu sahaya sampai ka-Pahang On that voyage I
reached Pahang.

(3) They can stand, alone or 4- lah, as subject, generally
but not necessarily in the front of a clause, that being the
position of emphasis. Ini dia This is he (or she). Itu-Iah dia That
is he (or) she. Ini-lah kerja-nya This was his work. Jadi-lah itu
That will do. Chantek-lah ini A beauty this one. Ini-lah chantek
It's this one that is beautiful.

Interrogative Pronouns.

Apa ? what ?

Siapa ? who ? whose ?

Mana ? which ? where ?


THE PRONOUN

25

Apa ? is applied to things and the names of things, and
to words denoting abstract ideas. Apa itu ? What is that ? Aap
benda itu ? What is that thing? Apa nama bĕnda itu? What is
the name of that thing ? Rumah apa itu ? What house is that ?
Apa nama rumah itu ? What is the name of that house? Apa
guna itu ? Of what use is that?

Siapa ? is applied to persons and the names of persons.
Siapia itu ? Who is that? Bapa siapa itu? Whose father is that?
Siapa nama budak itu ? What is the name of that hoy ?

Mana ? generally denotes place where? Rumah mana itu ?
Which house is that? lit. where is the house you speak of?
(Cf. rumah apa itu ? what sort of a house is it ?) It is often
preceded by the relative yang, e.g. rumah yang mana.

Derivatives are berapa? how much? how many? mengapa?
kenapa? (kena apa?), awat? ( =apa buat?) why? macham mana?
bagai-mana? how ?

Berapa harga-nya ? How much is its price? Berapa banyak
orang datang? How many persons are coming? KÄ•napa lari?

Why do you run?

The Relative Pronoun.

Yang, who, which, should be used hardly ever in colloquial
Malay, subordinate clauses being too cumbrous for idiomatic
•conversation. It must however be employed in a sentence like
the following :—

Dia pandai he is clever; dia yang pandai he is the clever one,
lit. he is (the one) who is clever..

Indefinite Pronouns.

Orang people, a person, persons:— datang orang up came
people; kata orang people say. Anak orang a child of ‘somebody’
= a girl. Satu some, a certain of things:—

pada satu masa once upon a time: ada satu hal there is a certain
matter. Apa, apa-apa of any kind:—tidak apa it is no matter at
all, never mind; tiada sata apa sebab, tiada apa-apa sebab there is
no reason of any kind, there is no reason at all; apa-apa pun jadi
any sort will do, anything will serve.


26

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

Barang some, awy yow like, ^my at all:—barang siapa mĕnang
dapat hadiah whoever wins gets a prize; barang sadikit some small
quantity; barang kali perhaps, lit. some possible time. Masing-
masing each, singly of persons:—masing-masing dengan parang-
nya each with his chopper. Tiap-tiap each', every of things as well
as persons; adjectival only, qualifying substantives:—tiap-tiap kali
every time. SÄ•mua all, every expressing not a given number
but an indefinitely large number stands (not, as when it means,
all of a certain number after, but) before the word it qualifies
and is really an indefinite pronoun.

THE NUMERAL.

Cardinals.

1 Sa-, satu 6 Enam

2 Dua 7 Tujoh

3 Tiga 8 Delapan

4 Empat 9 SÄ•mbilan

5 Lima

-bĕlas (=Balas return) is added to form the numbers eleven
to nineteen—

11 Sa-belas

12 Dua-belas

13 Tiga-bĕlas

14 Empat-bĕlas

15 Lima-bĕlas

-puloh added to the first nine cardinals forms multiples
of ten—

16 Enam-bĕlas

17 Tujah-bĕlas

18 Dĕlapan-bĕlas

19 Sĕmbilan-bĕlas

10 Sa-puloh
20 Dua~puloh
40 Empat-puloh

50 Lima-puloh
80 DÄ•lapan-puloh
90 Sembilan-puloh

To form intermediate numbers above twenty, the units follow
these last multiple-of-ten derivatives, e.g.—

22 Dua-puloh dua
26 Dua-puloh Ä•nam
35 Tiga-puloh lima
44 Empat-puloh empat

51 Lima-puloh satu
63 Enam^puloh tiga
87 Delapan-puloh tujoh
98 Sembilan*puloh
delapan


THE NUMERAL.

27

The hundreds are formed by suffixing ratus to the first
nine units—

100 Sa-ratus
400 Empat-ratus
600 Enam-ratus
202 Dua-ratus dua

The thousands by suffixing ribu—
1000 Sa-ribu
4000 Empat-ribu

321 Tiga-ratus dua-
puloh satu

750 Tujoh-ratus lima-
puloh

2001 Dua-ribu satu
3502 Tiga-ribu lima-
ratus dua

The tens of thousands by laksa or puloh ribu—

80,000 Delap an laksa or dĕlapan-puloh ribu

The hundreds of thousands by kĕti or puloh laksa, kĕti being
rare in conversation—

300,000 Tiga kĕti or tiga puloh laksa

The millions by juta, also rather rare, or ratus laksa—
8,000,000 Delapan juta or dĕlapan-ratus laksa

Notes:—

(1) Kurang less, subtracting is used frequently to express
numbers just under the multiples of ten—

19 Kuraug satu dua-puloh
28 Kurang dua tiga-puloh
99 Kurang satu sa-ratus
997 Kurang tiga sa-ribu

(2) Reduplicated the cardinals signify—

Satu-satu one by one) severally. Tiga-tiga all three or three
of (us, them). Dua-dua ia datang both of them came. Tiga-tiga
orang mati all three men died.

(3) For multiples of five vide tĕngah infra.

Examples of the use of Cardinals:—

Tiga empat belas 13 or 14,—indefinite. Empat lima puloh 40
or 50. Sa-hari dua A day or two. Empat lima orang tĕrjun Four
or five persons leapt down. Empat atau pun lima 4 or 5—de-
finite. Entah ĕmpat ĕntah lima orang tĕrjun I am not sure if there
were four persons leapt down or five. Empat pun jadi, lima pun


28

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

jadi 4 will do or 5 will do. Pada satii hari bulao On the first
of the month. KÄ•rat dua Cut in two. Bahagi dua Divide in two.
Sahaya tiga bĕranak I and wife and child or I and my two
children. Datang dua laki istĕri The couple, husband and wife,
came. Sahaya tiga bĕradek I and my 2 brothers (or sister or I
and my brother and my sister, according to circumstances, the
Malay leaving it vague). SÄ•lang tiga omitting three, i.e. every
fourth. Lat satu every second. Dua kali jauh dari-prda itu Twice
as far as that. Dua dzarab tiga jadi Ä•nam Two multiplied by
three is six.

Fractions.

Suku one quarter. Tiga suku three quarters. Empat kurang su~
ku three and three quarters. TÄ•ngah half, sa-tengah a half. Sa-
tĕngah ela half a yard. Sa-tĕngah jam half an hour. Tĕngah hari

midday.

TÄ•ngah is used also to subtract from the digit it precedes
a J of 1. E.g. tĕngah dua 1|; tĕngah ĕmpat 3f; tĕngah lima
puloh 4JX 10=45; tĕngah tiga ratus 2JX 100=240; tĕngah ĕnam

ribu 5JX 1,000=5 500.

Other fractions are constructed by means of the prefix
per— Sa-pertiga one-third; dua-perlima two-fifths; sĕmbilan
pĕrpuloh nine-tenths. But this formation is rarely used in con-
versation and is seldom intelligible to the uneducated Malay.
Neat idiom takes the place of pedantic usage. Di-bahagi tiga,
dua bahagi akan sahaya, satu akan dia It was divided, two thirds
for me and one for him. Dalam sa-ratus mati sa-puloh One tenth
died. And so on.

Without further definition dua bahagian—lima

bahagian five sixths, etc.

Ordinals.

PÄ•rtama (Sk.) first. But other ordinals are formed from
cardinals by prefixing yang kĕ-:—

Yang kĕtiga the third; yang kĕtiga-puloh the thirtieth\
kelima-puloh satu the fifty-first.

yang


THE NUMERAL.

29

Ordinals always follow the nouns they qualify. Fasal
yang kĕlima the fifth clause, never yang kĕlima fasal.

Without yang, a ke- derivative may precede the word it
qualifies (unless it be a personal pronoun which it follows) and
then denotes a complete set, alh—-

Kĕdua pipi both cheeks; kĕdua mata both eyes', kedua laki
istĕri a married couple; keĕmpat anak-nya all four of his children;
sahaya kĕlima I and the four others—in the complete set denoted,
the person or thing qualified by the numeral always included.

ber—derivatives.

These express collective but not complete sets, and have
the same syntax as kĕ- derivatives. Bĕribu-ribu pĕluru thousands
of bullets', bĕrpuloh-puloh orang scores of persons', sahaya bertiga

I and two others.

Numeral Coefficients.

When qualifying concrete nouns (i.e. that denote material
objects and not quality, state or action), the numerals are
joined generally with ‘class’ words or ‘coefficients,’ in many
cases descriptive of some obvious quality of the object Qualified
and corresponding to our use of head in four head of cattle.
The following are common:—

Batang, of trees, poles, spears, leeth.

Bĕntck, of rings:—sa-bentok chinchin a ring.

Biji of eyes, eggs, small stones, coconuts, caskets, chairs.

Buah of fruits, countries, lakes, ships, houses.

Butir of coconuts, grain, jewels.

Charek of scraps of paper, linen.

Ekor of animals, birds, insects and contemptuously of men
and playfully of children.

Lai of leaves, hairs, cloths, sheets of paper.

Kaki of insects, umbrellas, long-stemmed flowers.

Keping of blocks of timber, metal, hunches of bread and
meat.


30

COLLOQUIAL MALAY,

Kuntum of flowers,

Orang of persons:—dua orang Kĕling two Tamils,

Patah of words:—chakap dua patah speak two words.

Pintu of shop-houses, cooly-lines:—dua pinlu kĕdai two shop*
houses.

Potong of slices of meat, bread ■■—sa-potong rotr

Puckok of guns, letters, needles.

Rumpun of grasses, bamboos, sugar-canes.

Sikat of layers in a bunch of bananas,

Tandan of « bunch of bananas.

Tangga of raised (Malay) houses.

Tangkai of flowers.

Urat of strands of thread:—benang tiga urat three threads.

The numeral always precedes its coefficient immediately
°—sa-biji tĕlor or tĕlor sa-biji one egg; dua puchok sonapang or
sĕnapang dua puchok two guns] ĕmpat lai kain or kain ĕmpat lai

four (Malay) skirts.

Employed with nouns denoting measures of time., length
and value, the cardinals take no co-efficient —

Sa-jam one hour] sa-biji jam one watch. Satu kagi one foot
in length] sa-buah kaki a foot (of a pedestal). Sa-pinggan a
plateful] sa-biji pinggan a plate.

THE ADVERB.

Adjectives can be used as adverbs :—jalan kiri travel on
the left] pegang guat hold firmly; ikat tĕrek tie tightly] tanam
jarang plant wide apart.

In addition to root forms like sangat very dekat nearly,
we get adverbs formed by

(a) reduplication:—•

Siang-siang betimes, early] hari-hari daily] churi-churi stealthily;
tiba-tiba suddenly] ganti-ganti in tnrn.

(b) sa+:-


THE ADVERB.

31

Sa-kali at once; sa-benar truly; sa-bentar momentarily.

(c) sa -j- reduplication:—

Sa-hari-hari daily; sa-lama-lama always; sa-kali-kali ever.

(d) sa -j~ root nya:—

Sa-sunggoh-nya assuredly; sa-benar-nya truly; sa-boleh-nya tG

the best of one s ability.

The formation of adverbs can be learnt only by practice
and from the dictionary; it is not a long task.

Adverbs qualify.

(I) numerals, adjectives and other adverbs,

(II) verbs.

I. To the first class belong mostly adverbs of degree.

Kurang less’, lĕbeh more; tĕramat very; tĕrlalu very, surpassingly;
sĕdang just, in the middle of', sa-kian so far; barang about, more
or less; bukan not; makin more; belum not yet; tĕngah half—these
stand before the word they qualify. Sa-kali very, bĕlaka entirely,
sahaja only stand after the word. Bagini so, in this wise; bagitu
so, in that wise; tĕrlampau very, exceedingly stand generally be-
fore but sometimes after the word they qualify. And amat,
sangat very generally after but sometimes before.

Kurang baik less good, inferior; lĕbeh finggi more tall; teramat
chantek, tĕrlalu chantek, tĕrlampau chantek, chantek sangat, chantek
amat, chantek sa-kali very pretty; sĕ-dang elok just (while) fine;
sedang masak just ripe; baginblama. sa-kian lama all this while,
so far; barang dua tiga biji nyior about 2 or 3 coconuts; makin
lama makin elok the older, the finer it is; bagitu pandai thus
clever; burok hĕlaka utterly shabby.

Many of these adverbs sĕdang, bagini, bagihi, bukan, makin,

bĕlum belong also to the next class.

II. Adverbs qualifying verbs have no fixed place in the
sentence, beyond that they come at the beginning of a sentence
if there is emphasis on them.


32

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

Common are sekarang very shortly; tadi just now: dahulu
formerly; esok to-morrow; lusa a/iter to-morrow; kalmarin

yesterday; kĕmudian afterwards: kadang sometimes; jauh far] dĕkat
dalam inside; atas above] sa-belah on ono sa-bĕrang

oversteam; across [a road, field, etc ); sini /zoz'tf (where the speaker
is); situ (where the person addressed is); sana yonder (an

indefinite place referred to); banyak much] sadikit n little] tĕntu,
nĕschaya certainly] lagi more.

Tuan mau mandi sekarang? Do yov want to bathe now? Ya-
lah sekarang ini boleh siap ayer panas Yes, now at once, you may
get ready the hot water. Tadi sudah sahaya sĕdiak.^n Already
just now I got it ready. Dahulu tiada bagitu rajii Formerly
you were not so industrious. Kemudian mau pakai kain hitam
After that I want my black clothes. Gosok kasut lagi Polish my
shoes again. TÄ•ntu tuan makan hiar? Of course you are dining
away from home (lit. outside)? Tidak kuasa; sini sakaya makan
Fve no inclination] I shall dine here.

Note:—

(1) The adverbs of place sini, sana, mana, bar;ah, dalam,
atas, jauh, sa-bĕlah, sa-berang may have the preposition di-, ka-,
and dari prefixed to them.

(2) Many adverbs may be qualified by the demonstrative
pronouns ini, itu. Sekarang very shortly, sekarang ini now im-
mediately] sa-kali ini this time] dĕmikian itu thus, in that way]
sa-lama itu all that while.

Negatives and Prohibiiives.

Bukan, tidak not, no. Bukan qualifies the word it precedes;
tidak the sentence. Bukan not only denies but suggests the
opposite; tidak merely denies. Dia tidak bohong lie does not lie.
Dia bohong tidak? Does he lie or nofi. Dia tidak malas He is not
lazy. Dia bukan bohong He is not lying (but he may be prevari-
cating). Dia bohong bukan? He s lying?' Surely the reverse is
not truel Bukan dia bohong It is not he (but some one else; who
is lying. Tidak-kah ia bohong Is he not lying? (i.e. I dont
know). Bukan-kah ia bohong? Is it not a fact that he is lying?
(i.e. Pm sure he is).


THE ADVERB.

33

Tidak, tiada, ta’ not, no are identical; ta’ is perhaps com-
monest in conversation. Phrases are ta’ usah don't-; ta’ dapat
tidak certainly, must', ta’ bcleh tidak without fail] tidak apa, ta’
apa never mind. ' *

Direct negatives are impolite. No will be expressed bv
mana boleh? how is it possible? behrni not yet, or bv I don't
know—kurang pĕreksa, less politely ĕntah, rudely tidak tahu.

Prohibitives are jangan do not, and the politer ta’ usah it
is needless, ta’ payah don't trouble to. Jangan tidak do without
fail- expresses a strong positive command. Jangan is used after
supaya in order that, i.e. in final clauses. It is also used when
prohibition is anyhow implied.

Ta’ usah tutup jendela itu Don't shut that- window. Ta’ pa-
yah buka payong Don't trouble to open an umbrella, Jangan
angkat Don't lift it. Baik sahaya argkat atau jangan? Were it
well I lifted it or not? Jangan tidak pĕsan Don't fail to order' it.

Pernah ever is used after negatives or in interrogative
sentences where a negative reply is possible. Ada-kah pernah
bĕrnang Have you ever swum? Belum pernah Never.

Yes.

Ya yes is rude. Ada-kah pernah bernang? Have you ever
swum, may be answered (1) tuan (or ĕnche’ engku, etc.); (2)
sa aya (or patek to a raja); (3) ada; (4) bĕrnang juga; and (5)
rudely ya or ya-lah.

juga, pula.

These words, marking the balance which is a principle of
the Malay sentence, are very common in conversation. Juga may
be rendered but, all the same, notwithstanding] puls, adversative
in import, by but, so, why, then.

Hari ’dah hujan, sahaya jalan juga Rain has set in, but I

travel all the same. Tuan jalan pula? So you travel then? Su'sah
juga All the same it is difficult, Kalau suka nanti, boleh juga If


34

COLLORVIAL MALAY.

you prefer to wait, why you can. Apa pula takutkan hujan?
Y et why should one fear rain? Sahaya segan, tuau pula tĕtap
bĕrjalan Vm reluctant but you are set on travelling.

-lah, -kah, -tah, pun-

These enclitics follow and lay stress on the emphatic word
in a clause, whether subject or predicate.

Dia-lah yang mĕnchisri kĕrosang itu He, he is the man who

stole the brooch. Kata-lah mata-mata mĕnchari dia All over the
place the police have searched for him. S&haya pun tĕrlampau-lah
sayang kirosang itu I was very fond indeed of that brooch. Ambil-
lah simpan Here, take and keep it.

-kah denotes interrogation. Engkau-kah pĕnchuri itu Is it

you are the thief ? Engkau menchuri-kah Is thieving your job?
Mau-kah masok jel? Are you really anxious to go to gaoP. Mau
masok jebkah? Is gaol your objecP.

-tah denotes surprise as well as interrogation. Apa-tah
guna-nya What in the world is the use of it}

pun is used mai ]y to balance a clause, and especially to
balance -lah. Dia pun iari-lah So he ran off. SÄ•karang pun kita
jalan-lah Right now we set out.

THE PREPOSITION.

I. There are three prepositions of place:—

di- at, in, on, ka- to, dari from.

The first two di- and ka-, can stand only before nouns
and adverbs denoting place; never before nouns denoting
persons animals things time and other abstract ideas, nor yet
before adjectives, numerals and pronouns.

Di-mana where? lit. at where} ka-mana whither? lit. to where?
dari-mana whence? lit. from where} di situ there, lit. at there? ka-
sini hither lit. to here] darbsana thence, lit. from there. And so
on. with nouns of place like bav/ah bottom, below; saberang
further side] dalam interior] bĕlakang behind; tĕpi edge. Di-atas
011 the top of] ka atas. to the top of, dari atas from the top


THE PREPOSITION.

35

of: ka-luar outwards, to the side ofy di-luar outside, dari luar
from outside. Ka-mana pĕrgi Where are you going? Sahaya
tinggal di-situ I live there. Dudok di-tanah Melayu live in Malay
country; ka-nĕgĕri China to. the land of China; biLhĕnti di-pulau
stay at an island', bĕlayar ka-sĕlat sail to the strait] tĕnggĕlam
di-laut founder at sea] turun dari darat go down (to sea) from
inshore] pulang ka-rumah go home to the house] sahaya bĕrkĕdai
di-pekan I keep a shop in the town] sĕrahkan ka-tangan Ali de-
liver into Alts hands.

Never ka-satu pulau, ka-Mat. ka-AIi, ka-banyak orang, di-
sĕmua tĕmpat, di-sahaya, ka-engkau, di-hari itu, ka-lusa.

II. Before adjectives, pronouns, numerals and nouns de-
noting persons animals things time and other abstract ideas
pada is employed instead of di-, and ka-pada (or where the
context is clear pada) instead of ka-; also in good style, dari-
pada (or again pada) is prefixed to dari

(1.) Instances of the use of pada for di- are singgah pada
suatu pulau drop in at an island] mĕlawat pada sĕmua tĕmpat
visit in all places] pada fikiran sahaya in my opinion] pada
masa itu at a time] pada waktu lohor at the time of midday
prayer] pada pukul tujoh malam Isnain at J p-m. on Sunday]
pada hari Isnain on Monday; di-dalam pada itu meanwhile] pada
bahasa MÄ•layu in the Malay language.

N.B.—It is used before words of place, when there is not
physical station in, at or on a spot but figurative station in
a locality:—

Mashhor pada nĕgĕri China renowned in (or over) China; di-
kĕpala gajah Ali dan pada buntut-nya Mat on the elephant's head
Ali and at his tail Mat.

(2)' The uses of ka-pada are as laid down in the general
rule. BÄ•ri (ka-)pada-nya give to him] tiba (ka-) pada suatu pulau

arrive at, come to a certain island] tĕrdĕngar (ka-)pada ĕmak it
came to mother's hearing] khabarkan (ka-)pada sakalian orang
notify to all persons] bĕrlayar ka - nĕgĕri China (ka-)pada saudara-

nya sail to China to his relatives] datang ka-pada hari Ahad it


36

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

came to Sunday; tiada (ka)pada sahaya it is not with me) hamba.
(ka-) pada dia a slave to him, i.e. his slave.

There being no suggestion of place to, pada and not ka-
pada is employed to express purpose. Ubat pada menyĕnangkan

badan a. medicine for easing the body.

(3.) Dari, dari-pada are used to indicate.

(a) place whence:—

Dari-pada suatu temp at ka-pada lain tempat from one place
to another; ambil dari-pada Mat take from Mat; turun dari-pada
pangkat descend in (lit. from) rank.

(b) time:—

Dari-(pada) dahulu from yore) kĕmudian dari-pada (or dari
or pada) itu after that.

(c) comparison:—

Baik Mat dari-pada (or dari or pada) Ali Mat is better than
Ali; tinggi bĕlukar dari-pada (or dari or pada) sĕmak secondary
growth is taller than scrub) durian lagi sĕdap dari-pada (or dari

or pada) nangka the durian is more delicious than the jack-fruit.

III. DÄ•ngan with denotes.

(a) close relationship:—

Sahaya bĕrlayar bersama dĕngan kawan tiga orang / sailed
along with three friends; macham kuching dĕngan ikan like a cat
with fish) bĕrpĕrang dĕngan orang fight with people) bĕrkawan
dĕngan dia associating with him) bĕrnikah dengan anak dara

marry (with) a maiden.

(b) Proximity of place, after words like dĕkat, hampir
near etc.:—

DÄ•kat dengan Taiping near to Taiping) hampir dengan sahaya

near to me.

(c) instrument, means: —

Kĕrat dengan parang sever with a chopper) pukul dĕgan rotan

beat with a cane) tumbok dengan tangan strike with the fist)
dengan titah tuanku by his highness command; dĕngan sabda tuan

by your instructions, sir.

(d) manner:—•


THE CONJUNCTION.

37

Lari dĕngan sĕgĕra run in haste; angkat dĕngan pĕn&t lift
with fatigue; masing-masing dĕngan kĕris each with a creese; nĕngan
sa-boleh-nya with one s best efforts', dĕngan sa-sunggoh-nya with all
earnestness', dĕngan tiada boleh tidak without fait; tiada dĕngan

fasal without reason, for no reason.

IV. Other prepositions.

Bĕkat near, sampai, hingga up to, as for as; sĕbab, kĕrana

because; lĕpas after; antara between; ganti instead of; tĕntang
opposite, concerning are common.

DÄ•kat pondok itu near that hut. Sampai paha up to the
thigh; jalan sampai Bandar travel as far as Bandar. Hingga lutut
up to the knees. Sĕbab itu, Lĕrana itu. because of that; sĕbab
seksa-nya because of' his suffering. Lepas satu satu one after the
other; lĕpas itu after that. Antara Kĕdah dĕngan Kĕrian between
Kedah and Krian; an!ara dia dengan sabaya between him and me.
Ganti sahaya instead of me. Chakab tentang bal itu talk respecting
that affair.

THE CONJUNCTION.

I. In conversation, conjunctions are used hardly at all.
their place being taken by balance and antithesis of words
and clauses; especially are -subordinate conjunctions avoided,
as introducing complex construction.

Tua muda old and young. Lauk nasi curry and rice. Itek
ayam ducks and fowl. ,Gopoh lari hurry and rim. PÄ•lok cbium
hug and kiss. Bangkit mĕnari rise and dance. Ka-sini ka-sana
hither and thither. Baik pun tidak; sĕteru pun tidak we are not
friends and we are not enemies. Ia pulang tiada mĕmberi tahu
he went home but did not tell [us). ’Nak bacha, ta’ rcandai Vd
like to read but am not clever. Semua orang gelek, sabaya sabaja
tidak all laughed except me. Sahaya hamhat, itu pun ta’ bĕrjumpa
I chased but with that even did not meet him.

Tiga Ä•mpat hari three or four days. Sa-bulan dua a month
or two. BÄ•nar tidak? is it true or not? Entsh benar, entah tidak

/ don’t know whether it is true or not. Aku cberdek, ĕngkau
chĕrdek? am / the ’elite ’un or you? Suka ta’ suka like it or not.


38

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

Man ta’ mau willy-nilly. Baik jahat siapa tabu? whether it be
good or ill who knows? Ya tidak? yes or no? Mati ta’ mati belum
tentu whether he is dead or not is still uncertain.

Angkat ’ku tengok lift it, that I may see.

Datang limau, sahaya tembak if a tiger comes Fit fire. Dia
mar all, sahaya undor if he is angry, I retire. HÄ•ndak lawan,
team kalah if I fought, I was sure to be worsted.

Sahaya datang ini man bĕrtanya sadikit Fve come because I
want to put a few questions.

Sahaya kĕjar takut ia lĕpas I gave chase because I feared
he d escape. Sahaya tiada, itu-lah Ä•ngkau naik muka because I
was absent, you became cheeky (lit. I was absent and that (was
the reason) you became cheeky).

Hari ’dah siang, kita bĕrjalan when it was dawn, we went
our way. Bia sakit sahaya uhatkan when she was sick, I treated
her.

II. The following are conjunctions in compion use:—

Dan and. Perak dan Selangor Perak and Selangor. Beli bawang
dan tĕlor buy onions and eggs. Manusia dan jin mortals and genies.
Mat dan Hitam Mat and Hit am.

Europeans are far too apt to employ this conjunction
dan- The following general rules are useful:—•

(1) Our use of and between last and penultimate words
is unusual. Mat, Salleh and Hitam may be rendered Mat,
Salleh, Hitam, or Mat, dan SaEleh dan Hitam; least idiomatically
Mat, Salleh dan Hitam. (2) In conversation, at any rate, dan
should not be used to connect sentences. I dislike such habits
and Fve told him so sahaya bĕnchi kĕlakuan itu, sudah sahaya
khabar pada dia. He is very strong and can lift easily 400
pounds kuat sansjai dia, dĕngan mudah tiga pikul di-angkat-nya.

(3) It is not used between contrasted words; these are placed
in juxtaposition without any conjunction between them.

Lagi and culminative as well as copulative is used especially
between adjectives Hakim itis alii lagi murah that judge is
just and moreover kind. Ayer kĕroh lagi hangat water turbid
and moreover hot.


THE CONJUNCTION.

39

Lalu and denotes transitional action. Bĕrdiri lalu bĕrsorak
arose and then shouted; sahaya berjalan lalu mĕnumpu dusun I

went my way and set foot in an orchard.

Tĕtapi, Tapi hid. Sunggoh kaya tĕtapi lokĕk its true he s
rich hut he s mean. Sahaya hambat tĕtapi tiada dapat I chased
hut I did not overtake.

Atau or, atau . . . atau either . . . or, whether

- . . or. Mau main atau tidak? do you want to play of not?
Main bola atau main pakau tiada sahaya CÄ•duli I don't care whether
we play billiards or cards? Yang mana tuan suka, barang tĕmbaga

atau kain sutĕra? which do you prefer, hrassware or silks?

Sĕbab, kĕrana because. Sĕbab gopoh, sahaya pĕnat because I
hurried, I am tired. Sĕbab ia raja, patek sĕgan because he is a
prince, I am reluctant.

Bila when. Bila senang, sahaya buat when 1 have leisure,

I'll do it. Bila sahaya panggil, mari when I call, come.

Sa-lama> sa-lagi so long as. Sa-lama kuching tidak bĕrgigi,
tikus tiada sopan since the cat has lost her teeth, the mice have
not been respectful.

Baharu not till then, only then. Lang buta baharu ayam
saka when the hawk has grown blind, only then are the fowl
happy.

Sapĕrti as if. like. Anjing mĕnĕrkam sapĕrti hĕndak gigit the

dog rushes up, as if he would bite. Sapĕrti rabak dĕngan api
like fire and tinder.

Makin . makin the mor* . . . the more. Tua

chĕndawan, makin tua makin busok growing old like a mushroom,
the older the more rotten; makin sahaya tegahkan, makin dia buat
the more I forbid it, the more he does it.

Jikalau, kalau, iika if, although, in case. Waku although
Asal if, provided, that. Jikaku turut had, tĕntu salah if one
follows one's inclination, one is sure to err. Waku diabesar gunong,
tidak sahaya takut though he be as big as a mountain, I am not
afraid. Biar lambat .asal sĕlamai be slow provided you come out-
safe.


40

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

Supaya in order that, supaya jangan lest, mĕlainkam except,
samentara whilst, apakala when are rare in colloquial Malay.

There are fpunct;iiation' words never used in conversation
but found in the simplest written prose. A story is introduced
by sa-bermula the beginning is, sa-kali pĕrsĕtua once upon a time,
al-kesah the story is. Fresh paragraphs are introduced bv hatta,
shahadan, kalakian, arakian; parenthetical sentences by ada pun;
asseverations by bahawa. Maka has the force of a stop, and
also is placed after a temporal or causal subordinate clause
to emphasize the balance between that and the main clause.

INTERJECTIONS.

Common are—

Hai! hoi hallol

Wah! whyl well 1 never!

Amdohi! ambohi e;nak! well I never!

Adoh! oh\ alas!

Cheh! fiel

Nah! take itl

Nun! yonder\ over there!

Jum! (Kedah); mob! (Perak) come alongl
Nyah! be off\

Also used as interjections are—

Sayang! Kasehan! what a pityl
.Chelaka! confound itl
Haram! never, nol

Taubat! never,, again! (lit repentance)?
Arabic invocations are in frequent use.


IDIOM,

41

IDIOM,

I. Nouns and Adjectives.

The learner must remember that (i) the genitive is formed
by putting the qualifying noun after the subject, and (2)
that an attributive adjective follows its noun; and he should
make it a rule never to use the word punya though it is
heard often now in bazaar Malay.

Tuan tanah the owner of the land, land-owner,

Tanah tuan the owner s land (or your land in addressing a
Malay gentleman); never tuan punya tanah.

Kuda baik a fine horse, never except in Chinese Malay,
baik punya kuda.

II. Verbs.

(1) There is no copula in Malay. The wrord ada must
never be used to translate the auxiliary is, are, was, were.

Sahaya ada sakit I am (or was) sick,

Tuan ada bĕnchi? Do you- dislike?

Kalau engkau ada mail dahulu if you had died previously.

Are all examples of bad unidiomatic Malay; ada is not
required in one of these sentences;

Ada denotes—

(a) existence; there exists or existed.

Kota itu ada sam^ai sĕkarang the fort is there down to
the present day,

(b) possession—

Tuan ada topi you have a hat.

(c) presence, actual and figurative—

Tuau ada di-rumah master is at home.

Ada tuan dĕngar? has it actually come to your ears?
have you heard?


42

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

(a) (b) (c) are phrases of the one central idea of
tence.

(2) Tense is shown by adverbs of time or merely by the
context, and the superfluous use of auxiliaries is to be avoided:—

Tuan pĕrgi esok? Will you go to-morrow?

Esok-lah To-morrow I shall go.

Sakit-kah kalmarin? Were you sick lately? Sakit juga I was

a trifle unwell.

(3) The proper transitive verb is formed by the suffix
-kan, and these transitive forms render the clumsy kasi, bagi
superfluous in good conversation.

Naikkan bidai draw up the chicks.

Kechilkan pĕlita turn down the lamp a little.

Turunkan atap dari bumbong let down the palm-thatch from
the roof.

Are just as easy to say as kasi naik, kasi kĕchil, bagi
turun, etc,

III. Pronouns.

Philologists have shown how Aryan-speaking people ‘be-
lieved at one time not only that the name was part of
the man but that it was that part of him which is termed
the soul, the breath of life/ And ethnologists have noted
how in the West of Ireland, in the Torres Straits and in
Malaya a person will refuse to tell his own name, leaving
it to a third party to reveal, for fear that by telling it he
may put himself into the power of his interrogator. The
superstition is moribund now, but probably it explains the
avoidance on all possible occasions of personal pronouns in
Malay speech.

’Nak ka-mana? where are you going?

Sudah ka-pekan, ’nak pulang-lah when I have been to the
town, I shall go home.

Apa KÄ•rja? what is your work?

9


IDIOM.

43

These are simple instances of the persistent omission of
personal pronouns in idiomatic conversation. If pronouns are
unavoidable, their usages must be studied very carefully and
the pronouns proper to the status of the persons employed.
And the pronoun should stand next to the verb: boleh sahaya
pĕrgi, mail sahaya buat are better than sahaya boleh pĕrgi,
sahaya mau buat which lay egotistical emphasis on the pronoun.

IV. Numerals.

Their proper use should be studied carefully in the chapter
devoted to them.

V. Prepositions.

Two words are commonly misused viz., sama for to. and

dĕkat belonging to.

The word sama^^^A# scone us:—sama rata the same level
all over] pokok sama tinggi rumah a tree of the same height as
a house. The construction pukul sama dia give him a beating,
bagi * sama sahaya give to me, tanya sama dia ask (of) him is
utterly wrong. The proper idiom is -kan suffixed to the verb
(vide p. 17) pukulkan dia, bagi-kan sahaya; tanyakan dia; buatkan
sahaya kasut make me shoes]'or else t :e prepsoition kapada rnav
be employed, jangan bĕri kapada sahaya don't give to me.

Dĕkat as a preposition—near in space. Barang itu ada sahaya
punya dĕkat the goods are in my possession is unforgivable;
barang itu ada dĕkat sahaya is atrociously bad. The proper
idiom is barang itu ada ka-pada (or pada) sahaya, or barang itu
ada dhtangan sahaya.

VI. Conjunctions.

Colloquial Malay avoids conjunctions, especially subordinate
conjunctions, which introduce complex sentences.

*NOTE:—Bagi, kasi give are not literary, but are us^rl almost •
always in conversation by Malays and so are admissible. B$ri the literary
word is everywhere understood and used in some places.


44 COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

SYNTAX.

L Owing to the absence of a copula in Malay, the simple
sentence may be built of noun (or pronoun)-[-noun, pronoun,
adjective, verb or adverb.

Sahaya pĕkak
Sahaya raja
Kamu dia
Sahaya dĕngar
BÄ•lum musim

II. The usual order is

subject -j- verb -j- object—
kita bunoh dia

We kill him

Never is the order—

subject -j- objetct -j- verb,
kita dia bunoh

means not we kill him, but we are the people he kills (or will
kill according to context), the object being brought to the
front of the sentence for emphasis.

III. For the marking of emphasis is one of the prin-
ciples of Malay syntax. The front of the clause is the posi-
tion for emphasis. Of two words, even, the first always
denotes the subject and not the attribute. Dia itu that person,
he there, itu dia that is lie', mata ayer the source of a stream,
ayer mata tears, lit. water of the eyes.

Subject, object, or predicate are placed at the beginning
of a sentence according to the emphasis desired; often with
-lah suffixed to the word emphasized.

Dia-lah membu&t rumah elok itu

It was he built that fine house

Rumah elok itu ia buat

It is yon fine house he built

Elok-lah rumah ia buat itu

It is a fine house he built yonder

Itu-lah rumah elok ia buat

Yonder is the fine house he built.

I {am) deaf.

I {am) a raja.

You {are) he.

I hear.

{Is it) not yet the season.


PROVERBIAL PHRASES.

45

PROVERBIAL PHRASES.

Mati semut kerana gula ants die on account of sugar=men
are deceived by plausible words, or by women's looks.

Ada gula, ada semut where there is sugar, there are ants—
where the prey is, there will the vultures gather, especially of
a pretty girl attracting lovers.

Buang garam ka-dalam laut cast salt into the sea— ‘ploughing
the sand,' wasted efforts. Cf. hujan jatoh ka-pasir,. rain falling
on sand.

Bukan tanah menjadi padi not the soil to produce a rice-crop
=barren soil, a person on whom teaching is wasted, or an
unprofitable concern.

Mandi, biar basah; bĕrdawat, biar hit am if you bathe, wet
yourself; if you get inked, get black—‘m for a penny in fora
pound,1 'as well be hanged for a sheep as for a lamb.’

Baraug yang di-kata, itu-lah kota his word is his bond (lit.
fortress).

Tiada rotan, akar pun jadi if there's no rattan, a liana will
serve,=a second best, 'half a loaf is better than no bread.'

Rumah sudah, pahat bĕrbunyi the chisel sounds after the house
has been finished=reopen a chose jugĕe.

Tanam lalang ta’ akan tumboh padi plant grass and you wont
get a crop of rice from it= you can’t make a silk parse out
of a sow’s ear.’

Tikus jatoh ka-beras the rat falls into the rice bin—'in clover.’

Bukan budak makan pisang not a banana eating child—not
young and inexperienced.

Itek di-ajar bĕrnang the duck is taught to swim—(teach one’s
grandmother to suck eggs.’


46

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

Ada-kah duri di-pertajam are thorns sharpened?=d®es one
paint the lily, or more precisely, teach vice to the vicious.

Ayer di-genggam tiada tiris water in his grasp does not drip
=close-fisted, mean.

Lain mangkok, lain chawan the bowl and the cup differ =
ill-matched.

Ukor baju di-badan sĕndiri lit. measure a coat on one s own

person—tdke oneself as a standard for others.

Bĕrapa panjang lunjor, bagitu-lah sĕlimut Sit. according to ones
length stretched out, so must the blanket be—cut your coat
according to your cloth.*

Sapĕrti gunting makan di-ujong lit. as scissors cutting at the

tip-—a symbol of quiet, effective work.

TÄ•rlepas dari mului buaya, masok ka-mulut rimau lit. out of

the jaws of the crocodile into those of the tiger—‘out of the frying
pan into the fire’. Cf. takutkan bantu terpelok ’kan bangkai to

fear a ghost and run into the arms of a corpse.

Sapĕrti ay am, kais pagi, makan pagi; kais petang, makan
petang lit. like a fowl eating in the morning what it scratches
up in the morning, eating in the evening what it scratches up
in the evening=living from hand to mouth.

Masok kandang kambing mengembek, masok kandang kerbau
menguak lit. enter a goafs pen bleating, enter a buffalo’s stall
bellowing— ‘when you go to Rome, do as Rome does/

Mĕrak mĕmgigal di-hutan lit. the. peacock spreads her tail in
the jungle=‘waste one’s sweetness on desert air.’

Pachat hendak mĕnjadi ular lit. a leech would become a snake
=ape one’s better, ‘a beggar on horseback.’

Belalang menjadi lang iit. the grass - hopper becomes a
hawk (a comparison, chosen on account of the jingling assonance)
=an up-start.


PROVERBIAL PHRASES.

47

Pagar makan padi lit. the fence devours the crop=& guardian
commits breach of trust.

Bagai talam dua muka lit. like a two-sided platter= faced, treacherous.

Api di-dalam sĕkam lit. fire in a heap of chaff—'still waters
run deep/ of persons whose lives do not correspond with their
outward demeanour; of deep plotters.

Sa-ekor kĕrbau mĕmbawa lumpor, sa-kawan terpalit lit. one

buffalo brings mud and the herd is smeared— ‘evil communi- -
cations corrupt good manners/

Nyior-di-tebok tupai lit. a cocoanut bored by a squirrel—a maid
deflowered.

Bapa borek, anak rintek lit. a spotted father has a speckled son
=='like father like son/ <•

Kuntum bukan sa-kaki, kumbang bukan sa-ekor there is not only
one flower (i.e. girl) or one beettle (i.e. lover)=‘there are as good
fish in the sea as ever came out of it/ >

Siapa makan chabai, ia-lah berasa pĕdas *it is the person who
eats chillies, whose mouth burns—'as one sows, one must reap/

Ikut hati mati, ikut rasa binasa follow your inclinations and
yon die, follow your senses and you are ruined, i.e. of sensualists.

Kĕmudi dari haluan the rudder at the bows—the state of a hen-
pecked husband.

Kapal satu makhoda dua one vessel and two captains-— a girl
with two lovers. Cf. gajah sa-ekor, gĕmaala dua one elephant with
two mahouts.

Sudah bĕrputek balek bĕrbunga the fruit had begun to form and
then went back to the flower stage=whdit was expected did not
come to pass.

Burong tĕrbang, di-pipiskan lada pepper is ground to curry a.
bird on the wing— counting your chickens, before they are
hatched/

Ayam put eh terbarig siang a white fowl flies by day-light—the
evidence is as clear as day.


48

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

Ayam hitam tĕrbang malam a black fowl flies by night
=the evidence is obscure, the facts hidden.

Tahu makan, tahu simpan one who knows how to eat (forbidden
fruit) must know how to keep it secret.

Bumi mana yang tiada kena hujan/ Where is a sfict on earth
that does not get wetted with rain?—Is there any mortal without
sin?

Tanam tĕbu di-bibir mulut to plant sugar-cane on ones lips
=to cultivate suavity of manner.

Tebu di-mulut gajah sugar-cane in an elephant’s mouth
=doomed beyond recovery.

Anak ikan di-makan ikan the fry are devoured by the grown
fishes=the insignificant always go to the wall before the great.

Tiada pandai menari, di-katakan tanah tinggi rendab because
he is not clever at dancing, he declares the ground is uneven
=‘it is a bad workman who finds fault with his tool /

Saperti kĕrbau chuchok hidong like a buffalo with his nose-

pierced'= lei by the nose/ completely subservient to another.

Saperti pinang di-bĕlah dua like a betel-nut cleft in twain
=affinities, a perfect match, of lovers.

Kalau tiada angin, ta’ kan pokok bĕrgoyang if there is no
breeze, it is unlikely trees will swav--(there is no smoke without
fire/

Lembu punya susu, sapi punya nama the wild cow gets credit
for the tame cow’s milk=one person does a deed and another gets
the praise.

Gajah di-te9an ular lidi the elephant is swallowed by a small
snake=the great thas been worsted by his inferior, especially of
a man of birth caught in the toiJs of a common woman.

Enggang sama Ä•nggang, pipit sama pipit the horn-bill pairs
with his own kind, and so the sparrow—class distinctions should
be observed.


PROVERBIAL PHRASES.

49

Jika beneh yang baik jatoh ka-laut mĕnjadi pulau if good seed
falls into the sea, it becomes an island—n men of good stock
will always flourish.

Baik berjagong-jagong antara padi bĕlum masak it is well to plant
ncaize while waiting for the rice to ripen-—hdli a loaf is better
than no bread*.

Kuching bertandok when cats have horns—'when pigs fly*,
‘the Greek calends.*

Bakar ayer ambil abu-nya burn water and collect its ash—
‘set the Thames on fire.*

Sapĕrti kain puteh like white cloth—having an open impress-
ionable mind.

Sĕnapang bambu a gun of bamboo—dan. idle threat.

Sarang tebuan jangan di-jolok don't poke up at a hornet's

nest=don*t look for trouble; ‘let sleeping dogs lie.*

Dudok sapĕrti katak di-bawah tĕmpurong live like a frog under
a coconut-shell (which he mistakes for the world) i.e. of home
-keeping wits.

Ayer di-titek tiada *kan putus it is not likely that water will
break in dropping—relatives may quarrel but will never cease
to be relatives, or 'blood is thicker than water.*

Takutkan titek lalu tumpah for fear of losing a drop the whole
is spilt=it is wise to sacrifice a- little to save a lot, or â– penny
wise and pound foolish* Cf. biar titek jangan tumpah lose a
drop but don*t spill all.

Lagi terang lagi bĕrsuloh the day is clear and one carries a
torch as well—'carrying coals to Newcastle.’ Cf. bagai bĕrsuloh
tengah hari like a man carrying a .torch at noon.

Kĕchil-kechil, anak rimau though very tiny it is a tiger-cub—
trouble may have an insignificant beginning.

Kachang lupakan kulit the pea forgets the pod—the upstart
forgets his humble home and origin.


50

COLLOQUIAL MALAY.

Bĕri bĕtis hendakkan paha give the calf and the thigh is
wanted—give an inch and he takes an ell. Cf. makin murah,
makm mĕnawar the cheaper. it is, the more they haggle.

Ular pun bukan ikan pun bukan neither snake nor fish—
neither fish, flesh, fowl nor good red herring.

Jong pĕchah, yu sarat when the junk is broken up, the sharks
get their fill—'it is an ill wind blows no one any good/

Malu bĕrdayong, pĕrahu hanyut if you are ashamed to row,
your boat will drift-— laziness never leads to the attainment of
a man's object.

Sĕsat di-ujong, jalan, balĕk ka-pangkal jalan if you, find your-
self astray at the end of the road, go back to the start.

Alah jadi abu, mĕnang jadi arang if defeated, I become dust;
if victorious I become charcoal=the dilemma of a man fighting
one more powerful than himself, who can destroy him anyhow;
‘between the devil and the deep sea'.

Jangan korĕk ulat don't scratch up worms=don't rake up
scandal.

Rimau mati, tinggal belang-nya when the tiger dies, his stripes
are left—the evil tnat men do lives after them.

Panas sa-tahun di-hapuskan oleh hujan sa-hari a year's heat
may be washed away by a day's rain—one indiscretion or crime
may ruin a fine career.

Pĕlandok mĕlupakan jĕrat, tĕtapi jĕrat tiada mĕlupakan pĕlandok

the mouse-deer forgets the snare, but not the snare the mouse-deer.

DÄ•ngarkan bunyi guroh di-langit, ayer di-tempayan di-churahkan

hear the noise of thunder in the sky and the water in the jar is
poured away, (but the rain may not come)=‘a bird in the hand
is worth two in the bush'.




Printed By
Liang Brothers Co.
Singapore.

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PAGE 29

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PAGE 30

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PAGE 32

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PAGE 33

#8 OP 1%(*(/(,*/)0%&%*)0,N&(,(*(,(%.-<(%3,(%.-<((*( )0&),(%.(-13()3(,'1)0/1)N&(*5&%**)+(*%(%&%/0'0)/*6(%1)0%1%)*(: !<1&(7-<1&(()(;-1&((-*)<7-<()(%(-%,(7*(0(,(-<(#:%)01%)1)0*%)0%.N&(1+,)0%&((/(,*%'&11 +:13()3* 0*9**+&)%)')(%10(3)0*(*,%)(9(*-<13()3*@<+&+&<&&;+<&0&0(%.;*(0(,(+).( # &(>'%)* 0%N&(,%.'%')%&%*5)0()1%)()(+=')*(%1%)N&(),*)()(')%6)0%&(*(=%1.%(,/)0B'(**/1*B''%)*%(%,'(**1*')3*+3&*N&(),)0+=')?&(1(%1'*%1%.)&&*%0/%.('%4: @()(%. @<%)'-4:*(+%)-'0%'0% @= @&(0 @&)! >0(-(%1'%))&&*,(%1(,&, ( !(-3 !%.

PAGE 34

D` >?8 !&%)& (%.4:1&((%.!<%.0 $()(04:'0(-(1&(()(0 $%)&334:1&(%&-<1(R $)%. :*()%.) $&'-&&%3 -()(+&%'0 (%1(%c (%..($)" (%.-( 8()4:+%(%.).(&() 0%&((/(,*'1*)*''%)1(),d:*(+=)<)<*(+=71&(&'0-*%((%.*<%((%.1&(&'0-H<()(-(%-(%<()( $)" ,1/)0%&%*1%)%.(*&*)%.)0(%13(&)0'(1%(*)(-%''%): (=(H*(+==(()&-(.H*(+&(0-(-$"(%..(%H*(+=%..(% #@ 1=')3*'(%+&*1(*(13+*4:=((%-H.(%..&()7-())<-H)(%(=((%. %(11)%))*-*(%.()1-()/.)(13+*1+, 5(61&'()%4:L (%.*(%.H0(0(H'0&'0&)+()+(H.(%).(%) 5+6*(X4

PAGE 35

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

PAGE 36

DO >?8 >%(*-((%.7)(1!41(0&&*-37&*((K)37-((% 7-<&1(%4-(1(%.7=(&0H1<-()1((()(*H*(+(0%%*(+<(%. 7D)'67*%K;;C)5/0)0*(-*67*)&5/0)0*%(11**1*67*(%(5(% %1%)('1)67+(%,(-H*(1-)%H)<%)&%<*'0(,(H(. &(%(&(%1*-((%.M4M((0*-((%.%+0*((,(%(*5(1*&1(0*(0(,(*<1(-I%,!#(0&&)(1(+(.)&(=B!&1(%(&(-(-(%0)(,#*--(*&)(.=<%)&)&(%(-(%0(M15)6M1(--&(*(7*%*(-(,((-(%BH# )4: 5S60(13+*('*%*(%((%(+(7(01((()(*=(&0*(+<(0*(+(%.(,0(3)0*)%1-((%11(91))0 5O6(%,(13+*(,+N&(1+,)01%*)()3%&%*%)&-((%.*-((%.%GH*(-(%H1<-(%)&H*((()& .()3*(%1$0+3* @&-(%)1(-@&-(%N&(*)0/1)'1*7)1(-)0*%)%'@&-(%%)%,1%*+&)*&..*)*)0*)7)1(-,1%*()1(-+0%.(+0%.)1(-M4()1(-((*'C(+&-(%+0%.'$G"(+0%.+&-(%M'MC@&-(%1(+0%.#$71(--(0(+0%.#M5#"@&-(%-(0(+0%.M#M5="

PAGE 37

#@ DD 1(-)(1()((1%)'(7)(*0(*'A%*)%'%3*()%$0(**()(&*(0;37)(1(())1(-;)(+'0)1(-H)1(-(()(((;H ')%.()3*()2/+9**1+3(%(+0M/+0%+3#;S-&(%.<-*(**),<%)(0&1,)1(-)(0& $0+)3*(=(%.(%(%1)0))(&*(0)((,(0;2(%.(%)1(-39***(*)%.*)3'(%12(%.(%*&*1()*&(,(%%('(&**)*(*&*1/0%0+)%*(%,0/1 (&*(0)&)&=%1()&4;3((A,(0+&-((,%.4;2(%.(%(%.-()4;@(-*(0(,((.-()()(&=(%.(%M*#M2(%.(%)1(-<*(%4;; $%(0*&*1()%.()3*%%).()3*%)%'*/0(%.()3,***+1(-(0%(0+<%(%.'/@&%(02 * (*&11(-(0%(0+%(%.M'(,+(%*/15S6)&(%5<%'0%.-&)'675O6*((,(5()-)((=(675D6(1(75T6+<%(%.=&.(7(%15J6&1,,(,((0 =&.(&( 0*/1*(-%.)0+((%'/0'0*(%')0((,*%)%'(3,'%%'%3*()%2&.((,+%11H&*(13*()3%)+, #(1(00&=(%*(0(,(=((%=&.((# &(%=((%&(MM&C*(0=&.(,!((&*&-(%(%)+0=&.(#

PAGE 38

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#>28> DP (&1%)*)(%*)%((')%@<1(&+<*(-7*(0(,(+=((%(&<%&&1&*&%# <)((&%..0-(,()<)(-<-(0(,(0(+())<)()(1(1(()## )(&()(&()(& (&(%()(&)1(-MM(%+(()(&(%(-(&)(1(*(0(,(><1&#;M(%.(%()&(%*&-(+((%.)<+(.( ()(&-(%*&)<(MM <+(+-<(%(<+(+.0*(0(,(<%()##<+(+((=(()-*<.(%# @(@(*%(%.*(0(,(+&()& #;@(*(0(,((%..(# (((_*((.(((-&'0%.)1(-+<..)-&*)(1(*(% @(0(&(%.+&)(+(0(&(,(*(-( (<)%=%.<%<-(*(<)0<%1(-..) (<)(+(-1<%.(%( (-%(-%R&( '0<%1(/(%(-%)&((-%+&*-(-%*(0(,().(0-(%(-%1(+&()# 2-((&-((&-((-&*(2-(-&)&&)0(1)<%)&*((0;(-&1(+*(.&%%.)1(-*(0(,()(-&)#@((+()(*(*<((3

PAGE 44

T` >?8 &(,(*&(,(=(%.(%<(%-(<*(%)((((-((((%'N&(((, 0(&%')7()%C/1*%3&*1%'%3*()%+&)&%1%)0**)/))%**),*%)1&'1+,*(+&(*(-(<*<)&((-*(0*0((.(0*(%)1&'1+30())(*0(0(1(%-((-(%((-(%7(%)0)'(*%)%'*+,(1(&%7(**3()%*+,+(0(/((-(0(*)0'(*)(%1(**('1()()('(&*(*&+1%()'(&*)0(*;)0+((%'+)/%)0()(%1)0(%'(&* 2> >%(: #(G (0G&G 10G(+07%(-G#U 10GFG >00G (0G &%GFG 2&G5!1(067+G5$(-6,(0GF *&*1(*%)=')%*(: (,(%.G!(*0(%G>0(-(G#((G (&+()GG5)6M(+'%3'()%*(%N&%)&*

PAGE 45

&%*(%11=')3* 0(%&*)+)0()56)0.%)3*1+,&))%.)0N&(,%.%&%())0*&+=')(%15O6)0()(%())+&)3(1=')3/*)*%&%7(%10*0&1(-)(&%3)&*)0/1&%,()0&.0)*0(1)%%/%+(;((((, &(%)(%(03 (%(0)&(%5(11**%.(((,.%)(%67%3)&(%&%,()(%(0 !&1(+(-%39')%>0%*((,+(-&%,(-&1( +* 5S60*%'&(%((,0/1(1(&*)%3+&*1))(%*())0(&9(, (0(,((1(*(-)#5" &(%(1(+<%'0M43M !((&%.-(&(1((1(0&& (9(*+(1&%1()'((,7(1(*%)N&1%%)0**%)%'*7 1(1%)*: 5(69*)%'7)09*)*9*)1 !)()&(1(*(I(*<-((%. 5+6****%: &(%(1() 5'6*%'(')&((%1.&()3: &(&(1(1&(0 1()&(%1<%.(M/M

PAGE 46

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