if
CIVIL & MILITARY GAZETTE
PRESS, LAHORE.
BOOKBINDERS, &
ACCOUNT BOOK MANU-
FACTURERS,
PRINTERS TO THE PUNJAB
13 August 1927
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
OF THE
KHOWAR DIALECT
(CHITKALl).
GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
OF THE
KHOWAR DIALECT
(CHITRALI).
WITH INTRODUCTORY SKETCH OF COUNTRY AND PEOPLE.
BY
Captain D. J. T. O'BRIEN,
15TH SIKHS.
all rights reserved.
CIVIL AND MILITARY GAZETTE PRESS, LAHORE,
1895.
PREFACE.
THE materials for this work were mostly
obtained from a residence in the country
and intercourse with its inhabitants, and every
endeavour has been made to make it, as
accurate as possible.
I was assisted by Khan Bahadur Rab
Nawaz Khan in the preparation of the Gram-
mar, and Biddulph's little pamphlet on the
languages of the tribes of the Hindu Khush,
though brief, was of great use to me at
first.
A Khowar Grammar has, I believe, been
published by Dr. Leitner, but I have not
seen it.
In some parts of Chitral things have
different, or slightly different, names, and
one word will be used in the highlands and
another in the lowlands for the same things.
Most Chitralis however will know both.
D. J. T. 0'B.
PESHAWAR :
28th February, 1895.
CONTENTS.
Page.
Sketch of Country and People i-xiii
Grammar Key to pronunciation 1-2
Substantives 3-4
Adjectives 5
Pronouns 6-9
Verbs 10-22
Adverbs 23
Prepositions 24
Conjunctions ib.
Interjections ib.
Miscellaneous ib.
Sentences 25-43
Vocabulary 44-123
Numerals, Weights and Measures, &c. 124-126
ERRATA AND ADDENDA.
Page 13, para. 30.
Note tbat Future tense is often
Present.
used with sense of
" 15 " 33. Present Partu tuple . For onoo read iroo.'
" 19 " 80. For Ganonoo' read Ganiroo.'
" 27 sentence 12 (Khowar). For ' Chanas read Pishin and vice versa.
" 35 " 113 ( ). For ' Janjarot' read Jonjarot.'
" 37 " 116 ( ). For ' Kuzh read Kuzht.'
" 46 opposite Afternoon' read Pishin (.12 noon to 3 p.m.) and 'Ohan&s, etc.,
(3 p.m. to sunset.)'
" 50 read 'Bellows' . ' Phoo,ini.'
" 53 " ' Bull'...... ... ' R^shoo.'
" 55 " ' Carrion' ... 4 Mnrd&r,' not Warg&n.'
" 56 " 'Chestnut' ... ' Eurang,' not Turogh.'
" 57, " 'Cloves' ' Kal&hoor.'
" 60; " ' Cross, v. ... ' Shoksik (oo).'
" 60, " ' Cup'...... ... . . ; pat as t (wooden).
" 61, " 'Daughter-in-law ' ... 1 Rozhaiyoo,' not Tokhmiran.'
SKETCH OF COUNTRY AND PEOPLE.
Conn try.Chi tral, or Kashkar as it is
called by the Path an s and Badakhshis, is
situated between N. latitudes 35 lo' and 37
and E. longitudes 71 30'and 74 10'. It
is bounded on the north, by the Hindu Khush
range separating it from Badakhshan and
"Wakhan: on the south by the Indus, Swat
and Panjkora Kohistans, and the Asmar dis-
trict : on the east by Kanjut, Gilgit, Punial
and Dir: and on the west by the Hindu
Khush and Kafiristan. It has an area of
about 9,000 square miles :the greatest length
being about 200 milesfrom the Khora
Bort Pass to the Asmar frontier.
The best known passes leading out of the
country are the Durah (14,800 feet) to Badakh-
shan, the Baroghil (12,500 feet) to Wakhan,
the kauri (or Rauli) to Dir, the Chillingi to
Kanjut, and the Shawal, Shui and Zidig to
Kafiristan.
Chitral is divided into the following pro-
vinces Yasin, Gliizar, Mastuj Turikro,
31
Muliklio, Lottkuli, Shoghor, Chitral, Oyon,
Shishikuh, Dros, and Narsat (at present
held by Urnra Khan).
The country is mountainous. In the higher
regions the hills are bare and rugged,
nothing growing on their slopes but dwarf
juniper and wormwood. The alluvial fans
are cultivated wherever water can be got
on to them, and form a striking contrast to
the remainder of this part of the country
which is bare and stony. Below Chitralthe
Provincethe pine belt is reached and
the hills are thickly wooded with pine, fir,
ilex oak and holly, the valleys being more
open and fertile.
The Kunar is the river which flows through
the country. It rises in large glaciers a few
miles east of the Baroghil Pass. From its
source to Mastuj it is called the Yarkhun,
thence to Ohitral the Mastuj, and below
Chitral the Chitral river. Its principal tri-
butaries are from the Laspar, Mulikho,
Shoghor, Oyon and Shishikuh valleys.
The roads are mostly very bad, and in sum-
mer, when the river bed cannot be used, a con-
siderable ascent is often necessary to pass
bends of the river where its banks rise sheer
out of the water, sometimes to a considerable
height.
The climate in the highlands is cool in
summerthough on a close day the stony
valleys can be very hotand very cold in
Ill
the winter, the snowfall being heavy. In
the lowlands the heat is greater and the cold
less severe.
Language.The language of the Chitralis,
or Khos as they call themselves, is Khowar,
made up of words from various tongues, from
Turki to Sanscrit. In some parts, such as
Yasin, Lottkuh, Madaglasht and Narsat, they
have dialects of their own, viz., in Lottkuh
Lottkuh war, in Yasin* Wersliikwar and
Dangerikwar (Shina), in Madaglasht (a Per-
sian Colony) Persian, and in Narsat Narsati-
war. These they talk among themselves,
but they all know Khowar.
Rule. The ruler of Chitral is styled Meh-
tar. Aman-ul-Mulk, of the Katoor clan, who
had ruled the country for many years, died
in the autumn of 1892 : an old man, respected
by all. He is always spoken of as the Lott
Mehtfir' or < Great Mehtar.' One of his
sons, Afzul-ul-Mulk, then Governor of Mas-
tuj, took over the Mehtarsliip, and set about
getting rid of all likely to attempt ousting
himAman-ul-Mulk seems to have set his
sons this example, as he was notorious for
the number he killed on becoming Mehtar ;
before his time it was not so much the custom
as it is now. Afzul's brother, Nizam-ul-Mulk,
then Governor of Yasin, fled to Gilgit know-
ing that Afzul would not spare him. How-
* Yasin is always called Wershikutn by the Chitralis
and other tribes of the Hindu Khush.
iv
ever Afzul-ul-Mulk's reign was very short.
His uncle Slier Afzul, a refugee, dropped in
suddenly from Badakhshan and appeared
one night outside the walls of the Chitral
Fort. Afzul-ul-Mulk was recognized on the
walls and promptly shot and Slier Afzul be-
came Melitar. He is much liked by the Chit-
ralis, who say he is a kind-hearted mail, a
devout Mussulman, not addicted to unuatural
practices and averse to wholesale murder.
On the news reaching Gilgit Nizam was
allowed to return to Chitral and oust Sher
Afzul if he was able to do so. A fight
occurred near Drasan, and Sher Afzul being
told that Nizam was receiving support from
the British, beat a hasty retreat and left the
country. Nizam then went on to Chitral
and installed himself as Melitar. He was
badly off as his uncle had taken all the trea-
sure with him. Nizam was a selfish man
and much given to unnatural practices, the
Chitralis detested him and he was in hourly
dread of being murdered. This they suc-
ceeded in doing in January of this year
(1895) whilst he was out hawking, though
they had tried it on before. He was shot
at the instigation of a young brother, Amir-
ul-Mulk, a puppet of Umra Khan's, who then
became, and is now, Mehtar, but not likely to
remain so long. He is quite a youth and of
no account at all.
The provinces are under Mehtarjaus
(Princes), sons or brothers of the late Aman-
X
ul-Miilk. These are again divided into dis-
tricts under leading Adamzadas styled
Hakim or Atalegh. They have under them
Charweloos in charge of several villages, and
Aksakals, or revenue collectors. The head-
man of a village is called Charbpo. The
Mehtar's [retinae consists of Yasauwals,
or henchmen, with one head Yasauwal;
Mahramans, or assistants to Yasauwals;
Andren-boghaks, or personal, trusty servants ;
Bappan, whose duty is to fetch the food
from the kitchen and deliver over to the
Mahramans; Maristans,or slave women, cooks;
Mirakhor, grooms ; Mirshikars, falconers ;
Reniwals, in charge of the kennel.
The People..The Chitralis are of Aryan
type. They are of fine physique, hardy crags-
men, good shots, and good riders. In disposi-
tion they are excitable, the creatures of impulse
and easily influenced. As a rule they have
good-looking frank faces, good features and
a fair complexion. The women and children
are often exceedingly fair and good looking.
Auburn, and even fairer hair is very com-
mon, as well as grey or pale blue eyes.
Many men wear their hair long and in
curls, others, older as a rule, shave the head.
The women wear their hair loose or in small
plaits, with a square-cut fringe, the children
have an oblong patch on the crown of the
head shaved.
The dress worn by the men consists of a
homespun cap, black, brown or grey, made
in the shape of a bag and rolled up till it
fits the skull, or a peaked cap is sometimes
worn, white with designs worked in silks,
about which they bind a small turban round
and round, with no end hanging loose. Their
clothes consist of a cotton shirt, cotton or
homespun pyjamas, very loose, tucked into
long knitted stockings of fancy colors and
designs, loose ankle bootsor long, for rid-
ingof ibex or goat skin dyed red, and over
all a loose cloak, or choga, of black, brown
or grey homespun. Attached to their caps
they wear a tiny bag containing texts from
the Koran. Women wear a white, silk-em-
broidered skull capoften of exquisite work-
manshipa long gown, generally white, a
white sheet over the head, loose pyjamas
but not so much so as Pathansplain red or
blue, or with stripes, stockings like the men
but shorter, the same ankle boots, or shoes
when they can be procured. The stockings
and rough skin boots, women, as a rule, only
wear when travelling.
Social Distinctions.The Chitralis are
divided into three classes :Adamzadas,
Erbabzadas and Fakir Mnshkin.
All those belonging to the undermentioned
clans are styled Adamzadas.
Katoor
Khushwakt
about equal
Yll
Biza.
Mahomedbega.
Atambega.
Zondra.
Sangali.
Khushamada.
Mazhe.
Khushalbeg.
Khaniya,
Klioja.
Bai,ika.
Daslimana.
Shieghnya.
These clans are given in their order of
standing. The present ruling family belong
to the Katoor clan. The Khusliwakts were
formerly in power, but were driven out of
the country and have now a jagirnear Gilgit.
The Adamzadas are very independent, and
their retainers work only for their masters.
The supplying of ponies and men as carriers
to the Mehtar is done only by the Erbabzadas
and Fakir Mushkin, and sometimes falls very
heavy on them. No wood is cut from the
Adamzadas5 land. They do not till the land
themselves but the poorer among them are
reduced to doing so. They will take in mar-
riage the daughter of an Erbabzada (not
Fakir Mushkin) but would not give him a
daughter of theirs.
Erbabzadas and Fakir Mushkin are really
all one class, the former are so called from
being well oh having been repaid for services
to the Mehtar, while the latter are the very
poor class, some having barely sufficient to
exist upon. They will intermarry, though an
Erbabzada would not give his daughter to a
Fakir Mushkin who was unable to support her.
Vlll
Religion.The Chitralis are all Mahomed-
ans, but not fanatical except where brought
in contact with bordering' Pathans. In the
highlands they are chiefly of the Moguli (or
Pafizi) persuasion and in the lowlands all
Sun is.
Customs.The Chitralis are much tied
down to custom and very averse to any
change. A common practice in the country
is that of giving away the land or even wife
and children of an offender to some more
favored individualrobbing Peter to pay
Paul. Friends on meeting embrace, an in-
ferior always dismounts before a superior and
kisses his hand. They show their gratitude
in the same way. Women do no work in the
fields, as young girls, they, with their young-
brothers, have to tend the flocks.
On the arrival of the Melitar at a place
where he is popular, they all turn out, line
the hill side, and fire a feu-de-joie. Wherever
he stops the night, when on tour, the
villagers have all even Adamzadasto pre-
pare food for him and his retinue. This is
called Ash math. This is also done to any
servants of the M eh tar travelling on his
service. When the Mehtar gives a feast, a
dish or two from his own table is passed
round to his guests. This is called c Ishpen/
and esteemed an honor, missing any one out
gives great offence and is looked upon as a
sign of the Mehtar's disfavor.
Every person holding any office, from the
Governor of a Province to the headman of the
smallest hamlet, has yearly to visit the Meh-
"tar to pay his respects and remains attending
him till dismissed, when he receives suitable
presents.
Revenue is collected in kind, every person
other than an Adamzada being told off to
give either grain, glii, chogas, sheep and
goats, or fowls. The Mehtar's greatest source
of revenue is from timber which is floated
down the Oyon and Shishikuh streams and
the Kunar to Mirkani where it is taken over
by the Kaka Khels of Wallai, Nowshera,
and floated down to Nowshera. The Kaka
Khels pay the Melitar mostly in goods, arms,
&c., and the balance in cash.
On the alarm of invasion beacon tires are
lit on commanding peaks, and the fighting
men, some from every house, are called out
from all parts of the county.
At births and marriages fire-arms are dis-
charged as among Path an s. Marriages are
arranged by the parents of the girl who, if
they approve of the suitor and of what he is
prepared to give,generally cattle, sheep
and goatsfix the date, when the ceremony
is performed according to Mahomedan rites.
It is a common practice for young women
and girls to black their faces with burnt
powdered horn, which is supposed to soften
and beautify the skin and prevent its being
X
sun-burnt. Their hair they wash with a solu-
tion of mercury, eggs or gum. The former
they say makes the hair thick and abundant.
The bread of the country is excellent, and
light, yeast being used which they make
from flour. Salt is much prized and eagerly
sought after, what a man will not sell, lie
will often part with for a little salt.
Murder is about the only crime in the
country, and is confined pretty well to the
ruling family. The Mehtar gets rid, by this
means, of his enemies, and his followers do
the deed only by order. Theft is practically
unknown, but Chitralis who have been to
India and Kashmir are gradually introducing
it. Adultery is punished with death.
Superstitions.Like most hill tribes, the
Chitralis are very superstitious, believing in
fairies, &c. Tirich Mir, the highest peak in
the country (25,426 feet) is said to swarm
with them, and to them they attribute the
sounds coming from its glaciers.
Saturday is considered a very unlucky day,
and nothing of importance, such as starting
on a journey, or the performance of a marriage
ceremony, is ever done on that day.
On the door of many a cowshed a black
daub may be seen, this is a charm to keep
off wolves, &c.
A loud rumbling, accompanied by only a
faint shock of earthquake, is said to be caused
xi
by a passing army of fairies, whose whirr
in passing cause the ground to shake.
A large fiat-surfaced rock, covered with
pebbles, may often be seen near the road-
side. Passers by invariably add a stone or
two to their number, and if you ask them
the reason, they will tell you that in ancient
times a very holy man used to pray there,
and that any one throwing a stone on to the
rock will realize any pet wish of his, or be
cured from disease. Many more such super-
stitions exist, and the folk-lore of the country
would probably make a book of itself.
Pastimes.Polo is the favorite amusement
of the Chitralis. They play with great dash.
The ground is long and narrowoften very
badwith low walls on either side, off which
the ball re-bounds into play. A couple of
large stones at each end mark the goal.
The sticks in use are very short and the
players, going at full speed, reach down
almost to the ground. Music is always in
attendance on such occasions, and a goal is
the signal for a wild flourish and beat of
drums.
At the end of the game the losers have
to do what the winners order usually
dance.
Shooting at the Poppinjay is much prac-
tised, and the Chitralis are rather good at it.
xii
In the autumn and winter they liunt ibex
and markhor, having them driven by dogs,
and shooting them indiscriminately, and
fairly straight. The skin, especially of ibex,
is used for boots, and homespun is made up
from the soft wool. The flesh they eat, how-
ever strong.
The Chitralis are very fond of music and
dancing. Some of their airs are very taking.
The late Mehtar had his daucing boys out
every evening, and used to keep it up to a late
hour. Their musical instruments are surnais,
fifes, kettle drums and a big drum, and for
singing to, a sitar.
In summer those living near a river bathe
daily, plunging fearlessly into the swollen
waters. They learn early and are strong
swimmers. Inflated goat skins are used, but
tbey can swim well without them.
They are very fond of hawking, using
various falcons and hawks for snow-pheasant,
moonal, duck, chukor and quail.
Showing off their ponies in a trial of speed
is a favorite amusement of theirs when they
reach an inviting spot. In Chitral a man
who cannot swim, shoot or ride well, is not
thought much of.
Products.In the colder parts maize,
millet, buckwheat, and a little wheat and
barley are grown, in the lowlands wheat,
barley, and rice are plentiful.
xiii
Tobacco and vegetables are sparsely cul-
tivated. Fruit is abundant. Apples, pears,
apricots of different kinds, damsons, cherries,
mulberries of two or three kinds, pomegra-
nates, figs, melons and grapes, also walnuts,
grow in different parts.
Grafting is much resorted to for improving
the quality of the fruit.
In the highlands a great deal of glii is
produced of excellent quality. Very good
homespun is made from the wool of sheep
and goats, also from ibex and yak, and ducks7
feathers are sometimes interwoven. The
best homespun is made of lamb's wool.
GRAMMAR.
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION.
a is pronounced like u in English ' Hurry.'
A " 11 19 a 99 French ' Cafe.'
a ,, >1 19 a 99 Englisli ' Art.'
au 11 99 ow 19 99 ' How.'
^ 99 11 ai 99 11 ' Aisle.'
ai 99 91 ai 9; 11 ' Air.'
e 99 19 e 99 11 ' Herd.'
e 99 91 e 99 11 ' Tent.'
£ 99 91 a 9 11 ' Fate.'
91 91 i 99 11 < Miss.'
91 11 i 99 11 'Ravine.5
19 91 0 99 >; 'Home.'
9 > 91 91 0 91 French ' Botte.'
00 99 99 00 91 English ' Boom.'
99 19 00 99 19 ' Rook.'
gh has a guttural sound.
kh has a guttural sound, like ch in Scotch
'Loch.'
k is the Arabic letter ke,' often shown in
Roman character by q,
zh is pronounced like z in English Azure.'
1 has a sound between 1 and r.
ng has anasal sound like ng in English 'Sung,
ph is pronounced like ph in English Loop,
hole.'
o
r is the rolled r never silent as in English,
tch like ch in English but with slight sound
of t before it.
te, t and s run quickly one intoh without the
the other I sound of any
iz, t and z run quickly one into f vowel be-
tlie other J tween them.
The above is the nearest guide to the pro-,
nunciation of words in Khowar that can be
given.
N.B.Not only is the correct pronunciation
of the letters of importance to make
oneself well understood, but also the
laying of the accent on the right
syllable. With this object, tlie vowel
of the accentuated syllable is through-
out shown in italics, thus ;
Madr = kindness.
Two dots (b) over first of r denote that they
two vowels. < are sounded sepa-
A comma between vowels irately.
SUBSTANTIVES.
1. Males are masculine, females feminine,
all other substantives neuter.
The plural is formed by adding aratP
or en' to the singular, and can only be
learnt by experience.
With nouns denoting relationship the
plural is formed by adding Vgini5.
Examples.
Sing.
Plur.
Brar,
Ispus^r,
Mik,
A'lli,
Azhcli,
Dak,
Mosh,
Ghich,
An,
a brother,
a sister,
an uncle,
a duck,
a child,
a boy.
a man.
an eye.
a mountain.
Brargzni, brothers.
Ispusargzni, sisters.
uncles,
ducks,
children,
boys,
men.
eyes,
mountains.
Mikgnii,
Libyan,
Azh eliyfm,
Da kan,
Mosh a,
(fhichon,
A line 11,
The most common form of plural is'an.'
A good many substantives remain unchanged
in the plural.
Declension.
Substantives are declined thus :-
Animate.
Sing,
Nom. Dak, a boy.
Voc. Eh dak, oh boy !
Acc. Dak, a boy.
Gen. Dak-o, of a boy,
boy's.
Bat. Dak-ote, to aboy.
fDak-o-sar, from
| a boy.
Dak-o-sum,
with a boy.
j Dak-o-sora, on
k a boy.
Ah l{
Blur.
Dakan, boys.
Eh dakan, oh boys !
Dak&n, boys.
Dakan-o, of boys,
boys'.
Dakan-ote, to boys.
Dakan-o-sar, from
boys.
Dakau-o-sum, with
boys.
Dakan-o-sora, on
boys.
Inanimate.
Nom. An, a mountain.
Acc. An-o, a mountain.
Gen. An-o, of a moun-
tain.
Bat. An-ote, to a
_ mountain.
( An-ar, from a
1 __ mountain.
An-o-teka, 011 a
mountain.
1
Ann^n, mountains.
Annan, mountains.
Annen-o, of moun-
tains.
Annan-ote, to moun-
tains.
Annen-ar, from moun-
tains.
Anne'n-o-teka, on
mountains.
o. The Interrogative is formed by adding
a or lengthening a final f a' to a.'
Examples.Kinnria ? Is it a woman ?
5
ADJECTIVES.
4. Adjectives precede the noun they
govern and remain unchanged by gender or
number.
Examples,
Jam mosh, A good man.
Jam kiimri, A good woman.
Jam azheliyan, Good children.
5. An adjective is often qualified by the
adding of ro meaning rather.'
Examples.
Bla'tsro mosh, A smallish man.
Kamro asstmi, The}r are rather few.
Comparison.
6. Comparison is formed by the use cf
'sar' 'from' for Comparative and c chik-o-
sar c fro.m all' for Superlative.
Example,
Jam dak asm*, He is a good boy.
Mirza-o-sar jam asnv, He is better than Mirza.
Chik-o-sar jam aswr, He is the best (of all).
7. It is also expressed thus :
Haiya jam, This is good.
Nohla,liess jam, This is better (i.e., No
this is good).
8. The Superlative is often expressed by
the use of the word Makhu\' :
Hozya makhul shair. This is the best.
6
Interrogation.
9. The Interrogative is expressed by add*
C J
mg a.
Example,
Hnmit jama ? Are these good ?
PRONOUNS.
10. The Personal Pronouns are :
Aw a, I. ; Ispdh, we.
Tu, thou.
Bissah, you.
Hess ^ Hamit
Hett } He, she, it. Hattet j y'
Hassa- \ !
They are declined thus :
Singular.
Person, j 2nd Person.
Nam. /wn, I. | Tu, thou.
Are. Ma, me. i Ta, thee.
Gen. Ma, of me. j Ta, of thee,
j. f Md-te, to me. j Td-te, to thee.
a" | Ma-bacliau, for| Ta-buclian, for thee,
me. !
f Ma-sar, from i Ta-sar, from thee.
| me. i
All. { Ma-sum, with i Ta-sum, with thee.
| me. I
l^Ma-sora, onmej Ta-sora, on thee.
7
3rd Person.
Nom. PIcss, hett, lmssa, he (she, it).
Acc. Haino, hattogho, horo, liirn (her, it).
Gen. Hamo, hattogho, horo, of him (her, it).
Dat. Hamo te, hattogho, horo-te, to him
(her, it).
,, Hamo-bachan, hattogho-bnehan, lioro-
baclian, for him (her, it).
fHamo-sar, hattngho-sar, lioro-sar, from
I him (her, it).
I Hamo-sum, hattogho-sum, lioro-sum,
Abl. ^ with him {her,"it).
| Hamo-sora, hattogho-sora, lioro-sora,
; oil him (her).
I Hamo-toka, horo-toka, on it.
Plural.
Ist Person. 2nd Person.
Bissah, you.
Bissah, you.
Bissali, of you.
Bisso-te, to you.
Bisso-bachan, for you.
B{sso-sar, from you.
B'/sso-sum, with you.
Bisso-gora, on you.
Aom. Ispdh, we.
Acc. Ispdh, us.
Gen. Ispdh, of us.
Pat -f ^P^1"^ us*
(. Ispdh-bochan,
for us.
/'Ispdh-sar, from
j us.
J Ispdh-sum, with
, us.
| Ispdh-sora, on
I us.
8
3rd Person.
Nom. Hamifc, hattet, they.
Ace. Hamitan, hattetan them.
Gen. Hamitan-o, hattetan-o, of them.
{ Hamitan-otc, hattetan-oto, to them.
J)at. < Hamitan-o-bacban, liattetan-o-bachan;
( for them.
( Hamitan-o-sar, liattetan-o-sar, from
ithem.
Hamitan-o-sum, hattctan-o-sum, with
^^ j them.
, Hamitan-o-sora, liattetan-o-sora, ou
j them (persons).
I Hamitan-o-tcka, hattetan-o-tcka, on
them (things).
In the 3rd Person singular oblique form
' hattogho 5 (or corrupted to togho ') is more
generally used. The other two forms' liamo '
and horo' are really the Demonstrative
Pronouns c this 5 and that/
The 3rd Person plural hamit9 is used for
persons near, and hattet; for those further
off or absent.
11. The Possessive Pronouns are :
Ma, my. Ispah, our.
Ta, thv. Bissah, your.
Hattogho, his (her). Hamitan-o ^
Hamo \ Hattetan-o j
Horo rtS'
They are unaffected by gender or number.
9
.12. There is a Reflexive Pronoun 'Tan/
' Self/ it follows immediately after the Per-
sonal Pronoun :
iwa tan, 1 myself.
Tu tan, Thou thyself.
Id. The Demonstrative Pronouns are :
Hmya, this. He, that.
They are declined like the 3rd Person of
Personal* Pronouns, i.e. Hftiya becomes in
the oblique form hamo '; and 'He/ 'horo'
in the singular and hamitan' and lmttetan'
in the plural.
14. The Interrogative Pronouns are :
Ka, who ?Id, which ?kiwdloo, which?
kya, kyttni, what ?
Ka, in the oblique form becomes kos.'
In other cases they remain unchanged.
Example
Kps-te, to whom ?
Kiwaloo-te, to which one ?
Kos istor, whose horse ?
15. There are no Relative Pronouns, the
particle ki' is used.
Example
Hassa ki goi, he who goes.
* But the A cc. of 'He' that' is liatte not lioro.'
10
VERBS.
16. Verbs in Khowar are very regular,
and one being known throughout its conjuga-
tion, most of the rest are easily learnt.
17. There are a few Irregular ones, the
most common are given, in a tabular form
(para. 37, page 22), the tenses which are re-
gular in their formation are therein left out.
18. The Passive Voice (*if there be any)
is never used. The only construction at all
resembling it is the following, and in common
use :
Petz'Zn noli boi. There will be no shooting.
Petzfu noh lioi. They were not shot.
Bin noli boi. There will be no going.
Bin noli hoi. We could not go (It was not
to be gone).
19. Some verbs in the Present and Future
Tenses change the vowel of the Infinitive to
' o,' 'oo or ioo :
Petzik, to shoot, Pres. TensePetzooman, I
shoot.
Brik, to die. Pres. TenseBr:,ooman, I am
dying.
Dik, to give. Pres. Tense Doman, I give.
* Biddulph in his Appendix to the Tribes of the
Hindu Khush gives a complete Passive Voice, but
J. don't know how he got hold of it. Khan Bahadur
Jemadar Rab Nawaz Khan, who has been teu years in
the country, says none is used (except as above), and no
native of Chitral 1 have met understood any portions of
the Passive Voice given in Biddulph's book.
11
The correct vowel is given after every verh
in the vocabulary, thus :" Give, toDik
(o)" ; Knit, toBinzk (oo) ; Take, to
Gaink (i)."
20. Infinitives end either in c ik or 'ik.'
21. A Transitive or Causal Verb is
generally formed by prefixing to the
Infinitive :
Laclnk, to boil; Laclieik, to cause to boil.
Gharik, to turn (intrans.); Ghareik, to turn
(traus).
22. The Agent is formed by changing the
' ik of the Infinitive to ak,' or dropping
the ck' and adding yak :
Korik, to make, do. Kcrak, a maker.
Dik, to give.
Nal chokik, to shoe.
Diyak, a giver.
Nal chakiyak,
farrier.
23. A Verbal Adjective is formed by add-
ing c war' to the Infinitive :
Dik, to give, Dikw^r, fit to be given.
24. Compound Verbs are formed by
using the verbs "Bik, to become" ; Korzk,
to do"; Dik, to give," with nouns or
adverbs:
Maldl, delay. Maldl bik, to delay.
Kar, a ear. Kar korik, to listen.
Loo, a word. Loo dik, to speak.
Aho, down. Ahp dik, to drop.
Nast, in front. Nast bik, to lead.
12
25. In Compound Verbs the sign of the
Negative comes between the noun or adverb
and the verb :
Bashar noli km. He will not ask.
Loo muh ditt. Do not tell.
If the word c Why' be used with a nega-
tive, it comes between the negative and
verb :
Bashar noli ko kom ? Why shall I not ask ?
26. The Infinitive is used as a noun as
follows :
Korik-o-sum. With the doing.
KoHk-ar. From the doing.
Korik-o-mwji. Midst the doing.
KoriU-o-bachan. For the doing.
27. The Infinitive in the oblique form is
commonly used as follows :
(1). Noh bik-o. On his being unable (to
do so).
Lahkik-o. On loosing it.
(2). Rein botik-o jam. You had better tie
up the dog.
(3). Hamo ganik-o kva sud koi.
What is the use of taking it. (Thing
not yet taken).
Hamo gdnik-ar kya sud bdi.
"What is the use of taking it. (Idling
having been taken).
13
28. Some verbs have a ^Participle ending
in 4 oo' which is commonly used with the
word cb\v(u9 (equivalent to 4 bffci astir') from
the verb 4 Bik 4 to become and has a Past
Indefinite sense :
Bik, to go. Boghdoo biroz, he has gone away.
Korik, to do. Ktfrdoo birftz, he has done it.
Brik, to die. Birdoo biivw, lie is dead (died).
29. The same word 'hirai' ;is often used
with the Agent, as follows :
Assik, to be. Assak birrw, he is (here).
Nisluk, to sit. Nishak birftz, he is sitting.
Shik, to be. Sail* noli shale biro?, there is
no bridge, (the bridge has
gone).
30. Verbs having 4o' for the vowel of tlie
root change it throughout the conjugation
to 4 a ':
Poslnk, to see. Pashzm, I see.
Pob'k, to wrap. Palmi, I wrap.
N
in sight.
Chokik, to bite. Chakoor, it will bite.
31. The Interrogative is expressed by
adding 4 a or lengthening the 4 a' to 4a/
Bfma ? Shall I go ?
Kurdr lidu ? Whence have you come ?
* Some are commonly used as an alternative, 3rd Pers,
Sing, and Plur. Past Tense as Giroo' and Aiigiroo.
14
Conjugation.
32. The root is found by taking away the
ending of the Infinitive ik or ik' :
' Korik, to do' root' kpr
ed as follows :
(Presentiman, nnan, oman, or ooman
| added to root.
Futureim, im, om, or com added to
§ root.
5 1 (A contraction of the Present-, the last
^ I syllable being omitted.)
> <( Imperfectdoslitam add- /verbs irq e,ik\
H
<
O
3
ed to root ^droP the 6 als/
Pastistam or itam added to root.
Pluperfectirooshtam added to root.
PerfectThe Past Participle is used with
the Present tense of the verbs Ass?k'
C or < Shik > < to be
ImperativeVerbs in c ik 5 ( either e or e e '
or ik by adding / to root.
Causal and Transitive Verbs drop the e '
and add a we to root:
Angik, to bring.
Dosik, to hold.
Basheik, to sing.
Ange, bring thou.
Dose, hold thou.
Bashawe, sing thou.
15
Subjunctive") n . n i, ,
Mood r Presentesnm, added to root,
Past ParticipleBy dropping k' of infini-
tive :
Gamk, to take, Gani, having taken.
Present Participle'onoo added to root.
34. The Auxiliary Verb Bik 3 'to become
is conjugated as follows :
Present Infinitive.
Bik, to become.
Past Participle.
B/ti, having become.
Agent.
Bak.
Bik-o-basb, should be-
come.
Bik-o-shair, must
become.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
iwa boman, I am be-
coming.
Tu bosan, Thou art
becoming.
Hess ] ^ He "j is be-
Hassa!- She-}-com-
Ispah bo.syan, We are
becoming.
Biesah bomyan, You
are becoming.
"rSl&r&S
i
Hett jyan'li J ing.|Hattet) J ( iDg.
16
Future.
xhva bom, 1 shall be-
come.
Tu bos, Thou wilt be-
come.
Hess 1
Ht
/ill
Hassa i-boi, She rbe-
Bett
Jtj come
Ispdh bosi, We shall
become.
B/'ssah borni, You will
become.
EamittoM The,{
Hattet | J "j Wl11
J ^ I become.
Imperfect.
J.wa bd,oshtam, I
was becoming.
Tu bd,osho, Thou
wert becoming.
Hess I He, i tp
Hassa Vbd,o- She
Hett ishei, It! £ S
j j -
Ispdh bd,oshtam, We
were becoming.
Bissali bd,oshtami,
You were becoming.
3 C They
Humit [M \ were
Hattec v o 1 becom-
ing.
Past.
iwa hostam, I became.
Thou be
Tu liowa,
earnest.
Hess j hor
Hassa ihdi
He "i
She;
i be-
Hett j biroo, It j
came.
Ispdh hostam, We be-
came.
Bissah hostami, You
became.
Hamit } f They
Hattet / jjJ \ became.
17
Perfect.
jwa b/ti as urn, I have become.
Tu b/ti asas, Thou hast become.
Hess b/ti asm* ) He ")
Httssa > (biro?!) > She > has become.
Hbtt J j It j
Ispdh b/ti asusi, We liave become.
Bxssah b/ti aswini, You liave become.
Hattbt J ^ asunh ^ave become.
Pluperfect.
iwa biivVoshtam, I had become.
Tn biroosho, Thou hadsfc become.
Hess ^ He
Hassa >birooshei, She > liad become.
Hett j It )
Ispah birooshtam, We had become.
Bissah birooshtami, You liad become.
Hathit j" ^,roos^aub They had become.
Subjunctive Moon.
Present.
ylwa ki besam, Should I become.
Tu ki besoo Shouldst thou, become.
Hess
Hassa Vki besir, Should he become.
, j> ki besir,
Hc'tt
Ispah ki besom, Should we become.
Bissali ki beszmi, Should you become.
Hatt£t } k* Should they become.
18
Imperative Mood.
Bo.s, Become thon.
Bar, Let liim become.
Bosi, Let ns become.
Bor, Become you.
Bmii, Let tliembecome.
oo. There are two verbs 'To be/ Assik 7
used for animate objects and 'Shik' for
inanimate. They are very incomplete, and
the parts wanting are taken from the verb
' Bik, to become/ and therefore not here
repeated.
Present Infinitive.
Ass/k, To be.
Agent.
Assak, one win) is (present).
Indicative Mood.
Present.
*As?nn, I am. ] Asusi, We are.
Asks, Thou art. j Asiani, You are.
As?ir, He is. | Asmii, They are.
Past.
^Tssistam, I was. | ^Yssistam, We were.
Assistsu, Thou wert. | ./Yssistami, You were,
^'ssistai., He was. I H'ssistani, They were.
(The second syllable is slurred over and
barely audible).
* To save repetition the persons are not given again
in the remainder of the conjugation. The Chitralis as
often as not omit them to save words, only using them
-when necessary to particularize or for emphasis.
19
Presen t Infinitive.
Shik, To bo.
Agent.
Shale, a thing that is (exists).
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Shair, It is, | Slumi, Tliey are.
Past.
oshm, It was.
oshoni. Tliev were.
/
36. A Regular Verb is conjugated as
follows :
F res en t Infinitive.
Ganzk, To take.
Present Participle. | Past Participle.
Ganonoo, taking. i Gcini, having taken.
Indicative Mood.
Present.
Gdiriman, I am taking.! Gamsyam, We are
| taking.
Ganisan, Tlion art tak-! Gammy an, You are
ing. i taking.
Gdn- ("He ^ is tak- j Gamnyan, They are
ran, \She } ing. I taking.
Gamssi, We shall
take.
Gamini, You will
take.
Gan/ni, They will
take.
20
Future.
Ganzm, I shall take.
Gam's, Thou wilfc take.
Gamr, will take.
Imperfect.
6arui,oshtam, 1 was G and,osh tain, We
taking. | were taking.
G&na,osho, Thou wert i Gand,oshta,mi, Yon
taking. | were taking.
Gaud,- f He } was j Gand,oshani, They
oshei, ) She \ taking, j were taking.
Fast.
*Gdnistarn, 1 took. 1 Gdnisfcam, We took.
Gdnistau, Tliou tookest.j Gdnistami, You took.
rHe ), Gdnistani, They took.
Ganistai, i C1 Ctook. !
7 She) i
Perfect.
lave
Gdni as win, I hi
taken.
Gani. aszis, Thou hast
taken.
Gani f He ) 1 1
% oi r has taken
aswr, j She J
Gani aswsi, We have
taken.
Gdni asztmi, You have
taken.
Gani aswni, They
have taken.
* in this tense the a' before the t' is often slurred
over and word pronounced 'gani' tam.
21
Pluperfect.
Ganmioshtam, I had
taken.
Ganirctosho, Thou hadst
taken.
Ganirooshei
fHe 1 had
Ganirdoshtam, We
had taken.
Ganirooshtami, You
had taken.
G anirdosliani, They
had taken.
^{shei taken
sub junctivk mo01).
Present.
* J.wa ki gdnesain, i Ispdh ki gdnesam,
Should I take. Should we take.
Tu ki gdnesoo, Shouldst Bissah ki ganes^mi,
thou take. | Should you take.
!
He
She
\ take.
Singular.
Hess Y k. \
Hassa > P,. > Should
Hett jg'^J
Plural.
Hattlt ] j" Should they take.
Imperative Moon.
Gane, Take thou.
Gandr, Let him take.
Ganissi, Let us take,
Ganoor, Take you.
Gandni Let them take
# In this tense the persons must always be used.
37.-TABLE op irregular verbs.
(Those Tenses, and parts of tenses, not herein given, five regular).
Tense. Bile, to be g,ble. Bik, to go. j Gik, to come. An gik, to bring. Korik. to do. J Dik, to give. Alik, t.o take away. Nisliik, t.o sit. Jibik, to eat. f to leave, Nisik, <[ to come L out. Neik, to tab out.
Imperfect Indicative. ; ...... I | Bogha,oshtam. Bogbl.osho. | Boghd,oshei. ; BqghdjOshtam. Bogha,oslitami. Bogh^joshami. ! i j i i 1 i 1
Fast Indicative. Obestam. Obestan. Obestai. Obestam. 0 best ami. Obe'stani. Bdgbestam. Baghau. Bagbeaz. Bagliestam. Blghstami. Bagbani. Has tarn. Han. Hai (Giroo). His tarn. Hastami. Hani. Ales tarn. : Arestam. Alan. Aroo. Alaz (Angircc). Kvaiv. Alestam. A rest am. Alestami. Arestami. Aleni. Areni. Pre stain. Prau. Prai. Prestam. | P rest ami. Prni. A west am. Awan. Aw aL Awe's tarn. Awe's t ami. Awdni. i i Nisba?/. Nisluu. Nishani. Oyestam. Oyowa. Oydi. Oyestam. Oy e'stam i. Oyeni. Nisa^. Nisoz. Nisdni. j
Pluperfect Indicative. j Boghddoshtam. Boghddosho. | Boghddosht'i. Boghddoshtam. Boghdo osli tarn i. j Boghddoshani. i Korddoshtam. Korddosho. Korddoshdi. Korddoshtam. Korddoshtami. Korddoshani. i zhurdooslitam. zburddoslio. zhurddoshei. 1 zhurddoshtam. i zburddoshtami. zburddoshani.
Present 1 Subjunctive. i ! Boghesam (u). Boghesoo. j Boghestr. 1 Boghesam (n) | Boghesi'mi. | Boghesfai. ! i | J ..... I i i 1 t j i
Imperative. i i ! i ...... Bogbe. Bogh^r. Bogkoer. Bog-ban i. Gve Gytti-V Gyor. Gydni. Angye. Augyar. A'ngyor. Augydni. 1 f Ditt. Alos. Diylr. ...... Diyor. ...... Diydni. ...... 1 i Naze.
Past Part. Gtti. Difci. | A'lti. Jwfci. I
ADVERBS.
38. There are 110 Adverbs derived from
Adjectives, as in English, and denoting
i Manner/ but the Adjectives themselves are
used followed by the Past Participle of the
verb Bik/ 4" to become,'
Hassa blash b/ti gd\.
He will come slowly (i.e., c having become
slow;).
39. There are Adverbs of Time, Place, In-
terrogation, Manner (other than from Adjec-
tives) Quantity, Affirmation, Negation and
Doubt:
Hanissen, Now.
Hazy era, Here.
Ko, Why ?
.Hamoosh, Thus.
Ham-joni, So much.
Albatt, Certainly.
Noma, Not yet.
Wanga, Perhaps, probably.
40. Adverbs immediately precede the
verb :
Wanga. baslnr, It will probably rain.
Horyera lull bos, Stop here.
All the Adverbs will be found in the Voca-
bulary.
24
PREPOSITIONS.
41. Prepositions are suffixed to the nouns,
pronouns or verbs to which they refer, the
nouns, &c., being in some cases in the oblique
form, in others not.
The Preposition Be (We)7 < Without 7 is
affixed :
An-o-teka, On the pass.
Hattetan-o-maji, Amongst them.
Ganik-o-bachan, For the taking.
Door-/, At home (in the house).
We slmram, Without shame.
They are all given in the Vocabulary.
CONJUNCTIONS.
42. The Conjunctions will be found in the
Vocabulary. c If 9 and f Unless 5 have no
equivalents and are expressed by the use of
the Particle ki7 thus :
Til ki bissa, d\va di bim.
If you go, I shall go.
Tu ki noli b?ssa, dwa noli bim.
Unless you go, I shall not go.
INTERJECTIONS.
43. The Interjections in use are given in
the Vocabulary.
MISCELLANEOUS.
44. Numerals, Ordinals, &c., Weights aud
Measures and Division of the twenty-four
hours are given at the end of Vocabulary.
SENTENCES.
N.B.The words in the Khowar given in
brackets are alternative words or
phrases.
26
English,
A
1. The ford is deep, we are not able to cross.
.2. vHe fired but was not able (to hit it).
3. What are you ah oat ?
4. Longhari lies above Lon.
5. Mastuch is above Sonogor (higher up
the river).
6. We are not accustomed to do so.
7. He is an accomplished (good all round)
in an.
8. He accomplished the work.
9. I went across the river.
10. We saw him across the river.
11. Of what advantage is that to yon ?
]2. It is hot early in the afternoon, let us'
play polo later on.
13. How many days ago did you leave
Chitral ?
14. I think the duck will alight on this pond.
15. My pipe is alight.
16. These two boys are alike.
1 7. I am very anxious. .
18. Tell me when Drasan fort appears in
sight.
19. Two of our goats have gone astray and
are lost.
20. He has ascended on to the roof.
21. Come, let us ascend the hill.
22. You are hungry, don't be ashamed (to '
eat before me).
27
K ho war.
1. Toort kukim shair, par nisik-o noli b03 i.
2. Hassa p^fczitru, noli obcstai.
8. Tu kvdni bos an ?
4. Lon-ghari Lon-o-tori sliair.
5. Mastzich Smiogor-o-warz shair.
6. Ispizli miras noli.
7. Hunarmdn mosli asur, boh pnahlwvin.
8. Korani kool£,itai.
9. Awa sin-o-par bflgliestain.
10. Ispali sin-o-biyaro hattogho poshitam.
1J. Ta kya sud boi.
12. Chans-a taf koyan, pislmi-a glial kosi.
13. Chitrdr-ar rdlii kori ta kama has hoi
(hop). '
14. Ma guindii bovan ki dlli hoiya chatt-o
doni.
15. Ma chilim choki sliair.
16. Haiuit joo dak i-go-glionah assnni.
17. Ma boh fikr shair (iwa boh filer toman).
18. Prosm.ii-o-noghor ki nayoor ma-te loo
ditt.
19. Ispoh jooleshpoi abatta biti tonj honi,
20. Istan-o-to nisi aszn\
21. Gj'pr, zom-o cliakoosi.
22. Tu tchu/i ass^s, satt muh tore.
28
English continued.
AD
23. I am awaiting Bui Khan.
24. Come hack quickly.
25. If you get tired I will give you a hack.
26. He is a good man.
27. The wood is very hard.
28. Bear off these loads.
29. His leg is broken, but he hears it bravely.
30. Get before me.
81. I will start 2 days before you.
32. It began to rain.
83. They began it yesterday.
84. He is behind.
35. Two of my loads are left, behind.
36. A. strong wind is blowing.
37. You should blow the fire.
38. Take care that ground is boggy.
39. I don't care.
40. Who is going to carry this load ?
41. How far will your breechloader carry ?
42. The carriers of wood, snow and other
loads have come.
43. The rain has ceased.
44. Are you quite certain <}
45. You are nice and clean.
46. Clean my gun.
47. Sonogor is quite close.
48. It is close in the fort, there is no air.
49. What day will you cotne ?
29
Kho warcon tinned.
23. 4wa Bui Khan-o-ghich kom an.
24. Shnu dehi gyd.
25. Tu ki khasmat bosan ta dok kom.
26. Jam mosli asnv.
27. Dar bob dang shair.
28. Bar an gdni alor.
29. Dek cliiti siiair, dang mosb bira/, jam
zhirc,iran.
30. Nastbos.
31. Ta joo bas prashti rdlii korn.
32. Boshik-o pvai.
oo. Dosli chokistani.
34. Achi as nr.
35. Ma joo bar bairclustani.
36. Zabita gan koyan.
37. Angdr-o phoo2k-o bash.
38. Khabarddr bairah ghoor sbair.
39. Jfwa ghain noli kom.
40. Ho/ya bar ka gctniv ?
41. Ta doombalapdr kandoori dudairi
chakoir.
42. Daroyoo, lumdoyoo ocbe bardoyoo lidni.
43. Bosliik hal hoi (bor).
44. Jam bush aroowa ?
45. Jam warts bzti assws.
46. Ma tw,ik pagza (pozga) kovo.
47. Sonogor bob slidi sbair.
48. Noghor-o-andrcni kapp sbair.
49. Tu kya anus gosa ?
30
Englishcontinued,
D-G
50. I will come back three days hence.
51. All right, don't delay.
52. It is the Melitar's order, what can we
do?
53. What are you doing there ?
54. Empty this wooden ewer.
55. It is empty.
56. I am very envious.
57. I searched far but failed (to find it).
58. That wall will fall, don't go near it.
59. Take care you don't fall.
60. My horse is very fast. -
61. They don't keep the fast.
02. My wife h&s fever.
63. I have finished my food.
64. A flood (from breaking of glacier lake)
carried away botli Gilgit bridges.
65. The river is in liigli^ood.
66. I am going on foot.
67. Has any fresh news come ?
68. Two men got their feet frost-bitten on
the pass.
69. You will gain by taking that.
70. We gained the polo match (lit. ex-
ceeded ").
71. They gained the victory (by superior
force).
7'2. Let go (hold of) that boy.
73. He has become Mehtar. What good
will he be ?
31
Khowar continued.
50. Troi bas achat* dchi gom.
51. Boll jam, maldl muh bos.
52. Mehtdr-o-banddh, kydni kosi ?
53. Tu kydni bos an ?
54. Hoiya ghan uldwe.
55. Shici shair.
56. Ma boh armdn boyan.
57. Boh mashkitam, noh obestam.
58- He katij ulu,ir, slioi muh bo glim
59. Khabardar, tor muh bos.
60. Ma da wan is tor asiftr.
61. Hafctet rochi gauiyak noh.
62. Ma bok-o andaw koyan.
63. Shdpik jdti koold,istam.
64. Chatiboz g£ti Gilt-o-kal sair awo*.
65. Sin tisilmad biti shair.
66. Aw a poi bim ail.
67. Hech nokh khabar gv,ti shaira ?
68. An-o-gri-a joo mosha-o-pong chohitani.
69. Hamo gani ta snd bdi.
70. Ispdli glial boshe,istam.
71. Hattet sustd;itani.
72. Hamo dak ldhke.
73. Hassa Mehtari gdni asm-, kydni bdi.
32
Engli sh con tin tied,
GL.
7.4. What is the good ?
75. How many loads of grain did they
bring ?
76. Did you give my pony his grain ?
77. In spring everything will be green.
78. Do the crops grow well here ?
79. What has happened ?
80. Have you an axe ?
81. Come here.
82. I did not hear. What was he saying ?
83. We are hill-men.
84. My horse is lame, to-morrow I will take
a hired one.
85. Do you knoto Sultan Shah ?
86. Do you know where Sher Khan has
gone ?
87. I don't know. How should I know..
88. I arrived last night.
89. My father died last year.
90. He went off to the left.
91. Do not let my horse roll.
92. Let us lie here.
93. You lie, you are a liar.
94. Light a fire.
95. Bring me a lighted torch.
96. I like you.
97. Loose (let go hold of) him at once.
98. The snow has come very loiv.
Khowa vcon tinued.
74. Kyn sud boi ?
75. Kama bar zho angiroo ?
76. Ma istor-otc riwisli prd,u ?
77. Bosun giti chik otch boi.
78. Ho£ya zhaga iTidmat jam ruzni ?
79. Kya wakhiya (aldm) bfti shair (kydni
bomyan) ?
80. TH sum bardc/kh shaira ?
81. Ya gye (if close by). Yevi gye (if
further off).
82. Ma kar-a noli prai. Kya r^oshei.
83. Ispdh kohistdni rdi ass^si.
84. Ma istor kwtoo biro/, ptcga ch?r,i uldgli
ganim.
85. Sultan Shah janissa ?
86. Sher Khan k?tri baghoz, hush kosa ?
87. Hush noli koman. Kya hush kosi.
88. Wezin clm,i-o hdstam.
89. M& tatt por (por sell) obWstai.
90. Koli wdlti baghoz.
91. Ma istor-o lartik-o mull ]alike.
92. Hamo zhaga parissi.
93. Tu changisan, changiyak assws.
94. Angdr kore. (Angdr-o-ajdwe).
95. Doh o-chake ange.
96. Tu ma khush assus.
97. Hattoglio khashap ldhke.
98. Him boh past giti shair.
34
[Englishcontinued.
LR.
99. This girl is of loio birth.
100. Speak low.
101. He married yesterday.
102. It does not matter. What do I want
with it ?
103. You must go at once.
104. That is very necessary.
105. We will not carry loads for nothing.
106. Only my brother is here (no one except my
brother).
107. I owe Khurban two rupees.
108. In summer many people go to the up-
land pasture.
109. The plain is very hot.
110. His Kliowar is very plain.
111. Where shall we go ? Where you please.
1 ] 2. They are poor people.
113. This a very poor village.
114. Let us wade. It is not possible.
115. Is the doctor here ? Yes he is present.
116. For what purpose have you come ?
117. He did it purposely.
118. Put it here.
119. Be quick.
120. Be quiet.
121. Are you ready ? Not quite.
122. 1 have no recollection.
12-3. Remain here. You may have what
remains.
Kb o wa rcontinued.
99. HWya kumoroo ghalamooszhdri aswr.
100. Blash loo ditt,
101. Dosli bok awrw.
102. Sbar (Kydni bdi). Ma kya hdjifc shair ?
103. Khasliap b?ko bash.
104. Hor-o boh hrijit shair.
105. Br?ran ingdr noli alosi.
106. Ma brar aswr, khoor noli.
107. iwa Kliurbdn-o joo rnpoya wrnndar
asstmi.
108. Grishpoli boll rdiyan ghdri-ote bhiyan.
109. Lasbt-a bob tdf koyan.
110. Pagza Khowar koyan.
11 1. Kwribi'ssi? Ta chit.
112. Chan rdiyan assimi.
113. Ho^ya jdnjarot deh shair.
114. Toort dosi, noli ? Noli bbi.
115. Tab?b asswra ? Di, assak bim/.
116. Kyote grti assws.
117. Hush kori amir.
118. Halyeva lakd.
119. Tezdwe (shau bos).
120. Phik bos.
121. Teydrassusa? Noma.
122. Ma herdi noli goyan.
123. Hozyera lial bos. Besh gdne.
86
Englishcontinued.
R-S
124. It cannot be helped, there is no remedy.
125. You tell me what you require.
126. We cannot ride here, we must dismount.
127. It is oar right.
128. He is right.
129. Turn all of you to the right.
130. To-morrow I will rise early.
13]. The sun has not yet risen.
132. This corniced road is very bad, there
is great risk of horses falling.
133. The ground is boggy there, go round.
134. In the rutting season big markhor are
to be found. It is a good time.
135. This road is not bad, it is quite safe.
136. The sand-hanks are covered with drift-
wood .
137. What are these sangars for?, For
shooting duck.
138. Ave you satisfied ? Then thank him.
139. Have you satisfied your appetite.
140. What does he say ? He' said you are
very kind.
141. Yours is a good, horse. Yes I slew
Afzul and seized it from him.
142. The Mehtarjao sent me his servant..
143. He sent also ahorse and two chogas.
144. The sun has set.
145. Shout for Gholam.
146. Who is shouting.
37
Khowar continued.
J 24. Xmkdn noh boyan (imkdn-o-bash noli).
125. Ta kya hdjit shnir ? Mate loo ditt.
126. Awerik-o noh bdi, khwamiko bash.
127. Ispdh hatt sliair.
128. Jam loo prai.
129. Chik horski wdlti gharoor.
130. Pinga clm,i (ch?.z,i chap) zhott rupan.
131. Yor noma (ye) nisai.
132. Haiya rislit boh dish istor tor bik-o
zardr shaii- (ajdl-o-zhaga shair),
133. Hairah gfioor shair ghe'vi bogho.
134. Mrbiyan-o to deik-o w
lott shdni len bdi. Hess jam wokb.
135. Hoiya pon dish noh, lasht shair.
136. Slmtdr-a paghazoo boh.
137. Hamit bangoot kyo-baclian ? Ailliydn
mariko.
138. Khusli (riza) assusa? Ta tdgzim kore.
139. Arti liowa ?
140. Kya re/iran ? Loo prai ki boh maihr-
bdni.
141. Ta jam istor, Dl Afzwl-ote kongor diti
is tor bon-o drestam.
142. Mehtarjau ma nassa tan shaddr
wesheitai.
143. Ma-te istor-oche joo shwga di anzditai.
144. Yor afgherirai. (chagh prai).
145. Gholdm-ote koydwe (hn,i ditt).
146. Ka hw,i doyan ? (kuzh koyan) ?
38
Englishcontinued.
o
s.
147. Since he went away I have not seen
him.
148. They swim using inflated skins,
149. Ibex skin is best for pubboos.
150. What does your dog smell.
151. How this swamp does smell.
152. The snow is waist deep.
153. I will come back soon.
154. The country is lovely in spring.
155. This is spring water.
156. Sprinkling earth over the snow will soon
make it melt.
157. It is very dusty, sprinkle water.
158. The children stare very much.
159. Where are you going to stag ?
160. Do you want your polo-stick ? No my
khud-stick.
161. We will start early, when the sun is
well up snow and stones will be falling.
162. They must have strayed from the road.
163. A flood came /md burst the irrigation
, streams.
164. A mud stream has destroyed my fields
of barley.
165. Owing to the rain the streams are in
slight flood.
166. Why are you stretching your arms? I
am sleepy.
167. This village gets a great deal of sun.
Khowa vcon tinued.
147. Kya anus-ar ki boghdoo biro*, noli poshi
asam.
148. Drill gdni usneini.
149. Kon-o-bachan tom/shoo-o-post jam-
(Tonuslwri kon jam).
150. Ta reni kya shunt/ran ?.
151. Hanio tok-ar wakb bob goyan.
152. Menlii him sbair.
153. Zamdna ochi gorn.
154. Bosun-a watan bob slii,eli bdi.
155. Ho/ya nts-o-oogh sbair.
156. Him-o amkiko shau bur/r.
157. Bob gairfc shair, uzhure.
158 x^zbolian boor boor bob donyan.
159. Tu Unri hal bos ?
160. Tsun maskzssana ? Noli la ma wetak.
161. Ragh/sliti rdhi kosi, ypr ki prai resht-
ocbo^cbokul goni.
162. Albatfc pon-o abatta lioni.
163. Hon giti zhoi ocbistani.
164. Ma sir/ bon gzti aw
165. Bosbitai, undruzhogh hai.
166. Ko trezhkoosau ? Ma ordroo goyan.
167. Hoiya pakhturi deb sbair.
40
Englishcontinued.
s-w.
168. It is sunshine, you will get snow-blind.
169. Are you sure ?
170. Swallow this medicine.
171. Shah Sultan is a great swords-man.
172. Take off this saddle.
173. Why are you taking off your clioga ? It
is very cold.
174. Take out my dog from that hole.
175. He has a filthy disease, don't go near,
lest you take (catch) it.
1 76. I am thirsty.
177. Don't shampoo my feet, it tickles.
178. I shall not go, I have no time.
179. In former times there was a fort
here.
180. Are you tired? I am dead-heat.
181. To-day I will go to Sonogor, to-morrow
Bam, the day after Keshan, and the
day after that Bavnas.
182. My horse keeps tripping.
183. Don't go near the edge, it is undermined.
184. Do you understand ? Yes.
185. Unless you become mine, what care I
for this country.
186. This is unusual.
187. Don't do useless work.
188. Use an adze not a knife.
189. I won the wager (lit.
190. Wait for me, I'm coming.
41
Khowar continued.
168. Ywdur shair ta ghicli dipoor.
169. Tu jam hush aromva ?
170. Hazy a wez aho pefcze.
171. Shah Sultan jam kongor divak.
172. Hun dchi gane.
173. Sh-aga ko nizhoisan ? Boh ushak shair.
174. Ma reni hamo bakh-ar naze.
175. Hor-o dish cdiazyaki, shoi muli boghe,
chakoor.
176. Ma oogh piydroo gov an.
177. Pong muh muratve, kliata khati koyan.
173. Noh bim, ma ghosh nikki.
179. Pri/shti zamdna hazy a zhaga noghor
oshoi.
180. Khasmat howa? Bairchzstam (obris-
tam).
181. Hanun Sonogor-ote bim, pinga ch,i
(cli?i,i ehti,i) Buni-ote pinga Bosh an,
shoo pinga Barn as.
182. Ma istor boh prono doyan.
183. Telc-a inuli hogbe, nusiipoolik-o biraz,
184. Hush kosa ? Hush drestain.
185. Tu ki ma-ie noli bosan, ma kya darkdr
ya, watan.
186. Hozya be miras shair.
187. .dbas korair, muh kpro.
188. Wazh gane kutoir noh.
189. ylwa shart 9yestam.
190. Hal bos, dwa di gom.
42
Englishconcluded.
W-5T.
191. I am going to walk.
192. The snow is very deep, it is not firm
and ivalking is very difficult, you will
keep sinking.
193. What does the woman want ?
194. It is nice and warm on the hearth.
195. The sun is very warm.
196. Which is the to ay to Drasan ?
197. What is it? Nothing. Some one is
shouting, listen.
198. Whence have you come ? From Gilgit.
199. Where are you going ? To Chitral.
200. My home is in Mastuj. Whereabouts ?
In the hamlet of Chinar.
201. Whose house is this? It is Maza
Haiyat's.
202. Wonderful, look !
203. How many working-men are you ?
Three.
204. I came yesterday and Khusli Bai the
day before. The Akskal has not yet
come.
43
Kh o w a v col j eluded.
191. iwa pdi bim.
192. Him boh shair, dang noli, kosik-o boli
nawdrts, ooghuin pin bdi.
193. Hozya kimzri kya mashk/ran ?
194. Phirdnu jam petch.
195. Ketcha taf koyan.
196. Drdsan-o-pon kiwdloo?
197. Kairakh ? Kya noli.Ka hu,i doyan,
kar kore.
198. Kurar hd,u ? Gilt-ar gZti aszan.
199. Kri bissan ? Chitrdr-ote bhnan.
200. Ma door Mastwch shair. Kiwdloo ?
Chindra.
201. Hozya khattan kqs ? Maza Haiydt-o
door shair.
202. Ya^tllah, Me nozhdn koram biroz.
203. Bissah karna rdiwdloo asstnni ? Troi
204. iwa dosh hdstam Khush Btni ortiri
giroslidi, Akskdl noma giti asza\
VOCABULARY.
EnglishKh o w a r.
N.B.The letters in brackets immediately
following the verb in the Khowar, viz. (i), (i),
(o), (oo) or (ioo), denote that this is the vowel
in use in the Present and Future tenses, Ind.
Mood. (See VERBS, paras. 19 and 33.)
Abbreviations.
Adj., adjective ; adv., adverb ; aff., affixed ;
c., conjunction; f., female ; inter., interjection ;
intr., intransitive ; lit., literally; m., male;
v.n, neuter verb; p., preposition; pr., pro-
noun ; suf., suffixed; suf-o, suffixed to oblique
form ; s., substantive ; tr., transitive; v., verb.
Compound Verbs.
k (o) stands for 'korik = to do.'
d (o) dik = to give.'
b (o) bik' = to become.'
Abl
45
VOCABULARY.
English.
A.
Able, adj.
Able, be, v.
Above
Abuse, s.
Abuse, v.
Accept, v.
Accident
Accidentally
Accomplished, adj.
Accomplished, part,
Accustomed, be, v.
Ache, v.
Acid
Across
Active
Addled
Adherent, s.
Adjacent
Admonish, v.
Adultery
Adultery, commit v.
Advantage
Advantage, take v.
Advice
Ad vis, v.
Adze
Khoivdr.
Kdbil.
Bik (o).
Ah\ ; tori warz ; (up the
valley), (suf. o).
Dish-loo.
Dish-loo k (o).
Kabul, k (o).
Nuksdn.
Ifctafak, ittafdki.
Hunarmdn, paihlwdn.
Koole,i.
^Ldat shik.
Charmk (i) ; sipe, ik (i)
(of the eyes).
Shut.
Par, p.; biydro, adv.
Tdroo, tez, dawdn.
Pooli.
Petcli mosh.
Grambesh.
Burtud,ik (i).
Ziiia.
Zma, k (o).
Sud ; zhcng, rah, (opportuni-
ty).
Zheng gamk (i), rah gar.k
~ (i).
Sal a, nasi hat.
Sala d (o).
Wazh.
Aft
Englishccntd.
After, adv.
Afternoon
Afterwards
Again
Agree v.
Agriculture
Ailment
Aim, v.
Air
Alas!'
Alert
Alight, v.
Alight, be, v. ..
All
All at once
All day
Allow, v.
Alone
Alongside
Also
Always
46
Khowdrcontd.
ylclli (place); achrtf (time),
(suf-o); aghar, (time), (suf).
Chands, (about 12 to
Chaghonass, j 3 p.m.),
pishfo, (about 3 p.m. to sunset).
Achdr, taghdr.
W a ; (again and again) darbat
darbatta.
Kabal k (o).
Doorwenigdri; kishman
(' ploughing').
Chai, aki.
Kardwal ganik (i), kardwal
loh'k (i).
Gan.
II ai, hai .
Uch-atoo.
Dik (o).
Choluk (oo).
Gliik, drust. san' (with slight
terminal sound of f.')
Igha/ria.
Wezin-apafc.
Bandd, ik (i), (lit. 'order ');
rwkhsat d (o) (to leave);
ldhkik (o) (let do) (see sen-
tence 91).
Qheji.
Prash-o-wdlti f 0)
DL
| Hamish, hamt'sha; har
j anus (every day).
Am a
Englishcould.
Amazing
Ambitious
Among
And
Anger
Angry, adj.
Angry, be, v. ..
Animal
Ankle
Annoy, v.
Annoying
Another
Answer, s.
Answer, v.
Ant
Anus, the
Anxiety
Anxious, be, v. ..
Any
Anyhow
Apart
Apartment
Appear, v.
Apple
Apricot
Argue
Arm
47
7\hoiodr contd.
Ajd,ib, nozhdn.
Harris, shashang.
Muji (suf. o).
Oche.
Kn lire ui.
Kalird.i.
Kalirdn b
H ;uwdn. (domestic); z h anddr
(wild).
Dang kol, blats kol.
Mnshakat k (..,).
Tasliwish.
Khoor, l di.
Loo.
Loo d (o).
PiLli.
Parasht.
Pikr.
Fikr k (o) (sentence 17).
Ka.
Kha ma kba.
Tanha,
Kit too.
Sard,ik (i), indium b (o)
(seem); lldik (oo) (come in
sight).
Pakgli.
Zhooli; chamber (djied).
Bliz k (o).
Bcizoo ; ship (lowev); kalaw
pnsll001* (upper).
Arm 48
Englishcor.td, Khoivdr contd.
Armpit Kushktmml.
Arms Yardgh.
Army B91.
Around Naszna (suf. 0).
Arrow Rashk.
Arsenic Sankhiya.
Ascend Nisik (i); chokik (00).
As far as A pat (suf).
Asll, mountain Toor.
Ashamed, adj. ... Sharminda, satt.
Ashamed,be, v.... Satt k (0).
Ashes Phdroo.
As muchso much Hamooniharooni.
Aspen, the Roinenhoo.
Ass Gordokh ; (foal) gordokh-
j zhdri, khairdnoo.
Assembly Moilis, jirgah.
At j A, i, (suf).
Attack, s. ! Hamla.
Attempt, s. j Kushish.
Attempt, v. i Kushish k (0).
Aunt Betch.
Autumn Sim roll, chantclmii (falling
of leaves).
Avalanche Reslit; chokul (stones).
Avaricious H cirri s.
Avoid, v. Parh dx, k (0).
Awake, v. tr. Arigaluk (i).
Awake, v. intr. ... A ngfi b (0).
Await, v. Ghich k (0).
Axe BfuxPkh ; phal (head of).
Bao
49
Englishcon tel.
B.
Bachelor
Back, s.
Back, adv.
Back, give a, v..
Backbite, v.
Backwards
Backwater
Bad
Bag-
Baggage
Bald
Ball
Bandy-legged
Bang inter.
Bank
Bare
Bark, s.
Bark, v.
Barley
Barren
Basket
Bat
Battle
Baulk, v.
Bay, adj.
Be, v.
Kh o wet rcontd.
Hindtfl.
Krem, arka.
Achi.
Dok k (o).
Falafoosi k (o).
| Achighcsti.
Basbogb.
Dish, shum.
Kbalta; maldgh (made in
end of a cloth), juwdl (sack);
boordwki (small), makekdr
(large), (goatskin, for flour.)
Asbdb, bar.
Lung, die.
Plinj (polo); pot.
Shain-phat.
Bran (of discharge of gun).
Nastoo.
Chan.
Lenzhoo.
Ra,ik (i).
Siri
Hindrtl (of women & animals;
Wdsllkoo (large), beloo
(small).
Ppst wdzur.
Zhang.
Abatta k (o).
Kurang (dk), chn,i turogb
(Iffht).
Assik (u) (of ainmate objects).
Sbik (e) (of inanimate objects).
Bea 50
Eiiglis hc on t d. i Kho war c on i p.
Beacon Poombarash.
Beak Naslik.
Beam Sanjir (large), nakhddroo (small).
Beans Anddloo (broad), ramboo-h.
Bear, s. ... ' Orfcs.
Bear, v. ... | Zhire,ik (i) (endure).
Bear, v. I Ganik (i) (carry).
Beard .,. J Rigish.
Beat, v. ... ; Beautiful ... Dlk (o); susfd,ik (i) (will).
Chust, shi.eli.
Because Kdtcha ki.
Become, v. Bik (o).
Bed Zhen; karghair (garden).
Bedding Mooldreni.
Bee Machi geghoo.
Before Nast (place) ; prwshti (time or place) suf o).
Beggar Kalamdir.
Begin, v. Ghokik (oo) ; dlk (o) (Past- tense, sentence 32).
Behind Achi (suf. o.); biydra (of rid- ing behind another's saddle) (suf. o).
Belch, v. Mrarogu k (o).
Believe, v. Pitik (oo).
Bellows Phoojui.
Belly Kh oy d n o o, s h i k a r n a.
Below Mho, past, mooli; pong (down valley).
Bent Kliuj.
Bes 51
English contd. j Ehoicdr contd.
Besides ... j Khoor (Xo equivalent. Sen-
tence 11)6).
Best Makhul.
Between Mwji (suf. o).
Beware, inter. Khabarddr,
Beyond Par-wdlti, dclii-wdlti
(suf o) ; bivdro (suf. o).
Big Lott; rurdoo (of crops).
Bind Botik (i).
Birch, silver P. Bori.
Bird Boo,ik,
Birth Ajik.
Bit, Nass, blats; alghds (of
bridle).
Bite, v. ... Cliok/k (oo)
Bitter Trok.
Black Slia ; ):umazt (if horse).
Blame, s. Hwda.
Blanket Zliil, gazhdli.
Blaze, p. PokeT (on tree).
Bleat, v. Bragoik (?)
Bleed, v. tr. ... Leh d (o).
Blind Kdnoo.
Blood Leh.
Blood-shot Kroo,i.
Blossom, s. ____ Isproo, sotk, bzzchoo.
Blossom, v. Lspreojzk (oo), bzzchoo
shik (i].
Blow, v. tr. Phoo,2k () .
Blow, v. intr. Gan k (o).
Blow out, v. Bpghddk (i).
Blu
Englishcontd.
Blue <
Blunt
Boastful
Body
Bog
Boil, s.
Boil, v. tr.
Boil, v. intr.
Bone
Born, be, v.
Borrow
Borrowed, adj. ...
Bosom
Both
Bow
Bowels
Box
Boy
Brain
Branch
Branch, s.
Branching
Brass
Brave
Bravo, inter.
Bray, v.
Bread
52
Kh o wd rcon t d.
Otch ; asm an i (lght); otch-
Onoo (blue-grey) ; otchro
'(of eyes).
Mwtoo.
Takaboor.
H add am, isnJr; dcln creti
(lower limbs) ; pivM.shti Crdti
(upper limbs).
Tok-o-ghoor.
Kohroor, okhd'i.
Lachc,ik (i).
Lac Ink (oo).
Kol ; rnuzlnisti (thigh).
Ajik (/).
Warn gam'k (i).
Wam-o.
Shorn, shong; bits-a (in
the bosom, t.c., in the shirt).
Kal.
Drpn ; tchpnzhol (pellet).
Shangoor.
Sand ok.
Dak.'
Maghz.
Plioor.
Kambokh, phooi.
Troski"
Door um.
Poor dil, paihlwdn, dang.
Shabdshc, barikdla.
Lu,zk (i).
Shapik ; bratt, tikhi, cha-
poti.
Eng lishcon tcl
Break, v- t-r.
Break, v. intr.
Breakfast
Breast
Breasts
Breast-baud
Breath
Breechloader
Bribe, s.
Bribe, v.
Brick
Bride
Bridegroom
Bridge
Bridle
Bring, v.
Broad.
Broom
Brother
Brother-in-law
Brown
Brutal
Buckwheat
Bud
Bug
Bull
Kho warcontd.
Chinik ( ).
Chik (oo).
Hdssi, chasht.
P&z.
Papp.
Paz-band.
Hal ; v. bich£,ik (i) (take
breath).
Doombalapztr.
Bu,inafc.
Bu,inb d (o).
T/slitoo.
Shabok.
Shabok.
Sair ; pai-o-sair (foot); teli-
snzri (rope); bqud (a couple
of logs).
IwiS.
Augik (o).
Biroglian. frakjh.
Ma/heni.
Brar; shaugoor brftr (of one
mother); ltil (form of address).
Gornit ; lal (form of addiess).
Jigdri; kroo,iydtoo (reddish);
chigm (of eyes).
Tun, tunkhoo, dishfdhal.
Knchoon.
Blokh ; lau (fru;t).
Ch'dri.
Rshoo.
Bui 54
Englishcon tel. i Khoicurcon tel.
Bullet ...j WdsliOG.
Bundle ... | Bar.
Burial ... Jundza, kald,ik.
Burn, v. tr. ... i Palc,ik (i).
Burn, v. intr. ... | Palik (i).
Bury, v. i Kald,ik (b ; dangc,ik (i)
(other than corpse).
Bush Kambokh (large); takh (semi))
But Magar.
Butter Mask ah.
Butterfly Pulinud?/k.
Buttocks Shiron.
Buy, v. Krenrnk (i), \vaghdn gamk
(i).
By Sar (sut\ <).
C.
Cadge, v. ! Tesh-ote 1>]k (i).
Calf Bachol ; mdnis (m), anzer-
tOO (f) (older) ; plis pilS-
hoor (of leg).
Call, v. Koyd,ik (i), h?Y,i d (o).
Camp Bas-o-zliaga.
Canary-seed Orzn.
Cap Sora, koi ; pn.kpl (Dard);
kuldna kdi (peaked) ;
aurntana kol (woman's) ;
pattdki (percussion).
Capricious We ghoerat.
Card, v. Duniik (i) (wool).: bichesliik
(i) (cotton).
Car
Englishcontd.
Khoucdrcontd.
j Pcrwa ; fikr (anxiety).
: Prwa k (o), gham k. (<>).
; Kkabar.
i Be penva ; be fikr ;
: befakhnm (clumsy).
| Dar-tochflk.
! Doyoo, oyoo (suf. to name .>1"'
j load) (sentence 42).
i War gym.
| Khajgoom.
Gan/k (i) ; alfk (o) (away) :
! chakcgik (i) iutr.
Kartoos.
i Paslii; pushi-zhari (kitten)':
an-pashi, batbi/tl (wild),
i Parashtkoti.
: Dosik (i); chokik (<>
; disease).
, Leshoo, lottpoongi.
' Cliidm.
Khobar.
Ken.
Hal b (o).
Gurooli rogh.
Tsprdz.
Mar goo slit.
Fldnki.
A'lbatt.
Tush.
Maskharabdzi k (>).
Zhanzhair.
o) (f
Cha
56
Englishconfccl.
Chair
Change, v.
Charcoal
Charge
Charge of, place k
the, v.
Charm
Chasm
Chatterbox
Cheap
Cheeks
Cherries
Chest
Chestnut, adj.
Chicken
Child
Cln'mnev
Chin
Chips
Choga
Choose, v.
Chough
Circle
Circumsize,
R h o iv drc o 111 d.
Ktirsi ; sanddli.
13 ad el k (o) tr. ; bazzk (i) intr.
(of viver bed).
Rokhni,
Hissdb.
Pizhemzk (i).
Taijit (with texts from Koran);
beri zhanddr-o-surat (on
door cowshed).
Trak.
Loogdr.
Arzdn.
Mukh.
Gilds; clmgri (small black).
Paz.
Roshtturogh (lght), turogh
"(dk). #
Porkini.
Azhdii ; pliook dak (m),
phook kumoroo (f);
khodbd,i azhcli (legiti-
mate) k u md,i a zh 11 i
(illegitimate).
Kuindl.
Hzmoo, tJiioo.
Ishlok.
Shtiga.
Nowenk (i); khwshi ganik
6).
Ohdghli.
Rogh, pindoroo.
. I Nishc,ik 6).
Ola 57
Englishcontd. Khowdrcontd.
Clan Kaurn.
Clansman Kaumddr.
Clasp, s. Tak, shdma (broach); chang
(embrace).
Clasp, v. Chokik (oo).
Claw Kail (with slight terminal sound
oft").
Clay Shi,dk, tok.
Clean, s. Pagza, pazga; warts (of
person).
Clean, v. Pagza k (o).
Clear, adj. Shicll ; pctgza (of speech).
Clear, v. n. Shichik (oo)
Clever j Tardr, nstdd, uckwtoo,
dan a, akulmin.
Cliff ; Char.
Climb, v. ! Nis/k (i), chokik (oo)jnsik
| ^(i) (of tree).
Close, adv. Shdi; nassa (suf. o).
Close, adj. Kapp (no air).
Close in, v. shairi 1) (o) (of evening).
Closed K;>ri.
Cloth Zapp ; shoo (home spun).
Clothed \ AnjirooJ
Clothes ChlkrTr. I
Clouds Kot ; rairk/tch (c mackerel '
sky) ; poorgurdm (rain of
snow clouds).
Cloves K a tdi nor.
Clump Goorzen, kanwalash.
Clumsy Bc-fakhuim
Coat Phirdn ; chapan (long);
sh Ugh (cloak).
Eii g lis hc o n t d. T\ h o iv a rc o n t d.
Cork- Nrfri kttkoo.
Cold, .idj. Ushak.
Cold, s. Uslmki.
Cold, be v. De/Zk (i) (of hands and feet).
Colic Shiknma phoo d (o).
Collect, v. tr. Blatse,ik (i).
Collect, v. intr. ... Dusi b (o). blafcs b (o).
Color Hang.
Comb, s. AkhKni.
Comb, v. Akhlik (i).
Come, v. Gik (o).
Comfort, s. Huznor, Aram ; afiyat (having nothing to do).
Comfort, v. jNohcnpk (i).
Common Boh.
Complain, v. Khausonoo k Co).
Complaint Khan so noo.
Concubine Kumd.
Connections Kh.cltabd.-l' (relations by inarri-
Consider, v. age). Dum'k (i)) ; gum tin b (o), khivdl b (o); sarc,ik (i) (seem to one) ; Jaslnk (on).
Contrary to Be, we (aff).
Converse, v. Loo-moo d (o).
Conversation Loo-moo.
Convolvulus G u lsarn bd r (red), guldb (white).
Cook Shapi'k korak.
Cool Slid r 00.
Coolie Bardoy00 (carrier of baggage).
Coot Shalidnoo.
Cop .59
En g lis hcon t d. Khoivct rcon td.
Copper
Copulate, v.
Cord
Corn
Cornflower
Corner
Corpse
Corpulent
Correct
Cotton
Cougli, v.
Council-chambei
Count, v.
Countless
Country
Courage
Cousin
Cow
Coward
Cowherd
Lot.
Zhefik (i).
Shimoni.
Gom ; shar
wdroo (ripe) ; pl'lisk (cut-
in armfuls) ; bail (sheaf) ;
sor (ear) ; gailtis (stalks).
Khusliwkti.
Shoorig, ambivjz (inside)
kurkoon (outside).
Jassat, kahur, junoza.
Lo tt kh oy en i, in ake k d r-
khoycni.
Tsac (as to fit).
Karwa s (the crop) ; poorurn
(cotton-wool) ; adj. san-O.
Kopik (i); asgdh k (<>) (not
f natural).
i Maliomad-khctna.
! Ishumare,ik (i).
| Be karina.
I Mulk ; watan (native); sdr-
1 had (highlands) ; kuh*
! (lowlands).
: Mosh gari, jam rnoshi.
Brar, mik-o-jau, betch-o-
jail : lal (form of address).
Leshoo.
Bnrtu,ak.
Leshoo-rotch
* This word has a slight terminal sound of k f-'
Coy 60
Englishcontd. Khowclr contd.
Covet, v. Wechik (i), talab k (o).
Crack, s. R9gh.
Crack, v. Chik (oo); krat k (o) (the joints).
Crag Cli&r.
Cramp, get, v. ... Kool b (o).
Cream Kambokh.
Creep, v. Rookooshik (oo), droshkik
(00).
Crest Phoor (of hill); koz (erect,), chill (drooping) (of bird).
Crime Gitnah.
Crooked Koli.
Crop Ni,dmat ; wdroo (ripe); zhaghdr (of bird).
Cross, v. ShoksiK (i) ; par gharik (oo) (of a pass).
Crow, s. Kftg.
Crow, v. Rapzk (1). Tun, tzmkhoo, dishuthal.
Cruel
Crupper Pardoom.
Crush, v. Shenik (i).
Cry, v. Keh'k (i).
Cuckoo Kakoo.
Cucumber Bddrang.
Cultivate, v. Kishmdn k (o).
Cultivation Chetoor, walldt.
Cunning Lo-o-zat.
Cup Thas (metal), pazat (wooden).
Cure lldj, rakhum.
Curl, v. Gheh'k (oo).
Curls Zumbwl.
Ons
61
Eng lishcon tcl
Curly
Cushion
Custotn
Cut, v.
D.
Dagger
Dam
Damp
Damson
Dance v.
Dancer
Dandelion
Dangerous
Dark
Darkness
Daughter
Daughter-in-law
Day *
Kho warcontd.
Ghehchi (of animal's hair).
VVarzid/Jni.
Miras ; adat (habit).
Chinik (?); tochik (i) (shape).
Melimoodi; (Kafir) 111 rang.
Band.
Zah.
A!aba loo.
Ponik 6).
Ponak.
Pbdoo.
Zardr, chat ; ajdl-o (deadly).
Cluqi.
Clm,i gir.
Joor; bibl (for daughter of
Sai,ad, or person of high rank)
kaj (ord) (form of address).,
Tpkhmiran ; kai (form of
address).
-dnus; bas; wezin-apit
(all day); hailUn (to-day) ;
liar anus (everyday); auus-
ar-anas (day by day) ;
anus-a (ill the daytime) ;
l'oshti (daylight): troi bas
(3 days) ; liattc ailUS (on
that day).
* The days of the week are as in Persian :Shamba
(Saturday), Yeksliamba, Doosbamba, Seshamba, Char-
shamba, Pachamba, Adina.
Dea 52
En g I ishc o 111 <3. j Kho warcon td.
Dead BzYdoo ; chztclico (of tree).
Deal' i Karwtoo.
Dear j Khush, bchdl; gar dii
(expensive).
Death Bnk.
Debtor i A'Varnddr.
Deceit | Fan.
Deceive, v. ! Fan d (o).
Deep Kulwm ; lo-o-zat (cunning).
Defeat, v. Shikast k (o), dik (0.
Defeated, be, v.... Shikast b (o).
Defence j M uhfizat.
Defile i Trang gol.
Delay, s. Malr/i.
Delay, v. Mala I b (<>).
Demon ! Nang.
Demur, v. j Sip sap k (o). shik ; slink k
1 (o).
Descend, v. Khwaimk (i).
Destitute Chan, gharzb.
Determined, adj. Ghairatddr.
Devil Shctdn.
Dew Prezhgar-o-oogh.
Diarrhoea Zerch.
Die, v. Brik (ioo).
Difference Fark; baz (.(uni-rel).
Difficult Nawdrts, zor.
Digest, v. Hazum b (o).
Dipper OoghueT.
Dirty Nazgusti, ndghzi ; kadur
(of water).
Discontented ... Na-nza.
Dis
Englishcoutd.
Dislike, v.
Dismount, v.
Disposition
Dispute
District
Dive, v.
Divide, v.
Divided
Divorce, v.
Do, v.
Doctor
Dodge, v.
Dog
Donkev
Door
Double
Doubt
Dough
Dove
Down
Drag, v.
Dream, s,
Dream, v.
Drink, v.
63
Khowurcontd.
Dish assz'k (u) (of animate
objects) ; dish shik (of
inanimate objects).
Khwam/k (i)'
Fdhal. mijaz.
Baz (argument) ; kot (quarrel).
Mulk.
Androgb d (0).
Bozhk 6).
Bozhin, bash (of river).
Tahik k (o).
Kon'k (o).
Tabib.
Cliap d (o).
Reui; kpgh (wild); kukwli
(puppy)/
Gordo kh ; gordokh-zheri,
khairdnoo (foal).
Du,drt ; tsarinddroo (frame
and sill) ; nagllll (latch) ;
bit t (plank of); shll
(wedge) ; darbttcha (porch).
Joo-rinj.
Shak.
Gosh.
ICalikor.
A ho, past, mooli ; ppng
(down valley) (suf. o).
Zhing
Kboshp.
Khoshp posliik (i).
Ttk ih.
Dro
64
Englishcoutd.
Drop, v.
Drought
Drown, v.lintr. ...
Drum
Drunkard
Dry
Duck
Dumb
Dung
Dust
Dwarf
Dwell, v.
Dwelling
Dye, v.
E.
Each
Eagle
Ear
Early
Khowdrcontd.
Aho d (o), alio petzik (oo)
tr. ; tor b (o) intr.
Chwchoo sal.
Tachap b (o).
Dol: (kettle) damama. zil
(tight one) ; bam (loose one).
Nasha piynk, nasha
korak.
Chnchoo.
A Hi; (wild) tatt-dlli (m),
wau-wdlli (f); boo,ik
dlli (teal); changkarat
(Brahminy); androgh alii
(pochard).
Gbott.
Posh ; shdrgoo (horse) ;
lesliooposhoo, leshoori-
choo, ganguroo (cow);
prutching, slialnshkoo
(sheep and goats); nckhdl
(birds').
Gairt.
Dim-blats mosh.
Hal, b (o); nishtk (1).
Door.
Rang k (o).
Har.
Loezbar.
K&r.
Zhott, raghdshti.
Ear
65
Englishcontd
Earth
Earthquake
Earring
East
Easy
Eat^ v.
Echo
Eclipse
Eddy
Effort
Egg
Eleagnus tree .
Elbow
Elder, adj.
Elope, v.
Embers
Embrace, v.
Empty, adj.
Empty, v.
End, s.
Ended, be, v.
Endless
Endure, v.
Enemy
Energetic
Energy
Enough
Khowdrcon fcrj.
Clmti ; boom, zamIn (the
earth).
Bplrnazhi; lashkarghajb.*
Karadreni.
Yor ycm'sik-o-wdlti.
Warts, askdn.
Jibtk (o).
Hawdz.
Gr&h.
Ghairndnoo.
Kushi'sh.
^ikooii.
Shinjoor.
Kurkoou.
Lott.
Alu,ik (i).
Kon.
Duchdr b (o) (kiss hands) ;
chang b (o) (clasp).
Shiti, khdli.
Ule,ik (i).
Kool.
Kool, b (o); chik (oo).
Kool noh, b (o)0
Zhire,ik (i).
Duslimdn.
Jelt.
Koowdt.
Bas.
* Lit. A. passing
accompanied by next
army of fairies." A load rumbling
to no shock.
Ent
66
Englishcontd.
Enter, v.
Entire
Entrust, v.
Envy, s.
Equal
Escape, v.
Evening
Every
Everybody
Everything
Every moment
E very av here
Ewe
Ewer
Except
Exchange, v.
Excuse, s.
Excuse, v.
Exile, v.
Expect, v.
Explain, v.
Khowdrcontd.
Andreni bik (i); ootik (oo)
(of water).
Chik, drust, sail (with slight
terminal sound of f ').
Pizhemik 0).
Armdn (Sentence 56).
Brfrki (suf. o).
Usliturik (i).
Pishiil (about 3 p.m. to sunset) ;
namaz d-lgar (prayer-time
at sunset 5 sham (twilight).
Har, chik, drust, sau (with
slight terminal sound of f').
Chik-mosh, drust-inosh.
Chik-izhndri.
Darbttt darbatta.
Chik zhaga, drust zhaga,
sau zhagn.
Keli; besh (young).
Chan (wooden) ; gholi (large).
tOOll] (small) (earthenware) ;
alock (dried, pumpkin shell).
Khoor (No equivalent) (sentence
106).
Bade! k (o).
I/zur.
Shoksik (b (pardon); ishpera,
k (o) (excuse).
Chairzmda k (0).
Chich k (0).
Hcrdi k (o); nast ne,ik (i)
liorskd,ik (i); froske,ik
(i)#(put right).
Ext
Englishc ontd.
Extort, v.
Extortion
Eye
Eye-brow
Eye-lash
Eye-lid
F.
Face
Fail, v.
Fair, adj.
Fairies
Falconer
Fall, v.
False
Family
Famine
Famous
Far
Farrier
Fast, s.
Fast, adj.
Fast, v.
Fast, break, v. ,
67
K ho warcould.
Tawdn k (o)
Tawdn.
Ghich ; (colors of) Otchro (grey,
blue), chigeri (brown);
rosht (large)
Broo.
Patuk.
Pol ting.
Mukh ; mwkh-a (face to face)
Noh bik (o), (Lit. < Not be able').
Ish porno, chir; chust,
shi,li (pretty).
Puriyan; jimpinj pari,
tnirghi pari (bad fairies).
Mirshikar.
Tor b (o) (of animate objects) ;
ulll,'ik(i) (of inanimate objects).
Changi.
Azhgdl.
Draganj.
Shllhur ; uamoosi (for gener-
osity).
Dudairi.
Nai chakiyak.
Rochi.
Tdroo, tez, dawan.
Rochi g&mk (i).
Roclii chinik (i), rochi
drc,ik (i).
Fat 68
En g lis hcoil t d. Khoii'drcontd.
Fat, Grhip (raw) ; zakh l(grease).
Fat, adj. Tw,il.
Fate Nasfb.
Father Tatt ; tatt (form of address).
Favorite Belie 1.
Fear, v. Burtu,?k (t).
Feast Mdrka.
Feather Poch.
Feign, v. Fdn d (o).
Female Istrislnmi.
Fever ... Anda-u.
Few Kam.
Fierce Zabita ; dish.
Fight, s. Zliang (battle) ; kpt, ghasli.
Fight, v. Zhang k s ghasli lc (<>);
kot b (o).
Fig Kowitt.
Fill, v. tr. Tip k (o); tipd,ik (ih
Find, v. Le,ik (i).
Fine, adj. Jam ; clilcSt, slli,/li (pretty)';
bar/ki (tlun); rwrdoo
(heavy, of crops).
Finger Cham not ; (nail of) doghoor ;
(thumb) lotro chamoot.
Finish, v. Koolc,ik (i).
Finished, be, v. ... Kool, b (o) ; chik (oo).
Fir Eogk-o-kan.
Fire, s. Angdr.
Fire, v. A jd,ik (i) (set fire to) ; petz?k
(oo) (a gun). ^
Fireplace Didnng ; langdr (kitchen ).
Firm Dang; (firmwill) ghairatdar-
